Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Weekly Emotional Changes Amidst Covid-19: Turkish Experience

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 280 - 304, 24.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.38009/ekimad.825285

Abstract

COVID-19 is a highly infectious and detrimental illness and is accepted as one of the most pervasive health crises of the last decades. The pandemic maintains its full effect and has continued longer than initially expected. The pandemic has affected many people in Turkey as well, irritating and making them anxious. In this study, the reaction of the society to the epidemic has been examined in the period from March month, when the first case has been announced, to June, when the normalization process began (18 March- 28 May). In order to understand these reactions, a total of 567,018 texts using the hashtag #StayHome on the Twitter platform have been fetched and analyzed. In this period, when the pandemic first appeared, it has been tried to make sense of what society has talked about by using text mining. Sensitivity analysis has been used to see the weekly reactions of individuals that differentiate their positive/negative moods and hope levels. As a result, some differences have been observed in the emotions analyzed in two-week periods.

References

  • Affleck, G., Tennen, H., & Apter, A. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and daily life with chronic illness.In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 147-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Ahmed, H., Traore, I., & Saad, S. (2017). Detection of Online Fake News Using N-Gram Analysis and Machine Learning Techniques. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) (Vol. 10618 LNCS, pp. 127–138). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69155-8_9
  • Alam, F., Ofli, F., Imran, M., & Aupetit, M. (2018). A twitter tale of three hurricanes: Harvey, Irma, and Maria. In Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference (Vol. 2018-May, pp. 553–572). Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. Retrieved from https://www.unocha.org/legacy/what-we-do/coordination-tools/cluster-coordination
  • Arslan, G., & Yildirim, M. (2020). Coronavirus stress, meaningful living, optimism, and depressive symptoms: A study of moderated mediation model.
  • Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Tanhan, A., Buluş, M., & Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: Psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Stress Measure. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1.
  • Aschwanden, D., Strickhouser, J. E., Sesker, A. A., Lee, J. H., Luchetti, M., Stephan, Y., ... & Terracciano, A. (2020). Psychological and behavioural responses to coronavirus disease 2019: The role of personality. European Journal of Personality.
  • Bai, X. (2011). Predicting consumer sentiments from online text. Decision Support Systems, 50(4), 732–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2010.08.024
  • Baykal, E. (2018). Promoting Resilience Through Positive Leadership During Turmoil. International Journal of Management and Administration, 2(3), 34-48.
  • Baykal, E. (2019a). A Comparison About Eudaimonic Wellbeing in Authentic and Spiritual Leadership. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 61-73.
  • Baykal, (2019b). Innovating Through Reflective Learning in Mindful Organizations: Effects of Authentic Leadership. In Handbook of Research on Managerial Thinking in Global Business Economics (pp. 246-261). IGI Global.
  • Bernardo, A. B., & Mendoza, N. B. (2020). Measuring hope during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Philippines: development and validation of the state locus-of-Hope scale short form in Filipino. Current Psychology, 1-10.
  • Bujang Sanawi, J., & Malaysia Sarawak Malia Taibi, U. (2017). #VACCINATION: IDENTIFYING INFLUENCERS IN THE VACCINATION DISCUSSION ON TWITTER THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALISATION Mus Chairil Samani. International Journal of Business and Society (Vol. 18). Retrieved from http://www.ijbs.unimas.my/images/repository/pdf/Vol18-s4-paper9.pdf
  • Canbolat, Z. N., & Pinarbasi, F. (2020). Augmented Reality and Mobile Consumers: Mining Reviews of AR Applications for Consumer Perceptions. In In Managerial Challenges and Social Impacts of Virtual and Augmented Reality (pp. 76–94). IGI Global.
  • Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879– 889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006.
  • Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, e13074.
  • Cheavens, J. S., Michael, S. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2005). The correlates of hope: Psychological and physiological benefits. In J. Eliott (Ed.), Interdisciplinary perspectives on hope (pp. 119–132). New York: Nova Science.
  • Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X., Wang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e15–e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X.
  • Clement, J., Leading countries based on number of Twitter users as of October 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/242606/number-of-active-twitter-users-in-selected-countries/ , [30.10.2020]
  • Cooper, S., Darmody, M., & Dolan, Y. (2003). Impressions of hope and its influence in the process of change: An international e-mail trialogue. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 22, 67–78.
  • DiClemente, R. J., Capasso, A., Ali, S. H., Jones, A. M., Foreman, J., & Tozan, Y. (2020). Knowledge, beliefs, mental health, substance use, and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults: A national online survey.
  • Eirinaki, M., Pisal, S., & Singh, J. (2012). Feature-based opinion mining and ranking. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 78(4), 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2011.10.007
  • Feinerer, I. and Hornik, K. (2019). tm: Text Mining Package. R package version 0.7-7. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tm
  • Fellows, I. (2018). wordcloud: Word Clouds, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=wordcloud
  • Fredrikson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in Experimental Social Psy- chology, 47, 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2.
  • Fritze, J. G., Blashki, G. A., Burke, S., & Wiseman, J. (2008). Hope, despair and transformation: climate change and the promotion of mental health and wellbeing. International journal of mental health systems, 2(1), 1-10.
  • Gao, J., Tian, Z., & Yang, X. (2020). Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. BioScience Trends. International Advancement Center for Medicine and Health Research Co., Ltd. https://doi.org/10.5582/BST.2020.01047
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., ... & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos one, 15(4), e0231924.
  • Glowacki, E. M., Wilcox, G. B., & Glowacki, J. B. (2020). Identifying #addiction concerns on twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic: A text mining analysis. Substance Abuse, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1822489
  • Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 6(1), 61-74.
  • Goldman, D. S. (2020). Initial observations of psychological and behavioral effects of COVID-19 in the United States, using Google trends data.
  • González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
  • Guo, J., Xu, L. Da, Xiao, G., on, Z. G.-I. T., & 2012, undefined. (n.d.). Improving multilingual semantic interoperation in cross-organizational enterprise systems through concept disambiguation. Ieeexplore.Ieee.Org. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6159080/
  • Hernández-Sánchez, B. R., Cardella, G. M., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2020). Psychological Factors that Lessen the Impact of COVID-19 on the Self-Employment Intention of Business Administration and Economics’ Students from Latin America. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5293.
  • Hirono, T., & Blake, M. E. (2017). The role of religious leaders in the restoration of hope following natural disasters. Sage open, 7(2), 2158244017707003.
  • Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 49(1), 1-3.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 112954.
  • Hung, J. (2012). Trends of e-learning research from 2000 to 2008: Use of text mining and bibliometrics. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01144.x
  • Ingvaldsen, J. E., & Gulla, J. A. (2012). Industrial application of semantic process mining. Enterprise Information Systems, 6(2), 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2011.593103
  • Italians belt out national anthem during virus lockdown (2020), https://www.wtoc.com/2020/03/13/italians-belt-out-national-anthem-during-virus-lockdown/ , [18.10.2020]
  • Jahanbin, K., Rahmanian, F., … V. R.-G. H. and, & 2019, undefined. (n.d.). Application of Twitter and web news mining in infectious disease surveillance systems and prospects for public health. Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov. Retrieved from, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6997800/
  • Jesus, S. N., Leal, A. R., Viseu, J. N., Valle, P., Matavelli, R. D., Pereira, J., & Greenglass, E. (2016). Coping as a moderator of the influence of economic stressors on psychological health. Análise Psicológica, 34(4), 365-376.
  • Jovančević, A., & Milićević, N. (2020). Optimism-pessimism, conspiracy theories and general trust as factors contributing to COVID-19 related behavior–A cross-cultural study. Personality and Individual Differences, 110216.
  • Khadjeh Nassirtoussi, A., Aghabozorgi, S., Ying Wah, T., & Ngo, D. C. L. (2014, November 15). Text mining for market prediction: A systematic review. Expert Systems with Applications. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.06.009
  • Kleist, N., & Jansen, S. (2016). Introduction: Hope over time—Crisis, immobility and future-making. History and Anthropology, 27(4), 373-392.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining Health and Well-Being by Putting Faith into Action During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01035-2
  • Korhonen, A., Ó Séaghdha, D., Silins, I., Sun, L., Högberg, J., & Stenius, U. (2012). Text Mining for Literature Review and Knowledge Discovery in Cancer Risk Assessment and Research. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e33427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033427
  • Kuper-Smith, B. J., Doppelhofer, L. M., Oganian, Y., Rosenblau, G., & Korn, C. (2020). Optimistic beliefs about the personal impact of COVID-19,1-4.
  • Kwartler, T. (2017). Text Mining in Practice with R. Text Mining in Practice with R. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119282105
  • Kwok, S. Y., & Gu, M. (2017). The role of emotional competence in the association between optimism and depression among Chinese adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 10(1), 171–185.
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 2032.
  • Liang, L., Ren, H., Cao, R., Hu, Y., Qin, Z., Li, C., & Mei, S. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1-12.
  • Liu, B. (2015). Sentiment analysis: Mining opinions, sentiments, and emotions. The Cambridge University Press.
  • Liu, Y., Wang, Z. H., & Li, Z. G. (2012). Affective mediators of the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction. Personality and individual differences, 52(7), 833-838.
  • Lopez, S. J. (2010). Making ripples: How principals and teachers can spread hope throughout our schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(2), 40-44.
  • Lu, H. (2020). Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). BioScience Trends, 14(1), 69–71. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01020
  • Makarem, S. C. (2016). Emotions and cognitions in consumer health behaviors: insights from chronically ill patients into the effects of hope and control perceptions. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 15(3), 208-215.
  • Matthew L. Jockers. (2015). Syuzhet: Extract Sentiment and Plot Arcs from Text. Retrieved from https://github.com/mjockers/syuzhet
  • Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073.
  • Michalos, A. C. (2017). Education, happiness and wellbeing. In Connecting the quality of life theory to health, well-being and education (pp. 277-299). Springer, Cham.
  • Mostafa, M. M. (2013). More than words: Social networksâ€TM text mining for consumer brand sentiments. Expert Systems With Applications, 40, 4241–4251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.01.019
  • Mostafanezhad, M. (2020). Covid-19 is an unnatural disaster: Hope in revelatory moments of crisis. Tourism Geographies, 1-7.
  • Narcıkara, E. (2017). Spiritüel liderlik davranışının algılanan performans üzerine etkisi. Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Narcıkara, E. B. (2017b). Örgüt Ortamında Artarak Yükselen Olumluluk: Pozitif Örgüt Okulu Bakış Perpektifi. İş'te Davranış Dergisi, 2(1), 20-33.
  • Naseem, Z., & Khalid, R. (2010). Positive Thinking in Coping with Stress and Health outcomes: Literature Review. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 4(1).
  • Netzer, O., Feldman, R., Goldenberg, J., & Fresko, M. (2012). Mine your own business: Market-structure surveillance through text mining. Marketing Science, 31(3), 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1120.0713
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., ... & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: a review. International Journal of Surgery. 78(1), 185-193.
  • Nieuwenhuis, M., Ninth, J. W.-P. of the, & 2018, undefined. (n.d.). Twitter text and image gender classification with a logistic regression n-gram model. Pdfs.Semanticscholar.Org. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/07ae/f685296f299b4c27a058ff18b19fb5c7592c.pdf
  • Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002). Tholohe positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of clinical psychology, 58(9), 993-1001.
  • Novak, P. K., Smailović, J., Sluban, B., & Mozetič, I. (2015). Sentiment of Emojis. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296
  • Park, T., Ju, I., Ohs, J. E., & Hinsley, A. (2020). Optimistic bias and preventive behavioral engagement in the context of COVID-19. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy.1-8.
  • Peteet, J. R. (2020). COVID-19 Anxiety. Journal of Religion and Health, 1.
  • Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., ... & Abel, K. M. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet Psychiatry.
  • Post, L., Ganzevoort, R. R., & Verdonck-De Leeuw, I. M. (2020). Transcending the suffering in cancer: Impact of a spiritual life review intervention on spiritual re-evaluation, spiritual growth and psycho-spiritual wellbeing. Religions, 11(3).
  • Raude, J., Debin, M., Souty, C., Guerrisi, C., Turbelin, C., Falchi, A., ... & Duggan, J. (2020). Are people excessively pessimistic about the risk of coronavirus infection?.
  • Ravindran, S., & Garg, V. (2015). Mastering social media mining with R. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0tlOCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=+Ravindran+SK,+Garg+V.+Mastering+social+media+mining+with+R.+Mumbai:+Packt+Publishing+Ltd%3B+2015.&ots=UnlJnXJqI-&sig=BJex6WfVEKR3O2kAqhAwmlZSlJ0
  • Reategui, E., Epstein, D., Lorenzatti, A., & Klemann, M. (2011). Sobek: a Text Mining Tool for Educational Applications. In Proceedings International Conference on Data Mining (DMIN) (pp. 59–64). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/760d9954b5290142a8a5e6b20eb06a19/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1976357
  • Romero, C., & Ventura, S. (2007). Educational data mining: A survey from 1995 to 2005. Expert Systems with Applications, 33(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2006.04.005
  • Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 102083.
  • Rzońca, E., Iwanowicz-Palus, G., Bień, A., Wdowiak, A., Szymański, R., & Chołubek, G. (2018). Generalized self-efficacy, dispositional optimism, and illness acceptance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(11), 2484.
  • Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski, T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020, May 12). Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019
  • Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. Int. J. Med. 2020. 529-535.
  • Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., & Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jama, 323(21), 2133-2134.
  • Shields, G. S., Toussaint, L. L., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Stress-related changes in personality: A longitudinal study of perceived stress and trait pessimism. Journal of research in personality, 64, 61-68.
  • Silahtaroglu, G. & Canbolat. Z. N. (2018). Sosyal Medyanın Veri Sermayesi Olarak Kullanımı: Sağlık Sektörü Örneği. Yönetim Bilişim Sistemlerinde Gündem (pp. 87–98). Çağlayan.
  • Tekumalla, R., & Banda, J. M. (2020). (2020). Characterization of Potential Drug Treatments for COVID-19 using Social Media Data and Machine Learning. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2007.10276.
  • Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 355-360.
  • Snyder, C. R., Ilardi, S. S., Cheavens, J., Michael, S. T., Yamhure, L., & Sympson, S. (2000). The role of hope in cognitive-behavior therapies. Cognitive therapy and Research, 24(6), 747-762.
  • Steinbrecher, E., Jordan, S. S., & Turns, B. (2020). Providing Immediate Hope to Survivors of Natural Disasters: A Miracle Question Intervention. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 1-16.
  • Silge, J.; Robinson, D. (2016). tidytext: Text Mining and Analysis Using Tidy Data Principles in R, http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.00037
  • Tan, W., Hao, F., McIntyre, R. S., Jiang, L., Jiang, X., Zhang, L., ... & Zhang, Z. (2020). Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 0889-1591 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055
  • Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. In International Journal of Social Psychiatry (Vol. 66, Issue 4, pp. 317–320). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212.
  • Trnka, R., & Lorencova, R. (2020). Fear, anger, and media-induced trauma during the outbreak of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 12(5), 546.
  • Trzebiński, J., Cabański, M., & Czarnecka, J. Z. (2020). Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: the influence of meaning in life, life satisfaction, and assumptions on world orderliness and positivity. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-14.
  • Tsantis, L., & Castellani, J. (n.d.). Enhancing Learning Environments Through Solution-based Knowledge Discovery Tools: Forecasting for Self-perpetuating Systemic Reform. journals.sagepub.com. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/016264340101600406
  • Türkiye'de COVID-19 pandemisi, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_COVID-19_pandemisi#Nisan_2020, [22.10.2020]
  • Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., ... & Drury, J. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-12.
  • Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and Resilience in the Time of COVID‐19: Meaning Making, Hope, and Transcendence. Family process.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., ... & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, behavior, and immunity.
  • Wetzsteina, B., Leitnerb, P., Rosenbergc, F., Dustdarb, S., & Leymann, F. (2011). Identifying influential factors of business process performance using dependency analysis. Enterprise Information Systems, 5(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2010.493956
  • Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L. and Müller, K. (2020). dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package version 1.0.2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr
  • Yamaguchi, K., Takebayashi, Y., Miyamae, M., Komazawa, A., Yokoyama, C., & Ito, M. (2020). Role of focusing on the positive side during COVID-19 outbreak: Mental health perspective from positive psychology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S49.
  • Yang T., Jiang S., Yu L., Cottrell R. R., Si Q. (2017). Life stress, uncertainty stress and self- reported illness: a representative nationwide study of Chinese students. J. Public Health 26 205–209. 10.1007/s10389-017-0837-9
  • Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990.
  • Zehir, C., & Narcıkara, E. (2016). Effects of resilience on productivity under authentic leadership. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 250-258.
  • Zhang, C., Zeng, D., Li, J., Wang, F. Y., & Zuo, W. (2009). Sentiment analysis of chinese documents: From sentence to document level. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(12), 2474–2487. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21206
  • Zhong, B. L., Luo, W., Li, H. M., Zhang, Q. Q., Liu, X. G., Li, W. T., & Li, Y. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. International journal of biological sciences, 16(10), 1745.
  • Zou, L., Cai, H., & Qiang, Y. (2018). Mining Twitter Data for Improved Understanding of Disaster Resilience Surface-Adjusted Terrain Analysis View project Using Remote Sensing to map slums inner characteristics View project. Taylor & Francis, 108(5), 1422–1441. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1421897

Covıd-19 Salgınında Yaşanan Haftalık Duygusal Değişimler: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 280 - 304, 24.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.38009/ekimad.825285

Abstract

Covid-19, oldukça bulaşıcı ve zararlı bir hastalıktır ve son yılların en yaygın sağlık krizlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Pandemi, etkisini tüm dünyada hala sürdürmekte ve başlangıçta beklenenden daha uzun süredir devam etmektedir. Türkiye'de de pandemi insanları etkilemetkte ve endişelendirmektedir. Bu çalışmada ilk vakanın açıklandığı mart ayından normalleşme sürecinin başladığı haziran ayı (18 Mart- 28 Mayıs) arasındaki dönemde toplumun salgına olan tepkileri incelenmiştir. Bu tepkileri anlamak için Twitter platformunda #Evdekal hashtagini kullanan toplam 567.018 metin elde edilerek analiz edilmiştir. Pandeminin ilk ortaya çıktığı bu dönemde, metin madenciliği kullanılarak toplumun konuştukları anlamlandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Duyarlılık analizi, bireylerin olumlu / olumsuz duygu durumlarını ve umut düzeylerini farklılaştıran haftalık tepkilerini görmek için kullanılmıştır. İki haftalık süreçler halinde analiz edilen duygularda bazı farklılıklar olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Affleck, G., Tennen, H., & Apter, A. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and daily life with chronic illness.In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 147-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Ahmed, H., Traore, I., & Saad, S. (2017). Detection of Online Fake News Using N-Gram Analysis and Machine Learning Techniques. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) (Vol. 10618 LNCS, pp. 127–138). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69155-8_9
  • Alam, F., Ofli, F., Imran, M., & Aupetit, M. (2018). A twitter tale of three hurricanes: Harvey, Irma, and Maria. In Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference (Vol. 2018-May, pp. 553–572). Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. Retrieved from https://www.unocha.org/legacy/what-we-do/coordination-tools/cluster-coordination
  • Arslan, G., & Yildirim, M. (2020). Coronavirus stress, meaningful living, optimism, and depressive symptoms: A study of moderated mediation model.
  • Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Tanhan, A., Buluş, M., & Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: Psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Stress Measure. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1.
  • Aschwanden, D., Strickhouser, J. E., Sesker, A. A., Lee, J. H., Luchetti, M., Stephan, Y., ... & Terracciano, A. (2020). Psychological and behavioural responses to coronavirus disease 2019: The role of personality. European Journal of Personality.
  • Bai, X. (2011). Predicting consumer sentiments from online text. Decision Support Systems, 50(4), 732–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2010.08.024
  • Baykal, E. (2018). Promoting Resilience Through Positive Leadership During Turmoil. International Journal of Management and Administration, 2(3), 34-48.
  • Baykal, E. (2019a). A Comparison About Eudaimonic Wellbeing in Authentic and Spiritual Leadership. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 61-73.
  • Baykal, (2019b). Innovating Through Reflective Learning in Mindful Organizations: Effects of Authentic Leadership. In Handbook of Research on Managerial Thinking in Global Business Economics (pp. 246-261). IGI Global.
  • Bernardo, A. B., & Mendoza, N. B. (2020). Measuring hope during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Philippines: development and validation of the state locus-of-Hope scale short form in Filipino. Current Psychology, 1-10.
  • Bujang Sanawi, J., & Malaysia Sarawak Malia Taibi, U. (2017). #VACCINATION: IDENTIFYING INFLUENCERS IN THE VACCINATION DISCUSSION ON TWITTER THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORK VISUALISATION Mus Chairil Samani. International Journal of Business and Society (Vol. 18). Retrieved from http://www.ijbs.unimas.my/images/repository/pdf/Vol18-s4-paper9.pdf
  • Canbolat, Z. N., & Pinarbasi, F. (2020). Augmented Reality and Mobile Consumers: Mining Reviews of AR Applications for Consumer Perceptions. In In Managerial Challenges and Social Impacts of Virtual and Augmented Reality (pp. 76–94). IGI Global.
  • Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879– 889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006.
  • Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, e13074.
  • Cheavens, J. S., Michael, S. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2005). The correlates of hope: Psychological and physiological benefits. In J. Eliott (Ed.), Interdisciplinary perspectives on hope (pp. 119–132). New York: Nova Science.
  • Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X., Wang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e15–e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X.
  • Clement, J., Leading countries based on number of Twitter users as of October 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/242606/number-of-active-twitter-users-in-selected-countries/ , [30.10.2020]
  • Cooper, S., Darmody, M., & Dolan, Y. (2003). Impressions of hope and its influence in the process of change: An international e-mail trialogue. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 22, 67–78.
  • DiClemente, R. J., Capasso, A., Ali, S. H., Jones, A. M., Foreman, J., & Tozan, Y. (2020). Knowledge, beliefs, mental health, substance use, and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults: A national online survey.
  • Eirinaki, M., Pisal, S., & Singh, J. (2012). Feature-based opinion mining and ranking. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 78(4), 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2011.10.007
  • Feinerer, I. and Hornik, K. (2019). tm: Text Mining Package. R package version 0.7-7. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tm
  • Fellows, I. (2018). wordcloud: Word Clouds, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=wordcloud
  • Fredrikson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in Experimental Social Psy- chology, 47, 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2.
  • Fritze, J. G., Blashki, G. A., Burke, S., & Wiseman, J. (2008). Hope, despair and transformation: climate change and the promotion of mental health and wellbeing. International journal of mental health systems, 2(1), 1-10.
  • Gao, J., Tian, Z., & Yang, X. (2020). Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. BioScience Trends. International Advancement Center for Medicine and Health Research Co., Ltd. https://doi.org/10.5582/BST.2020.01047
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., ... & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos one, 15(4), e0231924.
  • Glowacki, E. M., Wilcox, G. B., & Glowacki, J. B. (2020). Identifying #addiction concerns on twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic: A text mining analysis. Substance Abuse, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1822489
  • Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 6(1), 61-74.
  • Goldman, D. S. (2020). Initial observations of psychological and behavioral effects of COVID-19 in the United States, using Google trends data.
  • González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
  • Guo, J., Xu, L. Da, Xiao, G., on, Z. G.-I. T., & 2012, undefined. (n.d.). Improving multilingual semantic interoperation in cross-organizational enterprise systems through concept disambiguation. Ieeexplore.Ieee.Org. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6159080/
  • Hernández-Sánchez, B. R., Cardella, G. M., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2020). Psychological Factors that Lessen the Impact of COVID-19 on the Self-Employment Intention of Business Administration and Economics’ Students from Latin America. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5293.
  • Hirono, T., & Blake, M. E. (2017). The role of religious leaders in the restoration of hope following natural disasters. Sage open, 7(2), 2158244017707003.
  • Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 49(1), 1-3.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 112954.
  • Hung, J. (2012). Trends of e-learning research from 2000 to 2008: Use of text mining and bibliometrics. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01144.x
  • Ingvaldsen, J. E., & Gulla, J. A. (2012). Industrial application of semantic process mining. Enterprise Information Systems, 6(2), 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2011.593103
  • Italians belt out national anthem during virus lockdown (2020), https://www.wtoc.com/2020/03/13/italians-belt-out-national-anthem-during-virus-lockdown/ , [18.10.2020]
  • Jahanbin, K., Rahmanian, F., … V. R.-G. H. and, & 2019, undefined. (n.d.). Application of Twitter and web news mining in infectious disease surveillance systems and prospects for public health. Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov. Retrieved from, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6997800/
  • Jesus, S. N., Leal, A. R., Viseu, J. N., Valle, P., Matavelli, R. D., Pereira, J., & Greenglass, E. (2016). Coping as a moderator of the influence of economic stressors on psychological health. Análise Psicológica, 34(4), 365-376.
  • Jovančević, A., & Milićević, N. (2020). Optimism-pessimism, conspiracy theories and general trust as factors contributing to COVID-19 related behavior–A cross-cultural study. Personality and Individual Differences, 110216.
  • Khadjeh Nassirtoussi, A., Aghabozorgi, S., Ying Wah, T., & Ngo, D. C. L. (2014, November 15). Text mining for market prediction: A systematic review. Expert Systems with Applications. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.06.009
  • Kleist, N., & Jansen, S. (2016). Introduction: Hope over time—Crisis, immobility and future-making. History and Anthropology, 27(4), 373-392.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining Health and Well-Being by Putting Faith into Action During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01035-2
  • Korhonen, A., Ó Séaghdha, D., Silins, I., Sun, L., Högberg, J., & Stenius, U. (2012). Text Mining for Literature Review and Knowledge Discovery in Cancer Risk Assessment and Research. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e33427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033427
  • Kuper-Smith, B. J., Doppelhofer, L. M., Oganian, Y., Rosenblau, G., & Korn, C. (2020). Optimistic beliefs about the personal impact of COVID-19,1-4.
  • Kwartler, T. (2017). Text Mining in Practice with R. Text Mining in Practice with R. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119282105
  • Kwok, S. Y., & Gu, M. (2017). The role of emotional competence in the association between optimism and depression among Chinese adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 10(1), 171–185.
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 2032.
  • Liang, L., Ren, H., Cao, R., Hu, Y., Qin, Z., Li, C., & Mei, S. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1-12.
  • Liu, B. (2015). Sentiment analysis: Mining opinions, sentiments, and emotions. The Cambridge University Press.
  • Liu, Y., Wang, Z. H., & Li, Z. G. (2012). Affective mediators of the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction. Personality and individual differences, 52(7), 833-838.
  • Lopez, S. J. (2010). Making ripples: How principals and teachers can spread hope throughout our schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(2), 40-44.
  • Lu, H. (2020). Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). BioScience Trends, 14(1), 69–71. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01020
  • Makarem, S. C. (2016). Emotions and cognitions in consumer health behaviors: insights from chronically ill patients into the effects of hope and control perceptions. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 15(3), 208-215.
  • Matthew L. Jockers. (2015). Syuzhet: Extract Sentiment and Plot Arcs from Text. Retrieved from https://github.com/mjockers/syuzhet
  • Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073.
  • Michalos, A. C. (2017). Education, happiness and wellbeing. In Connecting the quality of life theory to health, well-being and education (pp. 277-299). Springer, Cham.
  • Mostafa, M. M. (2013). More than words: Social networksâ€TM text mining for consumer brand sentiments. Expert Systems With Applications, 40, 4241–4251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.01.019
  • Mostafanezhad, M. (2020). Covid-19 is an unnatural disaster: Hope in revelatory moments of crisis. Tourism Geographies, 1-7.
  • Narcıkara, E. (2017). Spiritüel liderlik davranışının algılanan performans üzerine etkisi. Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Narcıkara, E. B. (2017b). Örgüt Ortamında Artarak Yükselen Olumluluk: Pozitif Örgüt Okulu Bakış Perpektifi. İş'te Davranış Dergisi, 2(1), 20-33.
  • Naseem, Z., & Khalid, R. (2010). Positive Thinking in Coping with Stress and Health outcomes: Literature Review. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 4(1).
  • Netzer, O., Feldman, R., Goldenberg, J., & Fresko, M. (2012). Mine your own business: Market-structure surveillance through text mining. Marketing Science, 31(3), 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1120.0713
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., ... & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: a review. International Journal of Surgery. 78(1), 185-193.
  • Nieuwenhuis, M., Ninth, J. W.-P. of the, & 2018, undefined. (n.d.). Twitter text and image gender classification with a logistic regression n-gram model. Pdfs.Semanticscholar.Org. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/07ae/f685296f299b4c27a058ff18b19fb5c7592c.pdf
  • Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002). Tholohe positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of clinical psychology, 58(9), 993-1001.
  • Novak, P. K., Smailović, J., Sluban, B., & Mozetič, I. (2015). Sentiment of Emojis. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296
  • Park, T., Ju, I., Ohs, J. E., & Hinsley, A. (2020). Optimistic bias and preventive behavioral engagement in the context of COVID-19. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy.1-8.
  • Peteet, J. R. (2020). COVID-19 Anxiety. Journal of Religion and Health, 1.
  • Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., ... & Abel, K. M. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet Psychiatry.
  • Post, L., Ganzevoort, R. R., & Verdonck-De Leeuw, I. M. (2020). Transcending the suffering in cancer: Impact of a spiritual life review intervention on spiritual re-evaluation, spiritual growth and psycho-spiritual wellbeing. Religions, 11(3).
  • Raude, J., Debin, M., Souty, C., Guerrisi, C., Turbelin, C., Falchi, A., ... & Duggan, J. (2020). Are people excessively pessimistic about the risk of coronavirus infection?.
  • Ravindran, S., & Garg, V. (2015). Mastering social media mining with R. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0tlOCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=+Ravindran+SK,+Garg+V.+Mastering+social+media+mining+with+R.+Mumbai:+Packt+Publishing+Ltd%3B+2015.&ots=UnlJnXJqI-&sig=BJex6WfVEKR3O2kAqhAwmlZSlJ0
  • Reategui, E., Epstein, D., Lorenzatti, A., & Klemann, M. (2011). Sobek: a Text Mining Tool for Educational Applications. In Proceedings International Conference on Data Mining (DMIN) (pp. 59–64). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/760d9954b5290142a8a5e6b20eb06a19/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1976357
  • Romero, C., & Ventura, S. (2007). Educational data mining: A survey from 1995 to 2005. Expert Systems with Applications, 33(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2006.04.005
  • Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 102083.
  • Rzońca, E., Iwanowicz-Palus, G., Bień, A., Wdowiak, A., Szymański, R., & Chołubek, G. (2018). Generalized self-efficacy, dispositional optimism, and illness acceptance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(11), 2484.
  • Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski, T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020, May 12). Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019
  • Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. Int. J. Med. 2020. 529-535.
  • Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., & Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jama, 323(21), 2133-2134.
  • Shields, G. S., Toussaint, L. L., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Stress-related changes in personality: A longitudinal study of perceived stress and trait pessimism. Journal of research in personality, 64, 61-68.
  • Silahtaroglu, G. & Canbolat. Z. N. (2018). Sosyal Medyanın Veri Sermayesi Olarak Kullanımı: Sağlık Sektörü Örneği. Yönetim Bilişim Sistemlerinde Gündem (pp. 87–98). Çağlayan.
  • Tekumalla, R., & Banda, J. M. (2020). (2020). Characterization of Potential Drug Treatments for COVID-19 using Social Media Data and Machine Learning. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2007.10276.
  • Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 355-360.
  • Snyder, C. R., Ilardi, S. S., Cheavens, J., Michael, S. T., Yamhure, L., & Sympson, S. (2000). The role of hope in cognitive-behavior therapies. Cognitive therapy and Research, 24(6), 747-762.
  • Steinbrecher, E., Jordan, S. S., & Turns, B. (2020). Providing Immediate Hope to Survivors of Natural Disasters: A Miracle Question Intervention. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 1-16.
  • Silge, J.; Robinson, D. (2016). tidytext: Text Mining and Analysis Using Tidy Data Principles in R, http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.00037
  • Tan, W., Hao, F., McIntyre, R. S., Jiang, L., Jiang, X., Zhang, L., ... & Zhang, Z. (2020). Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 0889-1591 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055
  • Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. In International Journal of Social Psychiatry (Vol. 66, Issue 4, pp. 317–320). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212.
  • Trnka, R., & Lorencova, R. (2020). Fear, anger, and media-induced trauma during the outbreak of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 12(5), 546.
  • Trzebiński, J., Cabański, M., & Czarnecka, J. Z. (2020). Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: the influence of meaning in life, life satisfaction, and assumptions on world orderliness and positivity. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-14.
  • Tsantis, L., & Castellani, J. (n.d.). Enhancing Learning Environments Through Solution-based Knowledge Discovery Tools: Forecasting for Self-perpetuating Systemic Reform. journals.sagepub.com. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/016264340101600406
  • Türkiye'de COVID-19 pandemisi, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_COVID-19_pandemisi#Nisan_2020, [22.10.2020]
  • Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., ... & Drury, J. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-12.
  • Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and Resilience in the Time of COVID‐19: Meaning Making, Hope, and Transcendence. Family process.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., ... & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, behavior, and immunity.
  • Wetzsteina, B., Leitnerb, P., Rosenbergc, F., Dustdarb, S., & Leymann, F. (2011). Identifying influential factors of business process performance using dependency analysis. Enterprise Information Systems, 5(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2010.493956
  • Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L. and Müller, K. (2020). dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package version 1.0.2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr
  • Yamaguchi, K., Takebayashi, Y., Miyamae, M., Komazawa, A., Yokoyama, C., & Ito, M. (2020). Role of focusing on the positive side during COVID-19 outbreak: Mental health perspective from positive psychology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S49.
  • Yang T., Jiang S., Yu L., Cottrell R. R., Si Q. (2017). Life stress, uncertainty stress and self- reported illness: a representative nationwide study of Chinese students. J. Public Health 26 205–209. 10.1007/s10389-017-0837-9
  • Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990.
  • Zehir, C., & Narcıkara, E. (2016). Effects of resilience on productivity under authentic leadership. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 250-258.
  • Zhang, C., Zeng, D., Li, J., Wang, F. Y., & Zuo, W. (2009). Sentiment analysis of chinese documents: From sentence to document level. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(12), 2474–2487. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21206
  • Zhong, B. L., Luo, W., Li, H. M., Zhang, Q. Q., Liu, X. G., Li, W. T., & Li, Y. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. International journal of biological sciences, 16(10), 1745.
  • Zou, L., Cai, H., & Qiang, Y. (2018). Mining Twitter Data for Improved Understanding of Disaster Resilience Surface-Adjusted Terrain Analysis View project Using Remote Sensing to map slums inner characteristics View project. Taylor & Francis, 108(5), 1422–1441. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1421897
There are 107 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gökhan Silahtaroğlu 0000-0001-8863-8348

Elif Baykal 0000-0002-4966-8074

Zehra Nur Canbolat 0000-0001-8359-5713

Publication Date December 24, 2020
Submission Date November 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Silahtaroğlu, G., Baykal, E., & Canbolat, Z. N. (2020). Weekly Emotional Changes Amidst Covid-19: Turkish Experience. Ekonomi İşletme Ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 280-304. https://doi.org/10.38009/ekimad.825285