Mersin (Türkiye)’de limon, Citrus limon (L.) (Rutales: Rutaceae) bahçesinde farklı insektisitlerin ve avcı böcek Orius laevigatus (Fieber, 1860) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) salımının Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan,1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)’e karşı etkinliği

Öz

Önemli bir istilacı thrips türü olan Hawai çiçek tripsi Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Türkiye’de ilk defa 2015 yılında rapor edilmiştir. O zamandan beri, limon bahçelerinde zarara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, limon bahçelerinde sorun olan T. hawaiiensis’in mücadelesinde en etkili insektisiti, en etkili ilaçlama zamanını ve biyolojik mücadelenin etkinliğini ortaya koymak için yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, 2018 ve 2019 yıllarında, Mersin ili Erdemli ilçesinde bir limon bahçesinde [Citrus limon (L.) (Rutales: Rutaceae)] 5 farklı insektisitin (480 g/l spinosad, %25 spinetoram, 100 g/l spirotetramat, %50 flonicamid, 240 g/l Tau-fluvalinate), üç farklı uygulama programının ve avcı böcek Orius laevigatus (Fieber, 1860) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)’un etkinliği denemeye alınmıştır. En etkili ilaçlama zamanını belirlemek için 3 ilaçlama programı denenmiştir. Birinci programda çiçeklenme döneminde iki ilaçlama test edilmiştir. İkinci programda, biri taç yaprak dökümü diğeri küçük meyve dönemi olmak üzere 2 ilaçlama test edilmiştir. Üçüncü programda ise taç yaprak dökümünde bir, meyve döneminde 2 ilaçlama test edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, 240 g/l tau-fluvalinate ve %50 flonicamid üç programın hepsinde ilaçlar arasında en düşük etkiyi göstermişlerdir. Spinetoram etkili maddeli ilacın, diğerlerine göre en etkili preparat olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Thrips hawaiiensis’e karşı çiçek döneminde yapılan insektisit uygulamalarının (program 1) etkinliği düşük bulunmuştur. Üçüncü program en etkili program olarak bulunmuştur. Biyolojik mücadele ajanı olarak avcı böcek Orius laevigatus’un T. hawaiiensis’i baskı altına alabilme potansiyeli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyolojik mücadele
• insektisit
• limon
• Thrips hawaiiensis

Effectiveness of various insecticides and predatory bug, Orius laevigatus (Fieber, 1860) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) releases on Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in lemon, Citrus limon (L.) (Rutales: Rutaceae), orchard in Mersin (Türkiye)

Abstract

The important invasive thrips species Hawaiian flower thrips, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was first reported in Türkiye in 2015. Since then, it has been causing damage in lemon orchards. This study was conducted to reveal the most effective insecticides, the most effective spraying time and the efficacy of biological control. For this purpose, the effectiveness of five insecticides (480 g/l spinosad, 25% spinetoram, 100 g/l spirotetramat, 50% flonicamid, 240 g/l tau-fluvalinate), effect of three spray programs and effectiveness of predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Fieber, 1860) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were tested in a lemon orchard [Citrus limon (L.) (Rutales: Rutaceae)] in Erdemli district of Mersin province in 2018 and 2019. In order to determine the most effective spraying time, three spray programs were tested. In Program 1, two sprays during the flowering period were applied. In Program 2, two sprays were applied, one at petal fall and the other at the small fruiting stage. In Program 3, one spray at petal fall and two sprays in the fruiting stages were applied. According to the results, 240 g/l tau-fluvalinate and 50% flonicamid showed the lowest efficacy of the insecticides in the three programs. Spinetoram was found the most effective of the others. Insecticide applications to control T. hawaiiensis during the flowering period (Program 1) had low efficacy. Program 3 was found to be the most effective. Predatory bug O. laevigatus, as a biological control agent was found to have a potential efficacy for suppressing T. hawaiiensis populations.

Keywords

• Biological control
• insecticide
• lemon
• Thrips hawaiiensis

References

1. Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18 (2): 265-267.
2. Aguilar-Fenollosa, E. & J. A. Jacas, 2013. Effect of ground cover management on Thysanoptera (Thrips) in clementine mandarin orchards. Journal of Pest Science, 86 (3): 469-481.
3. Anonymous, 2021. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (Web page: www.tuik.gov.tr) (Date accessed: April.2021) (in Turkish).
4. Atakan, E., 2007a. “Thrips (Thysanoptera) species occurring on fruit orchards in Çukurova region of Türkiye, 7”. Book of Abstracts of Second Symposium on Palearctic Thysanoptera (18-20 September 2007, Strunjan, Slovenia), 35 pp.
5. Atakan, E., 2007b. “Thrips (Thysanoptera) species occurring on winter vegetables crops in Çukurova region of Türkiye, 24”. Book of Abstracts of Second Symposium on Palearctic Thysanoptera, (18-20 September 2007, Strunjan, Slovenia), 35 pp.
6. Atakan, E., M. Ölçülü, S. Pehlivan & S. Satar, 2015. Türkiye’de yeni zararlı bir thrips türü: Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Turkish Bulletin of Entomology, 5 (2): 77-84 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
7. Atakan, E. & S. Pehlivan, 2020a. Influence of weed management on the abundance of thrips species (Thysanoptera) and the predatory bug, Orius niger (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in citrus mandarin. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 55 (1): 71-81.
8. Atakan, E. & S. Pehlivan, 2020b. A harmful thrips species on lemon in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Türkiye: Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23 (1): 19-25.

9. Atakan, E., S. Pehlivan & T. D. Achiri, 2021. Pest status of the Hawaiian flower thrips, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in lemons in the Mediterranean region of Türkiye. Phytoparasitica, 49 (1): 513-525.
10. Atakan, E. & İ. Tunç, 2004. Adana İlinde yoncada Thysanoptera faunası ve bazı önemli türlerin ve predatör böceklerin popülasyon değişimleri. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 28 (3): 181-192 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
11. Blank, R. H. & G. S. C. Gill, 1997. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) on flowers and fruit of citrus in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 25 (4): 319-332.
12. CABI, 1983. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morg.). Distribution Maps of Plant Pest No. 431. CABI, Wallingford (GB), 2 pp.
13. Childers, C. C. & D. S. Achor, 1995. “Thrips Feeding and Oviposition Injuries to Economic Plants, Subsequent Damage and Host Responses to Infestations, 31-51”. In: Thrips Biology and Management (Ed. B. L. Parker et al.), Plenum Press, New York, USA, 636 pp.
14. Childers, C. C. & R. J. Beshear, 1992. Thrips (Thysanoptera) species associated with developing citrus flowers in Florida and a key to adult Terebrantian females. Journal of Entomological Science, 27 (4): 392-412.
15. Childers, C. C. & S. Nakahara, 2006. Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species distribution, relative and seasonal abundance within trees, and species on vines and ground cover plants. Journal of Insect Science, 6 (1): 1-19.
16. Costa, L., C. Mateus, R. zur Strassen & J. C. Franco, 2006. Thrips (Thysanoptera) associated to lemon orchards in the Oeste region of Portugal. IOBC Bulletin, 29 (3): 285-291.
17. Frescata, C. & A. Mexia, 1996. Biological control of thrips (Thysanoptera) by Orius laevigatus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in organically-grown strawberries. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture,13 (2): 141-148.
18. Froud, K., P. Stevens & D. Steven, 2001. Survey of alternative host plants for Kellys citrus thrips (Pezothrips kellyanus) in citrus growing regions. New Zealand Plant Protection, 54: 15-20.
19. Fu, B., Q. Li, H. Qiu, L. Tang, D. Zeng, K. Liu & Y. Gao, 2020. Flower injection of imidacloprid and spirotetramat: a novel tool for the management of banana thrips Thrips hawaiiensis. Journal of Pest Science, 93 (3): 1073-1084.
20. Goldaranzena, A., 2011. First record of Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an Asian pest thrips in Spain. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 41 (2): 170-173.
21. Hazır, A. & M. R. Ulusoy, 2012. Population fluctuation of thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in nectarine orchards and damage levels in East Mediterranean Region of Türkiye. Journal of Entomological Research Society, 14 (1): 41-52.
22. Hazır, A., M. R. Ulusoy & E. Atakan, 2011. Adana ve Mersin İli nektarin bahçelerinde saptanan Thysanoptera (thrips) türleri ve zarar oranı üzerine araştırmalar. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 35 (1): 133-144 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
23. Hernández, L. M. & G. M. Stonedahl, 1999. A review of the economically important species of the genus Orius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in East Africa. Journal of Natural History, 33 (4): 543-568.
24. Jacas, J. A., F. Karamaouna, R. Vercher & L. Zappala, 2010. “Citrus Pest Management in the Northern Mediterranean Basin: Spain, Italy and Greece, 3-26”. In: Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases. Volume 5 (Eds. A. Ciancio & K. G. Mukerji). Springer, Netherlands, 366 pp.
25. Jeppson, L. R., H. H. Keifer & E. W. Baker, 1975. Mites Injurious Economic Plants. University of California Press: Berkeley, USA, 614 pp.
26. Jones, T., C. Scott-Dupree, R. Harris, L. Shipp & B. Harris, 2005. The efficacy of spinosad against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and its impact on associated biological control agents on greenhouse cucumbers in southern Ontario. Pest Management Science, 61 (2): 179-185.
27. Mau, R. F. L. & J. L. Martin, 1993. Hawaiian flower thrips. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Web page: www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/t_hawai.htm) (Date accessed: April 2022).
28. Murai, T., 2001. Development and reproductive capacity of Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and its potential as a major pest. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 91 (3): 193-198.
29. Nakahara, S., 1994. The Genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the New World. Technical Bulletin. United States Department of Agriculture, 1822, 183 pp.
30. Nas, S., E. Atakan & N. Z. Elekçioğlu, 2007. Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi turunçgil alanlarında bulunan Thysanoptera türleri. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 31 (4): 307-316 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
31. Navarro, C., M. T. Pastor, F. J. Ferragut & F. Garcia-Mari, 2008. Trips (Thysanoptera) asociados a parcelas de cı´tricos en la Comunidad Valenciana: abundancia, evolucio´n estacional y distribucio´nespacial. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 34 (1): 53-64 (in Spanish with abstract in English).
32. Navarro-Campos, C., A. Aguilar & F. Garcia-Mari, 2012. Aggregation pattern, sampling plan, and intervention threshold for Pezothrips kellyanus in citrus groves. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 142 (2): 130-139.
33. Palumbo, J. & J. Richardson, 2008. Efficacy of radiant (spinetoram) against western flower thrips in romaine lettuce. Vegetable Report, 152: 96-103.
34. Reynaud, P., V. Balmes & J. Pizzol, 2008. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an Asian pest thrips now established in Europe. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO 38 (1): 155-160.
35. Sakimura, K., 1986. Thrips in and around the coconut plantations in Jamaica with a few taxonomic notes (Thysanoptera). Florida Entomologist, 69 (2): 348-363.
36. Sanchez, J. A. & A. Lacasa, 2002. Modelling population dynamics of Orius laevigatus and O. albidipennis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to optimize their use as biological control agents of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 92 (1): 77-88.
37. Siebert, M. W., S. Nolting, J. E. Dripps, L. C. Walton, D. R. Cook, S. Stewart & A. Herbert, 2016. Efficacy of spinetoram against thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in seedling cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Journal of Cotton Science, 20 (4): 309-319.
38. Srivastava, M., L. Bosco, J. Funderburk & A. Weiss, 2008. Spinetoram is compatible with the key natural enemy of Frankliniella species thrips in pepper. Plant Health Progress, 9 (1): 30.
39. Tekşam, İ. & İ. Tunç, 2009. An analysis of Thysanoptera associated with citrus flowers in Antalya, Türkiye: Composition, distribution, abundance and pest status of species. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 44 (3): 455-464.
40. Tunç, İ. & H. Göçmen, 1994. New greenhouse pests, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and Frankliniella occidentalis in Türkiye. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 42 (4): 218-220.
41. Tunç, İ., 1989. Thrips infesting temperate fruit flowers. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2): 133-140.
42. Tunç, İ., 1992. “Thysanoptera compositions on some crops in Antalya, 28-31”. Proceedings of Second Entomology Congress of Türkiye. 28-31 January 1992, Adana, Türkiye), 593 pp (in Turkish with English abstract).
43. Tunç, İ., 1996. Thysanoptera associated with fruit crops in Türkiye. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 57: 155-160.
44. Uygun, N., 2001. Türkiye Turunçgil Bahçelerinde Entegre Mücadele. Tübitak/Tarp, Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırma Projesi Yayınları, Adana, 157 s (In Turkish).
45. Van Lenteren, J. & V. H. Bueno, 2003. Augmentative biological control of arthropods in Latin America. Biocontrol, 48: 123-139.
46. Vassiliou, V. A., 2010. Ecology and behavior of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on citrus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 103 (1): 47-53.
47. Venzon, M., A. Janssen & M. W. Sabelis, 2002. Prey preference and reproductive success of the generalist predator Orius laevigatus. Oikos, 97 (1): 116-124.
48. Yiğit, A., K. Turan & L. Erkılıç, 1991. Studies on fruit scars of citrus in eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. Plant Protection Bulletin, 31 (1): 61-73.