Current View on Muscle Hypertrophy: Sarcomerogenesis

Abstract

The nature of exercise induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is still a controversial phenomenon today. Various factors and limitations at the center of the process, such as muscle hypertrophy measurement methods and the training methods used, have prevented the correct definition of hypertrophic adaptation and mechanisms in the past. Along with the innovations and developments in sports science, long-term studies comparing various training methods with different measurement techniques raise doubts about the accuracy of hypertrophy definitions in previous sources. The largest lack of these definitions is related to the phenomenon of serial hypertrophy. In this respect, this review aims to examine many factors affecting skeletal muscle hypertrophy and to compile the effects of these factors on serial hypertrophy. In this review, a new and up-to-date approach to the definition of hypertrophy and hypertrophic adaptations has been tried to be brought together with the literature. In this direction, 62 studies and resources made between 1969 and 2020 were researched. As a result, it was emphasized that full range of motion, eccentric training and fast eccentric training caused more serial hypertrophy within the scope of increases in fiber and fascicle length, while partial range of motion, concentric training and slow eccentric training caused greater increases in fiber diameter. Research shows that different morphological adaptations may occur with muscle fiber hypertrophy during resistance training periods.

Keywords

• Hypertrophy
• Skeletal muscle
• Sarcomerogenesis

Kas Hipertrofisine Güncel Bakış: Sarkomerojenez

Öz

Egzersize bağlı iskelet kası hipertrofisinin doğası, günümüzde hâlâ tartışmalı bir olgu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kas hipertrofisi ölçüm yöntemleri ve kullanılan antrenman metotları gibi sürecin merkezinde yer alan çeşitli faktör ve limitasyonlar, geçmişte hipertrofik adaptasyon ve mekanizmaların doğru bir şekilde tanımlanmasına engel olmuştur. Spor biliminde yaşanan yenilik ve gelişmelerle birlikte çeşitli antrenman yöntemlerinin farklı ölçüm teknikleriyle karşılaştırıldığı uzun vadeli çalışmalar, önceki kaynaklarda yer alan hipertrofi tanımlamalarının doğruluğu konusunda şüphe uyandırmaktadır. Bu tanımlamalarla ilgili dikkat çeken en büyük eksiklik ise serial hipertrofi olgusuyla ilgilidir. Bu açıdan bu derleme, iskelet kası hipertrofisini etkileyen birçok faktörü inceleyerek bu faktörlerin serial hipertrofi üzerindeki etkilerini derlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu derleme ile, hipertrofi tanımı ve hipertrofik adaptasyonlara literatür eşliğinde yeni ve güncel bir yaklaşım getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, 1969 ve 2020 yıları arasında yapılmış 62 çalışma ve kaynak taranmıştır. Sonuç olarak, tam hareket açıklığı, eksantrik antrenmanlar ve hızlı eksantrik antrenmanların, lif ve fasikül uzunluğundaki artışlar kapsamında daha fazla serial hipertrofiye neden olduğu, kısmi hareket açıklığı, konsantrik antrenmanlar ve yavaş eksantrik antrenmanların ise lif çapında daha fazla artışlar ortaya koyduğu vurgulanmıştır. Araştırmalar, direnç eğitimi dönemlerinde kas lifi hipertrofisi ile farklı morfolojik adaptasyonların ortaya çıkabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hipertrofi
• İskelet kası
• Sarkomerojenez

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