Revize Edilmiş Yarışma Durumluk Kaygı Envanteri-2’nin Türkçe Versiyonunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Güncel araştırmanın amacı, Revize Edilmiş Yarışma Durumluk Kaygı Envanteri-2 (YDKE-2R) formunun Türk kültürü için geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin test edilmesidir. Çalışma, yaşları 15 ile 35 arasında değişen 240 sporcu üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Toplanan veriler ile tanımlayıcı istatistiksel analizler, aykırı değerler, normal dağılım (çarpıklık-basıklık) yanı sıra yapısal geçerlik için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (sırayla AFA ve DFA), güvenirlik analizleri için iç tutarlılık (Cronbach Alfa) ve iki yarı test güvenirliği (Split-Half), yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerlik için Ortalama Açıklanan Varyans (AVE), Ortalama Açıklanan Varyansın Karekökü (√AVE) ile Yapı Güvenirliği (CR) değerleri hesaplanmıştır. AFA sonucunda 3 faktörlü bir yapı ortaya çıkmış ve ortaya çıkarılan yapı DFA ile doğrulanmıştır. Bilişsel kaygı maddesi 8’in AFA analizi sonucu; bedensel kaygı madde 1 ve madde 4’ün ise DFA sonucunda bedensel kaygı faktörü altında yer alması gerekirken bilişsel kaygı faktörü altında yüklenmesi sebebi ile ilgili maddeler elemine edilerek DFA analizi tekrarlanmıştır. Nihai doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda YDKE-2R’nin 3 faktörlü yapısı (bilişsel kaygı, bedensel kaygı ve kendine güven) için verilerin mükemmel uyum iyiliği değerlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. YDKE-2R'nin Türkçe versiyonunun sporcuların yarışma durumluk kaygı düzeylerinin belirlenmesi için kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• YDKE-2R
• Bilişsel kaygı
• Bedensel kaygı
• Kendine güven
• Geçerlik ve güvenirlik
• Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi

The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Revised Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2

Abstract

The purpose of this present study is to test the validity and reliability of the Revised Competetive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) for Turkish culture.The study was conducted on 240 athletes aged between 15 and 35 years.With the collected data, descriptive statistical analyzes, outliers, normal distribution (skewness-kurtosis), as well as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA respectively) for structural validity, internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha) for reliability analysis and two-half test reliability (Split-Half), Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Average Variance Extracted Square Root (√AVE), and Composite Reliability (CR)values were calculated for convergent and discriminant validity. A 3-factor structure emerged as a result of EFA and the structure revealed was confirmed by CFA. Due to the reasons that somatic anxiety item 1 and item 4 were loaded under the cognitive anxiety factor as a result of CFA, and the result of the EFA analysis of cognitive anxiety item 8, the CFA analysis was repeated by eliminating the relevant items.As a result of the final confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the data for the 3-factor structure (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) of CSAI-2R has excellent goodness of fit values. It could be said that the Turkish version of CSAI-2R is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine athletes' level of competition state anxiety.

Keywords

• CSAI-2R
• Cognitive anxiety
• Somatic anxiety
• Self-confidence
• Validity and reliability
• Confirmatory factor analysis

References

1. Aras, D., Akça F., Güler Ö., Birol A., Ertetik G., Çetinkaya G. & Akalan C. (2018). Extreme altitude mountain climbing decreases sensation seeking score and increases the anxiety level. International Journal of Human Studies, 1(2), 128-140.DOI: https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.465913.
2. Aras, D., Akça F., Güler Ö., Birol A., Ertetik G., Çetinkaya G. & Akalan C. (2018). Extreme altitude mountain climbing decreases sensation seeking score and increases the anxiety level. International Journal of Human Studies, 1(2), 128-140.DOI: https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.465913.
3. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma tasarımı, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorumlama. Ankara: Pegem.
4. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma tasarımı, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorumlama. Ankara: Pegem.
5. Chen, L. G., Hashim, H. A., Chin, N. S., Kueh, Y. C. & Kuan, G. (2019). The confirmatory factor analysis of the malay language revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) among adolescent malaysian state level athletes. International Conference on Movement, Health and Exercise, 123-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_13.
6. Chen, L. G., Hashim, H. A., Chin, N. S., Kueh, Y. C. & Kuan, G. (2019). The confirmatory factor analysis of the malay language revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) among adolescent malaysian state level athletes. International Conference on Movement, Health and Exercise, 123-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_13.
7. Cattell, R.B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis. New York: Plenum Press.
8. Comrey, A.L. & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

9. Comrey, A.L. & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Correia, M. E. & Rosado, A. (2018). Fear of failure and anxiety in sport. Análise Psicológica, 36(1), 75-86.
11. Correia, M. E. & Rosado, A. (2018). Fear of failure and anxiety in sport. Análise Psicológica, 36(1), 75-86.
12. Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P. & Russell, W. D. (2003). Measuring anxiety in athletics: The revised competitive state anxiety inventory–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519-533.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.4.519.
13. Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P. & Russell, W. D. (2003). Measuring anxiety in athletics: The revised competitive state anxiety inventory–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519-533.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.4.519.
14. Fabringer, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C. & Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272.
15. Fabringer, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C. & Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272.
16. Fernandes, M. G., Nunes, S. A., Raposo, J. V., Fernandes, H. M. & Brustad, R. (2013). The CSAI-2: An examination of the instrument's factorial validity and reliability of the intensity, direction and frequency dimensions with Brazilian athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(4), 377-391.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.744780.
17. Fernandes, M. G., Nunes, S. A., Raposo, J. V., Fernandes, H. M. & Brustad, R. (2013). The CSAI-2: An examination of the instrument's factorial validity and reliability of the intensity, direction and frequency dimensions with Brazilian athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(4), 377-391.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.744780.
18. Fernández, E. M. A., Río, G. L. & Fernández, C. A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the spanish version of the CSAI-2R competitive anxiety inventory in athletes. Psicothema, 19(1), 150-155.
19. Fernández, E. M. A., Río, G. L. & Fernández, C. A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the spanish version of the CSAI-2R competitive anxiety inventory in athletes. Psicothema, 19(1), 150-155.
20. Ford, J. L., Ildefonso, K., Jones, M. L. & Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2017). Sport-related anxiety: Current insights. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(8), 205–212. DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S125845.
21. Ford, J. L., Ildefonso, K., Jones, M. L. & Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2017). Sport-related anxiety: Current insights. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(8), 205–212. DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S125845.
22. Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
23. Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
24. Gould D., Feltz D, Horn T. & Weiss M. (1982). Reasons for discontinuing involvement in competitive youth swimming. Journal of Sport Behavior, 5(3), 155-165.
25. Gould D., Feltz D, Horn T. & Weiss M. (1982). Reasons for discontinuing involvement in competitive youth swimming. Journal of Sport Behavior, 5(3), 155-165.
26. Gupta, L., Morgan, K. & Gilchrist, S. (2017). Does elite sport degrade sleep quality? A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(7), 1317-1333. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0650-6.
27. Gupta, L., Morgan, K. & Gilchrist, S. (2017). Does elite sport degrade sleep quality? A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(7), 1317-1333. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0650-6.
28. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice Hall.
29. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice Hall.
30. Hajloo, N. (2016). Psychometric properties of the short form Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R). Applied Psychological Research Quarterly,7(1), 25-40.DOI:10.22059/japr.2016.57757.
31. Hajloo, N. (2016). Psychometric properties of the short form Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R). Applied Psychological Research Quarterly,7(1), 25-40.DOI:10.22059/japr.2016.57757.
32. Hajji, J. & Elloumi, A. (2017). Validation of the tunisian version of the french version of the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 revised (CSAI-2R), including frequency and direction scales. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 19(2), 1-7.
33. Hajji, J. & Elloumi, A. (2017). Validation of the tunisian version of the french version of the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 revised (CSAI-2R), including frequency and direction scales. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 19(2), 1-7.
34. Hashim, H. A.,& Zulkifli, E. Z. (2010). Analysis of the factorial validity and reliability of the malay version of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(1), 1-82.DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.197.
35. Hashim, H. A.,& Zulkifli, E. Z. (2010). Analysis of the factorial validity and reliability of the malay version of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(1), 1-82.DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.197.
36. Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel.
37. Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel.
38. Kashani V. O. & Mostafaeifar, E. (2016). Psychometric properties of persian version of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Sport Psychology Studies, 5(16), 35-53.
39. Kashani V. O. & Mostafaeifar, E. (2016). Psychometric properties of persian version of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Sport Psychology Studies, 5(16), 35-53.
40. Khan, M. K., Khan, A., Khan, S. U. & Khan, S. (2017). Effects of anxiety on athletic performance. Res Inves Sports Med, 1(1), 1-5. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000508.
41. Khan, M. K., Khan, A., Khan, S. U. & Khan, S. (2017). Effects of anxiety on athletic performance. Res Inves Sports Med, 1(1), 1-5. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000508.
42. Kılıç, K. ve İnce, M. L. (2017). Revize edilmiş yarışma durumluk kaygı envanterinin kendine güven alt ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(4), 135-142.
43. Kılıç, K. ve İnce, M. L. (2017). Revize edilmiş yarışma durumluk kaygı envanterinin kendine güven alt ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(4), 135-142.
44. Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
45. Kline, R. B. (2013). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analy¬sis applied quantitative analysis in the social sciences. New York: Routledge.
46. Kline, R. B. (2013). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analy¬sis applied quantitative analysis in the social sciences. New York: Routledge.
47. Krathwohl, D. (1997). Methods of educational and social science research. Longman: New York.
48. Krathwohl, D. (1997). Methods of educational and social science research. Longman: New York.
49. Loehlin, J.C. (1998). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
50. Marius, C. (2009). Adaptation to romanian norms of competitive state anxiety inventory-2 revised (CSAI-2R): A pilot study. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae, 54(3), 77-85.
51. Marius, C. (2009). Adaptation to romanian norms of competitive state anxiety inventory-2 revised (CSAI-2R): A pilot study. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae, 54(3), 77-85.
52. Martens, R., Burton, D., Rivkin, F. & Simon, J. (1980). Reliability and validity of the competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI). In C.H. Nadeau, W.C., Halliwell, K.M.Newell, & G.C. Roberts (Eds.), Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport, 91-99.
53. Martens, R., Burton, D., Rivkin, F. & Simon, J. (1980). Reliability and validity of the competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI). In C.H. Nadeau, W.C., Halliwell, K.M.Newell, & G.C. Roberts (Eds.), Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport, 91-99.
54. Martinent, G., Ferrand, C., Guillet, E. & Gautheur, S. (2010). Validation of the french version of the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 revised (CSAI-2R) including frequency and direction scales. Psychology of Sport and exercise, 11(1), 51-57.DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.001.
55. Martinent, G., Ferrand, C., Guillet, E. & Gautheur, S. (2010). Validation of the french version of the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 revised (CSAI-2R) including frequency and direction scales. Psychology of Sport and exercise, 11(1), 51-57.DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.001.
56. McDonald, R.P. (1985). Factor analysis and related methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
57. Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluk sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi.
58. Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluk sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi.
59. Ostrow, A.C. (1996). Directory of psychological tests in the sport and exercise sciences. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
60. Pedhazur, E. J. & Schmelkin Pedhazur, L. (1991). Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
61. Pedhazur, E. J. & Schmelkin Pedhazur, L. (1991). Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
62. Peron, D. & Elsner, V. R. (2020). The influence of sex on pre-competition anxiety in wheelchair athletes. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 16(2), 147-151. DOI: 10.3920/CEP190064.
63. Peron, D. & Elsner, V. R. (2020). The influence of sex on pre-competition anxiety in wheelchair athletes. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 16(2), 147-151. DOI: 10.3920/CEP190064.
64. Pineda-Espejel, H. A., Lopez-Walle, J. & Tomas, I. (2014). Validation of the mexican version of the CSAI-2r with both intensity and direction scales. Revista Mexicana de Psicologia, 31(2), 198-212.
65. Pineda-Espejel, H. A., Lopez-Walle, J. & Tomas, I. (2014). Validation of the mexican version of the CSAI-2r with both intensity and direction scales. Revista Mexicana de Psicologia, 31(2), 198-212.
66. Raudsepp, L. & Kais, K. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2 among estonian athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 85-95. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671856.
67. Raudsepp, L. & Kais, K. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2 among estonian athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 85-95. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671856.
68. Robbins, J. E. & Madrigal, L. (2016). Sport, exercise, and performance psychology: Bridging theory and application. Springer Publishing Company.
69. Robbins, J. E. & Madrigal, L. (2016). Sport, exercise, and performance psychology: Bridging theory and application. Springer Publishing Company.
70. Schermelleh, E. K. & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
71. Schermelleh, E. K. & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
72. Schumacher, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
73. Schumacher, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
74. Silva, J. M., Metzler, J. N. & Lerner, B. A. (2011). Training professionals in the practice of sport psychology. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
75. Silva, J. M., Metzler, J. N. & Lerner, B. A. (2011). Training professionals in the practice of sport psychology. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
76. Smith R. E. & Smoll F. L. (1991). Behavioral research and intervention in youth sports. Behavior Therapy, 22(3), 329-344.DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80370-3.
77. Smith R. E. & Smoll F. L. (1991). Behavioral research and intervention in youth sports. Behavior Therapy, 22(3), 329-344.DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80370-3.
78. Souza, R. A., Beltran, O. A., Zapata, D. M., Silva, E., Freitas, W. Z., Junior, R. V. & Higino, W. P. (2019). Heart rate variability, salivary cortisol and competitive state anxiety responses during pre-competition and pre-training moments. Biology of Sport, 36(1), 39-46. Doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78905
79. Souza, R. A., Beltran, O. A., Zapata, D. M., Silva, E., Freitas, W. Z., Junior, R. V. & Higino, W. P. (2019). Heart rate variability, salivary cortisol and competitive state anxiety responses during pre-competition and pre-training moments. Biology of Sport, 36(1), 39-46. Doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78905
80. Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L. & Lushene, R.L. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
81. Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L. & Lushene, R.L. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
82. Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.). (2013). Anxiety and behavior. Academic Press.
83. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Linzer, M., Hahn, S. R., Williams, J. B., DeGruy, F. V., Brody, D. & Davies, M. (1995). Health-related quality of life in primary care patients with mental disorders results from the prime-md 1000 study. JAMA,274(19), 1511-1517. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1995.03530190025030.
84. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Linzer, M., Hahn, S. R., Williams, J. B., DeGruy, F. V., Brody, D. & Davies, M. (1995). Health-related quality of life in primary care patients with mental disorders results from the prime-md 1000 study. JAMA,274(19), 1511-1517. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1995.03530190025030.
85. Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5thed.). New York: Routledge.
86. Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
87. Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
88. Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M. & Shepherdson, A. (2005). Re-evaluation of the factorial validity of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Memorias del issp 11th World Congress of Sport Psychology, 15-19, august, Sydney, Australia.
89. Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M. & Shepherdson, A. (2005). Re-evaluation of the factorial validity of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Memorias del issp 11th World Congress of Sport Psychology, 15-19, august, Sydney, Australia.
90. Todman, J. & Dugard, P. (2007). Approaching multivariate statistics: An introduction for psychology. New York: Psychology Press.
91. Todman, J. & Dugard, P. (2007). Approaching multivariate statistics: An introduction for psychology. New York: Psychology Press.
92. Van Wijk, C. H. (2014). The use of spielberger’s state-trait personality inventory (trait anxiety subscale) with naval subaquatic specialists. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 27(6), 959-966. DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0321-5.
93. Van Wijk, C. H. (2014). The use of spielberger’s state-trait personality inventory (trait anxiety subscale) with naval subaquatic specialists. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 27(6), 959-966. DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0321-5.
94. Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
95. Woodman, T. & Hardy, L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self- confidence upon sport performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Science, 21(6), 443-457.DOI: 10.1080/0264041031000101809
96. Woodman, T. & Hardy, L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self- confidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Science, 21(6), 443-457.DOI: 10.1080/0264041031000101809