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How To Apply Model Eliciting Activities In Primary School?

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 99 - 117, 03.04.2018

Abstract

In recent years, the need for modeling and
modeling approaches involving cognitive and meta-cognitive thinking processes
to be introduced to students at every level, from early school years to higher
education, has been highly emphasized by mathematics educators. In parallel
with these developments, mathematical
modeling
took place as one of the six basic mathematical skills aimed to be
developed in the Primary School
Mathematics Curriculum
. It is emphasized in the program that with the aid of
mathematical modeling, primary school students should be able to solve problems
that may arise in daily life by using their mathematical knowledge. It is
necessary to introduce mathematical modeling approach which is quite new in
primary school mathematics in Turkey by adding mathematical modeling skill to primary
mathematics teaching program as a basic skill. Especially, it is of great
importance to provide sample activities to the teachers in order to disseminate
the modeling approach in primary school and to increase their knowledge and
experience on how to use them. For this reason, in order to develop solutions
and suggestions on how to apply the modeling problems in the classroom
environment, a longitudinal research study has been carried out using the
modeling activities with the 4th-grade students at the primary
school in a large provincial center in the Black Sea region. The Model Eliciting Activities used are
one of the most important tools that enable students to acquire and develop
mathematical modeling skills at primary school level.  The purpose of this reflection article is to
introduce model eliciting activities under the light of the observations and
experiences obtained from this research as well as the results obtained from
other international studies; to emphasize the difference from other problems; to
determine the role of the teacher and the learner throughout the process; to
explain classroom organization, duration and form of application; to provide
suggestions on how students should be assessed and also to inform primary school
teachers about potential difficulties in the process. It is of great importance
to provide case studies and to increase their knowledge and experience on how
to use them.

References

  • Akay, H., Soybaş, D., & Argün, Z. (2006). Problem Kurma Deneyimleri ve Matematik Öğretiminde Açık-uçlu Soruların Kullanılması. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 14(1), 129–146.
  • Altıntaş, S. ve Sidekli, S. (2017). Çarpma İşleminde Napier Çubukları Kullanımı: Birleştirilmiş Sınıflar, Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 14-21.
  • Altun, M. (2007). Eğitim Fakülteleri ve İlköğretim Öğretmenleri için Matematik Öğretimi. Bursa: Aktüel Yayıncılık.
  • Antonius, S., Haines, C. R., Jensen, H. T., & Niss, M. (2006). Classroom Activities and the Teacher. In W. Blum, P. Galbraith, H.-W. Henn, M. Niss (Eds.), Modelling and Applications in Mathematics Education: The 14. ICMI Study (pp. 295–306). New York: Springer.
  • Artut, P. D., & Tarım, K. (2006). ilköğretim Öğrencilerinin Rutin Olmayan Sözel Problemleri Çözme Düzeylerinin Çözüm Stratejilerinin Ve Hata Türlerinin incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2).
  • Blum, W. (2002). ICMI Study 14: Applications and modelling in mathematics education- Discussion document. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 51 (1-2), 149-171.
  • Blum, W., & Ferri, B. R. (2009). Mathematical Modeling: Can It Be Taught and Learnt? Journal of Mathematical Modeling and Aplications, 1(1), 45-58.
  • Blum, W., & Niss, M. (1991). Applied Mathematical Problem Solving, Modelling, Application and Links to Other Subjects-State, Trends, and Issues in Mathematics Instruction. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 22(1), 37–68.
  • Chamberlin, S. A., & Moon, S. M. (2005). Model-Eliciting Activities as a Tool to Develop and Identify Creatively Gifted Mathematicians. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 17(1), 37-47.
  • Chamberlin, S. A. & Coxbill, E. (2012). Using model-eliciting activities to introduce upper elementary students to statistical reasoning and mathematical modeling. In L. Hatfield & R. Mayes (eds.), Quantitative reasoning and mathematical modeling: A driver for STEM integrated education and teaching in context. Wyoming Institute for the Study of Mathematics Education, Laramie, WY.
  • English, L. D. (2004). Mathematical Modeling in the Primary School. In Putt, Ian, Faragher, Rhonda, & McLean, Mal (Eds.) 27th annual conference of Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia. Mathematics Education for the Third Millennium: Towards 2010, James Cook University, Townsville.
  • English, L. D., & Watters, J. J. (2004). Mathematical modelling with young children. In M. Johnsen Hoines & A. Berit Fuglestad (Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th International PME Conference (pp. 335-342). Bergen: Bergen University College.
  • English, L. D., & Doerr, H. M. (2004). Listening and Responding to Students’ Ways of Thinking. In Putt, I., Faragher, R., & McLean, M. (Eds.) Mathematics education for the 3rd millennium: Towards 2010, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
  • English, L. D., & Watters, J. J. (2005) Mathematical Modeling in The Early School Years. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 16(3), 59-80.
  • English, L. D. (2006). Mathematical Modeling in The Primary School : Children's Construction of A Consumer Guide. Educational Studies İn Mathematics, 63(3), 303-323.
  • English, Lyn D. (2007). Interdisciplinary Modelling in The Primary Mathematics Curriculum.inWatson, Jane&Beswick, Kim (Eds.) Mathematics: Essential research, essential practice, Mathematics Education Research Group of Australia (MERGA), Hobart, 275-284.
  • English, Lyn D. (2010). Young Children's Early Modelling with Data. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 22(2), 24-47.
  • English, Lyn D. (2011a). Complex Modelling in The Primary/Middle School Years. In Stillman, Gloria & Brown, Jill (Eds.) ICTMA Book of Abstracts, Australian Catholic University, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC.
  • English, Lyn D. (2011b). Data Modelling in The Beginning School Years. In Sullivan, Peter & Goos, Merrilyn (Eds.) Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australia (pp. 226-234), Alice Springs, NT: MERGA Inc.
  • English, Lyn D. (2012). Data Modelling with First-Grade Students. Educational Studies In Mathematics, 81,15-30.
  • Eraslan, A. (2011a). Bir Matematiksel Modelleme Etkinliği: Büyük Ayak Problemi. Eğitimci- Öğretmen Dergisi, 6(1), 25–27.
  • Eraslan, A. (2011b). İlköğretim Matematik Öğretmen Adaylarının Model Oluşturma Etkinlikleri ve Bunların Matematik Öğrenimine Etkisi Hakkındaki Görüşleri. İlköğretim Online, 10 (1), 364-377.
  • Eraslan, A., & Kant, S. (2015). Modeling Processes of 4th-Year Middle-School Students and the Difficulties Encountered. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15 (3), 809-824.
  • Greer, B. (1997). Modeling Reality in Mathematics Classrooms: The Case of Word Problems. Learning and Instruction, 7 (4), 293–307.
  • Lesh, R., Hoover, M., Hole, B., Kelly, A., & Post, T. (2000). Principlesfordevelopingthought-revealingactivitiesforstudentsandteachers. In A. Kelly& R. Lesh (Eds.), Handbook of research in mathematics and science education (pp. 113–149). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaumand Associates.
  • Lesh, R. A., & Doerr, H. (2003a). Foundations of a Models and Modeling Perspective on Mathematics Teaching and Learning. In R. A. Lesh & H. Doerr (Eds.), Beyond constructivism: A models and modeling perspective on mathematics teaching, learning, and problem solving, (3–34). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.
  • Lesh, R. A., & Zawojewski, J. S. (2007). Problem Solving and Modeling. In F. Lester (Eds.), Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning: A Project of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (763–804). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
  • MEB (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı). (2018). Matematik Dersi Öğretim Programı. Ankara: Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.
  • MEB (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı). (2015). İlkokul Matematik Dersi (1-4) Öğretim Programı. Ankara: Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.
  • Mousoulides, N., Christou, C., & Sriraman, B. (2006). From Problem Solving to Modelling-a Meta Analysis. Retrieved November 2017, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.121.4365&rep=rep1&type=pdf .
  • Mousoulides, N. (2007). A Modeling Perspective in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematical Problem Solving. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Cyprus.
  • Schoenfeld, A. H. (1992). Learning to Think Mathematically: Problem Solving, Metacognition and Sense Making in Mathematics. In D. Grows (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (334-370). New York: Macmillan.
  • Sidekli, S., Gökbulut, Y. ve Sayar, N. (2013). Dört İşlem Becerisi Nasıl Geliştirilir. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 31-41.
  • Şahin, N. (2014). İlkokul 4. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Model Oluşturma Etkinlikleri Üzerindeki Düşünme Süreçleri. Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A. (2016a). Modeling Processes of Primary School Students: The Crime Problem. Education & Science, 41 (183), 47-67.
  • Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A . (2016b). Ortaokul Öğrencilerin Modelleme Deneyimleri: Kağıttan Uçak Yapma Yarışması Problemi. Eğitim, Bilim ve Teknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (1), 34-44.
  • Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A. (2017a). Thinking Processes of Fourth-Grade Primary School Students on the Butter Bean Problem and Challenges Encountered. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 17(1), 105–127.
  • Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A. (2017b). Revealing Primary School Children's Mathematical Modeling Potential: Hairdresser Salon Problem. The 9th annual International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Ulu, M. (2017). Examining the Mathematical Modeling Processes of Primary School 4th-Grade Students: Shopping Problem. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(4), 561-580.
  • Verschaffel, L., De Corte, E., & Lasure, S. (1994). Realistic Considerations in Mathematical Modeling of School Arithmetic Word Problems. Learning and Instruction, 4, 273–294.
  • Watters, J. J., English, L. D., & Mahoney, S. (2004). Mathematical Modeling in The Elementary School. In American Educational Research Association Annual meeting, San Diego. Retrieved August 2017, https://eprints.qut.edu.au/1667/1/AERA_Modelling_Z.pdf.
  • Zawojewski, J., Lesh, R., & English, L. (2003). A models and modeling perspective on the role of small group learning activities. In R. Lesh& H. M. Doerr (Eds.), Beyond constructivism:Models and modeling perspectives on mathematics problem solving, learning, andteaching (pp. 337–358). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaumand Associates.

İlkokulda Model Oluşturma Etkinlikleri Nasıl Uygulanmalı?

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 99 - 117, 03.04.2018

Abstract

Biliş ve biliş-ötesi düşünme süreçlerini içeren model ve modelleme
yaklaşımlarının öğrencilere okulun ilk yıllarından yükseköğrenime kadar her
seviyede tanıtılmasının gerekliliği son yıllarda matematik eğitimcileri
tarafından oldukça çok vurgulanmaktadır.  Bu gelişmelere paralel şekilde Matematik Dersi
Öğretim Programında
geliştirilmesi amaçlanan altı temel matematik
becerisinden biri olarak matematiksel modelleme yerini almıştır.
Programda matematiksel modelleme yardımıyla ilkokul öğrencilerinin günlük hayatta
ortaya çıkabilecek problemleri kendi matematik bilgilerini kullanarak
çözebilmelerinin sağlanması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.
İlkokul matematik dersi öğretim programına matematiksel modelleme becerisinin temel
beceriler arasına eklenmesiyle Türkiye’de ilkokul matematiğinde oldukça yeni
olan matematiksel modelleme yaklaşımının tanıtılması gerekliliği ortaya
çıkmıştır. Özellikle modelleme yaklaşımının ilkokul kademesinde
yaygınlaştırılması amacıyla öğretmenlere sınıfta kullanabilecekleri örnek
etkinliklerin sağlanması ve bunların nasıl kullanacaklarına dair bilgi ve
deneyimlerinin arttırılması büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle modelleme
problemlerinin sınıf ortamında nasıl uygulaması gerektiğine yönelik çözüm ve
öneriler geliştirmek amacıyla Karadeniz bölgesinde yer alan büyük bir ilin
merkezinde öğrenim gören ilkokul öğrencileri ile Model Oluşturma Etkinlikleri kullanılarak uzun süreli bir araştırma
yapılmıştır. Kullanılan Model Oluşturma Etkinlikleri öğrencilerin ilkokul
seviyesinde matematiksel modelleme becerisini kazanması ve bunu geliştirmesine
olanak sağlayan en önemli araçlardan biridir. Bu derleme makalede hem bu
araştırmadan elde edilen gözlem ve deneyimler hem de uluslararası yapılan diğer
çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçların ışığı altında Model Oluşturma
Etkinliklerini tanıtmak amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca bu etkinliklerin diğer
problemlerden farkı, modelleme süreci boyunca öğretmen ve öğrencinin rolü,
sınıf organizasyonu ve uygulama biçimi ile öğrencilerin nasıl değerlendirilmesi
gerektiği hususunda öneriler sunulmuştur. Diğer taraftan bu süreçte
karşılaşılabilecek olası zorluklar vurgulanarak ilkokul öğretmenlerinin bu
konuda hazırlıklı olması sağlanacaktır.





References

  • Akay, H., Soybaş, D., & Argün, Z. (2006). Problem Kurma Deneyimleri ve Matematik Öğretiminde Açık-uçlu Soruların Kullanılması. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 14(1), 129–146.
  • Altıntaş, S. ve Sidekli, S. (2017). Çarpma İşleminde Napier Çubukları Kullanımı: Birleştirilmiş Sınıflar, Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 14-21.
  • Altun, M. (2007). Eğitim Fakülteleri ve İlköğretim Öğretmenleri için Matematik Öğretimi. Bursa: Aktüel Yayıncılık.
  • Antonius, S., Haines, C. R., Jensen, H. T., & Niss, M. (2006). Classroom Activities and the Teacher. In W. Blum, P. Galbraith, H.-W. Henn, M. Niss (Eds.), Modelling and Applications in Mathematics Education: The 14. ICMI Study (pp. 295–306). New York: Springer.
  • Artut, P. D., & Tarım, K. (2006). ilköğretim Öğrencilerinin Rutin Olmayan Sözel Problemleri Çözme Düzeylerinin Çözüm Stratejilerinin Ve Hata Türlerinin incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2).
  • Blum, W. (2002). ICMI Study 14: Applications and modelling in mathematics education- Discussion document. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 51 (1-2), 149-171.
  • Blum, W., & Ferri, B. R. (2009). Mathematical Modeling: Can It Be Taught and Learnt? Journal of Mathematical Modeling and Aplications, 1(1), 45-58.
  • Blum, W., & Niss, M. (1991). Applied Mathematical Problem Solving, Modelling, Application and Links to Other Subjects-State, Trends, and Issues in Mathematics Instruction. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 22(1), 37–68.
  • Chamberlin, S. A., & Moon, S. M. (2005). Model-Eliciting Activities as a Tool to Develop and Identify Creatively Gifted Mathematicians. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 17(1), 37-47.
  • Chamberlin, S. A. & Coxbill, E. (2012). Using model-eliciting activities to introduce upper elementary students to statistical reasoning and mathematical modeling. In L. Hatfield & R. Mayes (eds.), Quantitative reasoning and mathematical modeling: A driver for STEM integrated education and teaching in context. Wyoming Institute for the Study of Mathematics Education, Laramie, WY.
  • English, L. D. (2004). Mathematical Modeling in the Primary School. In Putt, Ian, Faragher, Rhonda, & McLean, Mal (Eds.) 27th annual conference of Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia. Mathematics Education for the Third Millennium: Towards 2010, James Cook University, Townsville.
  • English, L. D., & Watters, J. J. (2004). Mathematical modelling with young children. In M. Johnsen Hoines & A. Berit Fuglestad (Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th International PME Conference (pp. 335-342). Bergen: Bergen University College.
  • English, L. D., & Doerr, H. M. (2004). Listening and Responding to Students’ Ways of Thinking. In Putt, I., Faragher, R., & McLean, M. (Eds.) Mathematics education for the 3rd millennium: Towards 2010, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
  • English, L. D., & Watters, J. J. (2005) Mathematical Modeling in The Early School Years. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 16(3), 59-80.
  • English, L. D. (2006). Mathematical Modeling in The Primary School : Children's Construction of A Consumer Guide. Educational Studies İn Mathematics, 63(3), 303-323.
  • English, Lyn D. (2007). Interdisciplinary Modelling in The Primary Mathematics Curriculum.inWatson, Jane&Beswick, Kim (Eds.) Mathematics: Essential research, essential practice, Mathematics Education Research Group of Australia (MERGA), Hobart, 275-284.
  • English, Lyn D. (2010). Young Children's Early Modelling with Data. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 22(2), 24-47.
  • English, Lyn D. (2011a). Complex Modelling in The Primary/Middle School Years. In Stillman, Gloria & Brown, Jill (Eds.) ICTMA Book of Abstracts, Australian Catholic University, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC.
  • English, Lyn D. (2011b). Data Modelling in The Beginning School Years. In Sullivan, Peter & Goos, Merrilyn (Eds.) Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australia (pp. 226-234), Alice Springs, NT: MERGA Inc.
  • English, Lyn D. (2012). Data Modelling with First-Grade Students. Educational Studies In Mathematics, 81,15-30.
  • Eraslan, A. (2011a). Bir Matematiksel Modelleme Etkinliği: Büyük Ayak Problemi. Eğitimci- Öğretmen Dergisi, 6(1), 25–27.
  • Eraslan, A. (2011b). İlköğretim Matematik Öğretmen Adaylarının Model Oluşturma Etkinlikleri ve Bunların Matematik Öğrenimine Etkisi Hakkındaki Görüşleri. İlköğretim Online, 10 (1), 364-377.
  • Eraslan, A., & Kant, S. (2015). Modeling Processes of 4th-Year Middle-School Students and the Difficulties Encountered. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15 (3), 809-824.
  • Greer, B. (1997). Modeling Reality in Mathematics Classrooms: The Case of Word Problems. Learning and Instruction, 7 (4), 293–307.
  • Lesh, R., Hoover, M., Hole, B., Kelly, A., & Post, T. (2000). Principlesfordevelopingthought-revealingactivitiesforstudentsandteachers. In A. Kelly& R. Lesh (Eds.), Handbook of research in mathematics and science education (pp. 113–149). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaumand Associates.
  • Lesh, R. A., & Doerr, H. (2003a). Foundations of a Models and Modeling Perspective on Mathematics Teaching and Learning. In R. A. Lesh & H. Doerr (Eds.), Beyond constructivism: A models and modeling perspective on mathematics teaching, learning, and problem solving, (3–34). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.
  • Lesh, R. A., & Zawojewski, J. S. (2007). Problem Solving and Modeling. In F. Lester (Eds.), Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning: A Project of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (763–804). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
  • MEB (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı). (2018). Matematik Dersi Öğretim Programı. Ankara: Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.
  • MEB (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı). (2015). İlkokul Matematik Dersi (1-4) Öğretim Programı. Ankara: Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.
  • Mousoulides, N., Christou, C., & Sriraman, B. (2006). From Problem Solving to Modelling-a Meta Analysis. Retrieved November 2017, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.121.4365&rep=rep1&type=pdf .
  • Mousoulides, N. (2007). A Modeling Perspective in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematical Problem Solving. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Cyprus.
  • Schoenfeld, A. H. (1992). Learning to Think Mathematically: Problem Solving, Metacognition and Sense Making in Mathematics. In D. Grows (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (334-370). New York: Macmillan.
  • Sidekli, S., Gökbulut, Y. ve Sayar, N. (2013). Dört İşlem Becerisi Nasıl Geliştirilir. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 31-41.
  • Şahin, N. (2014). İlkokul 4. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Model Oluşturma Etkinlikleri Üzerindeki Düşünme Süreçleri. Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A. (2016a). Modeling Processes of Primary School Students: The Crime Problem. Education & Science, 41 (183), 47-67.
  • Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A . (2016b). Ortaokul Öğrencilerin Modelleme Deneyimleri: Kağıttan Uçak Yapma Yarışması Problemi. Eğitim, Bilim ve Teknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (1), 34-44.
  • Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A. (2017a). Thinking Processes of Fourth-Grade Primary School Students on the Butter Bean Problem and Challenges Encountered. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 17(1), 105–127.
  • Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A. (2017b). Revealing Primary School Children's Mathematical Modeling Potential: Hairdresser Salon Problem. The 9th annual International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Ulu, M. (2017). Examining the Mathematical Modeling Processes of Primary School 4th-Grade Students: Shopping Problem. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(4), 561-580.
  • Verschaffel, L., De Corte, E., & Lasure, S. (1994). Realistic Considerations in Mathematical Modeling of School Arithmetic Word Problems. Learning and Instruction, 4, 273–294.
  • Watters, J. J., English, L. D., & Mahoney, S. (2004). Mathematical Modeling in The Elementary School. In American Educational Research Association Annual meeting, San Diego. Retrieved August 2017, https://eprints.qut.edu.au/1667/1/AERA_Modelling_Z.pdf.
  • Zawojewski, J., Lesh, R., & English, L. (2003). A models and modeling perspective on the role of small group learning activities. In R. Lesh& H. M. Doerr (Eds.), Beyond constructivism:Models and modeling perspectives on mathematics problem solving, learning, andteaching (pp. 337–358). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaumand Associates.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Article
Authors

Neslihan Şahin

Ali Eraslan

Publication Date April 3, 2018
Submission Date December 4, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şahin, N., & Eraslan, A. (2018). İlkokulda Model Oluşturma Etkinlikleri Nasıl Uygulanmalı?. Journal of Education, Theory and Practical Research, 4(1), 99-117.