Plastic and Food Based Taints and Off-Odours Detection in Dishwashers

Abstract

In recent years, due to the relatively more costly cost of steel-based dishwashers, manufacturers have been conducting intensive research on plastic materials instead of steel. As a result of the research studies, low-cost and additive polyethylene and polypropylene materials have begun to replace steel bases. However, the molecules naturally contained in plastic materials, which are petroleum products, reduce the consumer preference by emitting an undesirable odour inside the dishwashers. The aim of this study is to determine the plastic and food-borne off taints or unwanted odors that occur during washing on plastic based produced for use on the base of dishwashers. In the study, calcium-containing polypropylene plastic-based (Caplastic) and talc-containing plastic-based (Talcplastic) dishwashers, and steel-based (Steel) dishwashers were used for comparison. In the results of the study, In the results of the study, 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl butane and 2-pentadecanol compounds were released from the Caplastic base at low temperatures. Dimethyldiazon, 4-methyl octane, 4,7-dimethylundecane and 5,8-diethyldodecane compounds were detected to diffuse from the talc-plastic material at high temperatures. In studies carried out after contamination with food, tetramethylbutane, 2-pentadecanol, dimethyldiazon, 4-methyl octane, 4,7-dimethylundecane, 5,8-diethyldodecane and dioxalan compounds were detected as plastic origin. However, unlike the other two, food-borne molecules could be detected in the steel-based dishwasher.

Keywords

• Plastic
• Polypropylene
• GC-MS
• Food
• Taints and Off-Flavours
• Dishing Washer

Bulaşık Makinelerinde Oluşan Plastik ve Gıda Kaynaklı Kokuların Head Space GC-MS ile Tespiti

Abstract

Son yıllarda çelik tabanlı bulaşık makinelerinin göreceli olarak daha maliyetli olması sebebiyle üreticiler, çelik yerine kullanılacak plastik malzemeler üzerine yoğun araştırmalar yapmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda maliyeti düşük, katkılı polietilen ve polipropilen gibi malzemeler çelikten yapılmış tabanların yerine geçmeye başlamıştır. Ancak petrol ürünü olan plastik malzemelerin doğal olarak içerdiği moleküller bulaşık makinelerinin içerisine istenmeyen koku yayarak tüketici tercihini azaltmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bulaşık makinelerinin tabanlarında kullanılmak üzere üretilmiş plastik tabanlarda yıkama esnasında oluşan plastik ve gıda kaynaklı kötü kokuların tespit edilmesidir. Çalışmada kalsiyum içeren polipropilen plastik tabanlı (Caplastik) ve talk içeren plastik tabanlı (Talkplastik) bulaşık makineleri, karşılaştırma yapılabilmesi için de çelik taban(Çelik) bulaşık makinesi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarında düşük sıcaklıklarda Caplastik tabandan 2,2,3,3-tetrametil bütan ve 2-pentadekanol bileşikleri açığa çıkmıştır. talk-plastik malzemeden ise yüksek sıcaklıklarda dimetildiazon,4-metil oktan, 4,7-dimetilundekan ve 5,8-dietildodekan bileşiklerinin yayıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Gıdalarla kirletildikten sonra yapılan yapılan çalışmalarda da plastik kaynaklı olarak tetrametilbütan, 2-pentadekanol, dimetildiazon, 4-metil oktan, 4,7-dimetilundekan, 5,8-dietildodekan ve dioksalan bileşikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ancak çelik tabanlı bulaşık makinesinde diğer ikisinden farklı olarak gıda kaynaklı moleküller tespit edilebilmiştir.

Keywords

• Plastik taban
• polipropilen
• GC-MS
• Gıda
• Kötü Koku
• Bulaşık Makinesi

Thanks

Yazar laboratuvar çalışmaları sırasında verdiği destekten dolayı Bülent Karadeniz ve Vedat Yalçınkaya’ya teşekkür eder.

References

1. Andersson, T., Holmgren, M.H., Nielsen, Y. & Wessle B.(2005). Degradation of Low Density Polyethylene During Extrusion. IV. Off-Flavor Compounds in Extruded Films of Stabilized LDPE, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 95, 583–595.
2. Austin, R.G.(1990). Degredation Studies of Polyolefins, 1st edition CRC Press.
3. Baigrie, B. (2003) Taints and off-flavours in food, ed:., CRC press, Cambridge England
4. Bart, C.J. (2006). Plastics Additives Advanced industrial Analysis. IOS press Amsterdam Netherlands.
5. Brody, A., Bugusu, B., Han, J.H., Sand, C.K. & Mchugh, T.H. (2008). Innovative Food Packaging Solutions, Journal of Food Science, 73(8), 13-18.
6. Burdock G.A. (2009). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Fourth edition, CRC press, Boca Raton.
7. Canellas, E., Aznar, M., Nerin, C. & Merceab P. (2010). Partition and diffusion of volatile compounds from acrylic adhesives used for food packaging multilayers manufacturing, J. Mater. Chem., 20, 5100–5109.
8. Dutra, C., Pezo, D., Alvarenga, F. M., Nerin, C. & Reyes, F. (2011). Determination of volatile organic compounds in recycled polyethylene terephthalate and high-density polyethylene by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry to evaluate the efficiency of recycling processes. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218 1319–1330.

9. Eiceman, G.A., Bergloff, J.F., & Funk P.A. (2002). Comparison of Emission Profiles for Volatile Organic Compounds from Cotton and Polypropylene-based Tarp. The Journal of Cotton Science 6:40-51.
10. Espert, A., Heras, L. & Karlsson S. (2005). Emission of possible odourous low molecular weight compounds in recycled biofibre/polypropylene composites monitored by head-space SPME-GC-MS. Polymer Degradation and Stability 90, 555-562.
11. Ezquerro, O., Pons, B. & Tena M.T. (2002). Development of a headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatographye mass spectrometry method for the identification of odor-causing volatile compounds in packaging materials. J.Chromatogr A 963(1-2):381-92.
12. EU Food Contact Material Framework Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (Framework regulation)
13. Hodgson, S.C., O’Connor, M.J., Casey, R.J. & Biggers S.W. (1998). Toward an optimized dynamic headspace method for the study of volatiles in low-density polyethylene. J Agric Food Chem. 46(4):1397-405.
14. Hopfer, H., Haar, N., & Leitner, E. (2010). Analytical method for identification of odour-active compounds in polyolefins. In Expression of Multidisciplinary Flavour Science (pp. 561-564). Zurich University.
15. Kolb, B. & Ettre, L.S. (2006) Static Headspace-gas chromatography Theory and Practice, Wiley Interscience 2nd edition by john Wiley and Sonsi INC., Hoboken, New Jersey.
16. Molnar, N. M. (1974). Erucamide”Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 51 (3), 84.
17. Mottarm, D.S. (1998). Chemical tainting of foods, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 33, 19–29.
18. Nwabunma, D. & Kyu, T. (2008) Polyolefin composites 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken,
19. Murpy, J. (2001). Additives for Plastic Handbook” 2nd Ed. Elsevier Science Ltd., New Jersey.
20. PAGEV (2017)- Türkiye plastik sektör raporu..
21. Plastics Europe Association of plastics manufacturer (2008).
22. Ridgway, K., Lalljie, S.& Smith R.M. (2010). An alternative method for analysis of food taints using stir bar sorptive extraction, Analytica Chimica Acta, 677 29–36.
23. Sajilata ,M.G., Savitha, K., Singhal, R.S., Kanetkar, V.R. (2007) Scalping of Flavors in Packaged Foods,Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Vol. 6, 17-35.
24. Tolinski, M. (2015). Additives for Polyolefins: Getting the Most out of Polypropylene, Polyethylene and TPO, 2. Ed. Published by Elsevier)
25. TGK, Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda ile Temas Eden Madde ve Malzemeler Tebliğ (Tebliğ No: 2019/44)
26. Villberg, K., Veijanen, A., Gustafsson, I. & Wickstrom, K. (1997). Analysis of odor and taste problems in high-density polyethene. J Chromatogr A, 791(1 -2):213-9.
27. Villberg, K. & Veijanen, A. (2001) Analysis of a GC/MS thermal desorption system with simultaneous sniffing for determination of off-odor compounds and VOCs in fumes formed during extrusion coating of low-density polyethylene. Anal Chem. 73(5):971-7.