Predicting Stock Prices in The Turkish Banking Sector with Artificial Neural Networks: A Comparison of Multi-Layered LSTM Models

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 169 - 182, 30.08.2025

Salih Rıdvan Yılmaz , Nurullah Uçkun

Abstract

In this study, the stock prices of the leading banks in the Turkish banking sector (Akbank, Garanti Bankası, İş Bankası, and Yapı Kredi Bankası) were predicted using different numbers of LSTM layers (from 1 to 5) to examine the effect of layer depth on model performance, ultimately determining the optimal LSTM architecture. Following time series decomposition of the banks’ stock prices, LSTM-based models predicted these prices using 1- to 5-layer architectures, and an experimental analysis was conducted aiming to reveal the optimal layer depth by comparing performance with RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and R² metrics. In LSTM models with different layer depths, moderately deep architectures provided the best prediction performance, while overly deep structures exhibited performance declines due to increased model complexity. Evaluating the effect of the number of LSTM layers on the stock price movements of the leading banks in the BIST30, this study demonstrates that a deep learning configuration appropriate to the complexity of financial data reveals the risk and return dynamics specific to the banking sector. By emphasizing the optimality of different layer depths in time series forecasting through an innovative method, it makes significant contributions to the literature.

Keywords

Deep Learning , LSTM , Banking Sector , Stock Price Prediction

Yapay Sinir Ağları ile Türk Bankacılık Sektörü Hisse Senedi Fiyatlarının Tahmini: Çok Katmanlı LSTM Modellerinin Karşılaştırılması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türk bankacılık sektörünün önde gelen bankalarının (Akbank, Garanti Bankası, İş Bankası ve Yapı Kredi Bankası) hisse senedi fiyatları, farklı sayılarda (1’den 5’e) LSTM katmanıyla tahmin edilerek katman derinliğinin model performansına etkisi incelenmiş ve optimal LSTM mimarisi belirlenmiştir. LSTM tabanlı modeller, bankaların hisse senedi fiyatlarını zaman serisi ayrıştırması sonrası 1 ila 5 katmanlı mimarilerle tahmin etmiş, ardından RMSE, MAE, MAPE ve R² metrikleriyle performans karşılaştırması yaparak optimal katman derinliğini ortaya koymayı amaçlayan deneysel bir analiz uygulanmıştır. Farklı katman derinliklerine sahip LSTM modellerinde orta düzeydeki derin mimariler, en iyi tahmin performansını sunarken, aşırı derin yapılarda model karmaşıklığının artması nedeniyle performans düşüşleri gözlenmiştir. BIST30’un önde gelen bankalarının hisse fiyat hareketleri üzerinde LSTM katman sayısının etkisini değerlendiren bu çalışma; finansal verilerin karmaşıklığına uygun derin öğrenme yapılandırmasının bankacılık sektörüne özgü risk ve getiri dinamiklerini ortaya çıkardığını, yenilikçi bir yöntemle zaman serisi tahmininde farklı katman derinliklerinin optimalliğini vurgulayarak literatüre önemli katkılar sağladığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Derin Öğrenme , LSTM , Bankacılık Sektörü , Hisse Senedi Fiyat Tahmini.

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