Türkiye’nin Yönetişim Performansı: OECD, AB ve BRICS Ülkeleri ile Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 183 - 212, 30.08.2025

Yunus Emre Birol

https://doi.org/10.38009/ekimad.1701948

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin yönetişim performansını Dünya Bankası göstergeleri üzerinden değerlendirmeyi ve OECD, AB ve BRICS ülkeleriyle karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Analizler, Türkiye’nin yönetişim performansında son yıllarda düşüş olduğunu, OECD ve AB ülkelerine kıyasla düşük seviyelerde yer aldığını, ancak BRICS ülkelerine göre ortalamanın üzerinde performans sergilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmada kriter ağırlıkları belirlenmiş ve çok kriterli karar verme teknikleri kullanılarak tutarlı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizi, farklı yöntemler arasında yüksek uyum olduğunu doğrulamıştır. Dünya Bankası göstergelerinin metodolojik sınırlamaları vurgulanırken, tek tip kurumsal reformlar yerine bağlama duyarlı ve tarihsel dinamikleri dikkate alan yaklaşımlar önerilmiştir. Türkiye’nin AB üyelik sürecindeki kurumsal beklentilerle BRICS üyeliğinin siyasi-ekonomik etkileri tartışılmış, kısa vadede AB perspektifine odaklanmanın daha gerçekçi olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Yönetişim , Kurumsal Faktörler , Kalkınma , Çok Kriterli Karar Verme , Türkiye

Governance Performance of Türkiye: A Comparative Analysis with OECD, EU, and BRICS Countries

Abstract

This study evaluates Türkiye’s governance performance using World Bank indicators and compares it with OECD, EU, and BRICS countries. Analyses reveal a decline in Türkiye’s governance metrics in recent years, with performance significantly lagging behind OECD and EU countries but exceeding the average among BRICS countries. In the study, criteria weights were determined and multi-criteria decision-making techniques yielded consistent rankings. Correlation analysis confirmed strong alignment across methodologies. While highlighting methodological limitations of World Bank indicators, the study advocates context-sensitive governance reforms over one-size-fits-all institutional models, emphasizing the need to account for historical and socio-political dynamics. The implications of Türkiye’s potential BRICS membership versus its prolonged EU accession process were critically examined, with findings suggesting that short-term alignment with EU institutional expectations remains pragmatic. However, long-term strategic decisions should holistically evaluate political, economic, and cultural dimensions.

Keywords

Governance , Institutional Factors , Development , Multi-Criteria Decision Making , Türkiye

References

• Acaravcı, A., Artan, S., Erdoğan, S., & Bostan Göktürk, T. (2018). Türkiye’de kurumsal kalite, reel gelir ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ilişkisi [Institutional quality, real income and foreign direct investment relationship in Turkey]. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 5(2), 132–145. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.409819
• Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. Crown Business.
• Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369–1401. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369
• Aidt, T. S. (2009). Corruption, institutions, and economic development. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25(2), 271–291. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grp012
• Andrews, M. (2008). The good governance agenda: Beyond indicators without theory. Oxford Development Studies, 36(4), 379–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810802455120
• Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
• Aron, J. (2000). Growth and institutions: A review of the evidence. World Bank Research Observer, 15(1), 99–135. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.1.99
• Aytekin, A., & Gündoğdu, H. G. (2021). OECD ve AB üyesi ülkelerin sürdürülebilir yönetişim düzeylerine göre SWARA tabanlı TOPSIS-Sort-B ve WASPAS yöntemleriyle incelenmesi [Investigation of OECD and EU member countries By SWARA-based TOPSIS-Sort-B and WASPAS methods according to sustainable governance levels]. Öneri, Journal of Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, 16(56), 943–971. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.862996
• Bevir, M. (2011). Public administration as storytelling. Public Administration, 89(1), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01908.x
• Binay, M., & Atalay, N. (2019). Global governance: Economic growth and income distribution. The Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts, (112), 137–158. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sayistay/issue/61568/919326
• Boateng, A., Wang, Y., Ntim, C. G., & Elmagrhi, M. (2024). Institutions and corruption relationship: Evidence from African countries. Journal of International Management, 30(3), 101136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2024.101136
• Bokpin, G. A. (2017). Foreign direct investment and environmental sustainability in Africa: The role of institutions and governance. Research in International Business and Finance, 39(Part A), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2016.07.038
• Chang, H. J. (2011). Institutions and economic development: Theory, policy and history. Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(4), 473–498. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137410000378
• Chinoda, T., & Kapingura, F. M. (2024). Digital financial inclusion and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of institutions and governance. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 15(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-09-2022-0372
• Chong, A., & Calderón, C. (2000). Causality and feedback between institutional measures and economic growth. Economics & Politics, 12(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00069
• Dreher, A., & Schneider, F. (2010). Corruption and the shadow economy: An empirical analysis. Public Choice, 144(1–2), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9513-0
• Dryzek J. S. (2016). Institutions for the Anthropocene: Governance in a changing earth system. British Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 937–956. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000453
• Durgun S., & Aydın, A. H. (2019). Türkiye’nin yönetişim performansına ilişkin bir değerlendirme [An assessment of Turkey’s governance performance]. The Journal of Social Sciences, 6(43), 538–550. http://doi.org/10.29228/SOBIDER.39561
• Easterly, W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument. Journal of Development Economics, 84(2), 755–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002
• Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., & Balogh, S. (2012). An Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mur011
• Fukuyama, F. (2011). The origins of political order: From prehuman times to the French Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Fukuyama, F. (2013). What is governance? Governance, 26(3), 347–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12035
• Fukuyama, F. (2016). Governance: What do we know, and how do we know it? Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042214-044240
• Glaeser, E. L., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2004). Do institutions cause growth? Journal of Economic Growth, 9(3), 271–303. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000038933.16398.ed
• Glass, L. M., & Newig, J. (2019). Governance for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: How important are participation, policy coherence, reflexivity, adaptation and democratic institutions?. Earth System Governance, 2, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2019.100031
• Globerman, S., & Shapiro, D. (2003). Governance infrastructure and US foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400001
• Grindle, M. S. (2007). Good enough governance: Poverty reduction and reform in developing countries. Governance, 17(4), 525–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00256.x
• Gündoğdu, H., & Aytekin, A. (2020). Yönetişim göstergeleri bağlamında ülkelerin kümeleme analizi ve ARAS ile değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of governance indicators of countries by clustering analysis and ARAS]. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, (66), 301–318. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/dpusbe/issue/57463/786260
• Güzel, S., & Murat, D. (2019). Yönetişim ve ekonomik performans bağlamında OECD ülkelerinin konumları [Positions of OECD countries in the context of governance and economic performance]. Journal of Academic Inquiries, 14(1), 315–344. https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.466146
• Hall, R. E., & Jones, C. I. (1999). Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 83–116. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399555954
• Holland-Lulewicz, J., Thompson, V. D., Birch, J., & Grier, C. (2022). Keystone institutions of democratic governance across Indigenous North America. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, 840049. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.840049
• Honeybun-Arnolda, E., Turner, R. A., Mukhopadhyay, R., Collins, C., & Wills, J. (2024). Localising and democratising goal-based governance for sustainability. Environmental Science & Policy, 151, 103638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103638
• Hossain, I., Haque, A. M., & Ullah, S. A. (2023). Role of government institutions in promoting sustainable development in Bangladesh: An environmental governance perspective. Journal of Current Social and Political Issues, 1(2), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.15575/jcspi.v1i2.485
• Jessop, B. (1998). The rise of governance and the risks of failure: The case of economic development. International Social Science Journal, 50(155), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00107
• Kapçak, S. (2023). Türkiye’de demokrasi ile doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar arasındaki ilişki: Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi [The relationship between democracy and foreign direct investment in Turkey: Toda-Yamamoto causality test]. Eurasian Journal of Researches in Social and Economics, 10(1), 138–148. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/75724/1218135
• Kaufmann, D., & Kraay, A. (2008). Governance indicators: Where are we, where should we be going? The World Bank Research Observer, 23(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkm012
• Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(2), 220–246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404511200046
• Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: Cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics & Politics, 7(3), 207–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1995.tb00111.x
• Köstekçi, A., Yıldız, A., Gülcü, Y., & Çakır, M. A. (2023). İyi yönetişimin seçilmiş sosyal ve ekonomik göstergeler üzerindeki etkileri: Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Türkiye örneği [The effects of good governance on selected social and economic indicators: The case of Central Asian Turkish Republics and Türkiye]. EKEV Academy Journal, 27(Special Issue), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1307154
• Kurtz, M. J., & Schrank, A. (2007). Growth and governance: Models, measures, and mechanisms. Journal of Politics, 69(2), 538–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00549.x
• La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1999). The quality of government. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1), 222–279. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/15.1.222
• Langbein, L., & Knack, S. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: Six, one, or none? Journal of Development Studies, 46(2), 350–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380902952399
• Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696
• Méon, P. G., & Weill, L. (2010). Is corruption an efficient grease? World Development, 38(3), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.004
• Niesten, E., Jolink, A., de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L., Chappin, M., & Lozano, R. (2017). Sustainable collaboration: The impact of governance and institutions on sustainable performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 155(Part 2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.085
• Norris, P. (2012). Making democratic governance work: How Regimes Shape Prosperity, Welfare, and Peace. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139061902
• North D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678
• O’Donnell, G. (2004). The quality of democracy: Why the rule of law matters. Journal of Democracy, 15(4), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2004.0076
• Özşahin, Ş. (2016). Kurumsal kalite doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar için ne kadar önemli? Türkiye üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz [How important is institutional quality for foreign direct investment? An econometric analysis on Turkey]. Journal of Yasar University, 11(44), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.76581
• Özşahin, Ş., Üçler, G., & Uysal, D. (2022). Jeopolitik risk ve yolsuzluğun doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar için önemi: Türkiye için ampirik bulgular [The importance of geopolitical risk and corruption for foreign direct investments: Empirical findings for Turkey]. Bingöl University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 6(2), 257–286. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1120293
• Peters, B. G. (2011). Governance as political theory. Critical Policy Studies, 5(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2011.555683
• Rachid, Y., & Khalid, H. (2025). Institutions and FDI: How does institutional quality amplify economic gains?. Revue Internationale de la Recherche Scientifique (Revue-IRS), 3(3), 3078–3093. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15715424
• Rauch, J. E., & Evans, P. B. (2000). Bureaucratic structure and bureaucratic performance in less developed countries. Journal of Public Economics, 75(1), 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00044-4 Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The new governance: Governing without government. Political Studies, 44(4), 652–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb01747.x
• Rodrik, D. (2004). Getting institutions right. CESifo DICE Report, 2(2), 10–15. https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/dicereport204-forum2.pdf
• Rodrik, D. (2008). Second-best institutions. American Economic Review, 98(2), 100–104. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.2.100
• Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A., & Trebbi, F. (2004). Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of Economic Growth, 9(2), 131–165. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031425.72248.85
• Rotberg, R. I. (2014). Good governance means performance and results. Governance, 27(3), 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12084
• Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2008). What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions. Governance, 21(2), 165–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.x
• Sabry, M. I. (2015). Good governance, institutions and performance of public private partnerships. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(7), 566–582. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2015-0005
• Stoker, G. (1998). Governance as theory: Five propositions. International Social Science Journal, 50(155), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00106
• Svensson, J. (2005). Eight questions about corruption. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(3), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005774357860
• Thomas, M. A. (2010). What do the worldwide governance indicators measure? The European Journal of Development Research, 22(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2009.32
• Treisman, D. (2000). The causes of corruption: A cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 399–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00092-4
• Ünlükaplan, İ., Arısoy, İ., & Canıkalp, E. (2018). Yönetişim kalitesi ve iktisadi büyüme: Türkiye ekonomisi için bir ampirik analiz [The quality of governance, composition of public expenditures, and economic growth: An empirical analysis on Turkey]. International Journal of Economics and Administrative Studies, 11(Special Issue), 487–508. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.441213
• Williamson, C. R. (2009). Informal institutions rule: Institutional arrangements and economic performance. Public Choice, 139(3-4), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9399-x World Bank. (2025). Worldwide governance indicators. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
• Yıldırım, A. (2019). İyi yönetişim ve Türkiye performansı [Good governance and the performance of Turkey]. Journal of Academic Value Studies, 5(5), 818–835. http://doi.org/10.29228/javs.38755
• Yürükoğlu, B. (2021). Yönetişim ve ekonomik performans: Türkiye ve G7 ülkeleri için bir değerlendirme [Governance and economic evaluation of governance: Turkey’s good governance indicators]. Journal of Applied and Theoretical Social Sciences, 3(3), 244–262. https://doi.org/10.37241/jatss.2021.35
• Zattoni, A., Dedoulis, E., Leventis, S., & Van Ees, H. (2020). Corporate governance and institutions-A review and research agenda. Corporate Governance-An International Review, 28(6), 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12347