Bazı bitkisel akarisitlerin mikroemülsiyon formülasyonlarının Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) ile beslenen Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, 1962 (Acari: Phytoseiidae)’nin fonksiyonel ve sayısal tepkilerine etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) dişileriyle beslenen Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, 1962 (Acari: Phytoseiidae)'nin, botanik kökenli akarisitlerin (portakal yağı, neem yağı ve terpenoid karışımı) mikroemülsiyon formülasyonlarına ve mikrobiyal toksin kökenli bir akarisit olan milbemectine maruz kalma durumunda gösterdiği işlevsel ve sayısal tepkileri araştırmıştır. Bu çalışma Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi ve Adana Biyolojik Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsünde 2023-2024 deneme döneminde akarisitler patlıcan yaprakları uygulandıktan 168 saat sonra kontrollü laboratuvar koşullarında (%70±5 bağıl nem, 27±1°C sıcaklık ve 16 s ışık ve 8 saat karanlık) değerlendirilmiştir. Lojistik regresyon analizine göre, kontrol, portakal yağı, neem yağı ve terpenoid karışımı uygulamaları Tip II fonksiyonel tepki sergilerken, milbemectin uygulaması Tip III işlevsel tepkiye neden olmuştur. Amblyseius swirskii’nin saldırı oranı (α) ve avı yakalama süresi (Th), akarisit uygulamasına bağlı olarak anlamlı şekilde etkilenmiştir. Kontrol grubunda en yüksek saldırı oranı (1.03 sa.⁻¹) ve en uzun yakalama süresi (0.0272 sa.) gözlenmiştir. Mikromülsiyon botanik akarisitlerden portakal yağı (0.78 sa.⁻¹), neem yağı (0.63±0.05 sa.⁻¹) ve terpenoid karışımı (0.68 sa.⁻¹), saldırı oranı azaltmış ve yakalama süresini kısaltmıştır. Milbemectin ise en olumsuz etkiyi göstererek en düşük saldırı oranına (0.29 sa.⁻¹) neden olmuştur. Bu bulgular, botanik akarisitlerin mikroemülsiyon formülasyonlarının A. swirskii üzerinde milbemectine kıyasla daha az zararlı olduğunu ve entegre zararlı yönetimi (IPM) programlarına daha uygun olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyolojik mücadele
• bitkisel akarisitler
• işlevsel tepki
• mikroemülsiyon formülasyon
• Phytoseiidae

Impact of microemulsion formulations of selected botanical acaricides on the functional and numerical responses of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, 1962 (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feeding on Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract

This study investigated the functional and numerical responses of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, 1962 (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when preying on females of Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) under exposure to microemulsion formulations of a terpenoid blend, neem and orange oils compared to a microbial toxin acaricide, milbemectin. Acaricide applications were conducted on eggplant leaves, and their effects were assessed 168 h post-treatment under controlled laboratory conditions (70±5% RH, 27±1°C, and a 16 h light: 8 h dark) during the 2023-2024 experimental period in Bursa Uludag University and Adana Biological Control Research Institute. According to the logistic regression analysis, the control, orange oil, neem oil, and terpenoid blend treatments exhibited a Type II functional response, while milbemectin resulted in a Type III response. The attack rate and handling time of A. swirskii were significantly affected by treatment type. The control group exhibited the highest attack rate (1.03 h⁻¹) and the longest handling time (0.0272 h). Botanical acaricides, orange oil (0.78 h⁻¹), neem oil (0.63 h⁻¹), and the terpenoid blend (0.68 h⁻¹), reduced the attack rate and shortened handling time. Milbemectin had the most adverse effects, resulting in the lowest attack rate (0.29 h⁻¹). These findings suggest that microemulsion formulations of botanical acaricides are less disruptive to A. swirskii than milbemectin and may be better suited for incorporation into integrated pest management (IPM).

Keywords

• Biological control
• botanical acaricides
• functional response
• microemulsion formulation
• Phytoseiidae

References

1. Abo-Taka, S., M. Sweelam, H. Heikal & I. Walash, 2014. Toxicity and biological activity of five plant extracts to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Phytoseiidae). Journal of the Egyptian Society of Acarology, 8 (2): 49-56.
2. Afshar, F. R. & M. Latifi, 2017. Functional response and predation rate of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at three constant temperatures. Persian Journal of Acarology, 6 (4): 299-314.
3. Afza, R., M. A. Riaz, M. Afzal & M. Z. Majeed, 2021. Adverse effect of sublethal concentrations of insecticides on the biological parameters and functional response of predatory beetle Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of brassica aphid. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 37 (1): 226-234.
4. Ahmadi, Z., M. Saber, M. Bagheri & G. R. Mahdavinia, 2018a. Achillea millefolium essential oil and chitosan nanocapsules with enhanced activity against Tetranychus urticae. Journal of Pest Science, 91 (2): 837-848.
5. Ahmadi, Z., M. Saber, A. Akbari & G. R. Mahdavinia, 2018b. Encapsulation of Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) in chitosan/TPP nanoparticles with enhanced acaricide activity against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 161 (15): 111-119.Ahn, J. J., K. W. Kim & J. H. Lee, 2010. Functional response of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on strawberry leaves. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134 (2): 98-104.
6. Ahmadi, Z., M. Saber & G. Z. Mahdavinia, 2020. Nanoencapsulation of clofentezine with enhanced acaricidal activity against the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Toxin Reviews, 40 (4): 962-970.
7. Ali, M. P., A. A. Naif & D. Huang, 2011. Prey consumption and functional response of a phytoseiid predator, Neoseiulus womersleyi, feeding on spider mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei. Journal of Insect Science, 11 (167): 1-11.
8. Alzoubi, S. & S. Cobanoglu, 2007. Effects of sublethal dose of different pesticides on the two-spotted spider mite" Tetranychus urticae Koch" and its predatory mites under greenhouse conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3 (6): 764-770.

9. Auger, P., A. Migeon, E. A. Ueckermann, L. Tiedt & M. N. Navarro, 2013. Evidence for synonymy between Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): review and new data. Acarologia, 53 (4): 383-415.
10. Badii, M. H., E. Hernández-Ortiz, A. E. Flores & J. Landeros, 2004. Prey stage preference and functional response of Euseius hibisci to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 34 (2-3): 263-273.
11. Balcı, H., F. Ersin & E. Durmuşoğlu, 2020. Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) ve Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) ekstraktlarının klasik ve nano formülasyonlarının Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) ve Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)’ye etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 11 (2): 237-251 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
12. Castagnoli, M., G. Angeli, M. Liguori, D. Forti & S. Simoni, 2002. Side effects of botanical insecticides on predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni (Chant). Anzeiger für Schadlingskunde, 75 (5): 122-127.
13. Cheng, Z. H., F. F. Fang, J. Z. Zhao, R. Li, S.C. Li, E. J. Zhang, Y. K. Liu, J. Y. W. Wang, X. R. Zhu & Y. M. Tian, 2020. Optimization of the microemulsion formulation of curcuma oil and evaluation of its acaricidal efficacy against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 23 (4): 1014-1022.
14. Choi, W. I., S. G. Lee, H. M. Park & Y. J. Ahn, 2004. Toxicity of plant essential oils to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 97 (2): 553-558.
15. Claver, M. A., B. Ravichandran, M. M. Khan & D. P. Ambrose, 2003. Impact of cypermethrin on the functional response, predatory and mating behaviour of a non‐target potential biological control agent Acanthaspis pedestris (Stål) (Het., Reduviidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 127 (1): 18-22.
16. De Araújo, M. J. C., C. A. G. da Câmara, F. S. Born & M. M. de Moraes, 2020. Acaricidal activity of binary blends of essential oils and selected constituents against Tetranychus urticae in laboratory/greenhouse experiments and the impact on Neoseiulus californicus. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 80 (3): 423-444.
17. De Oliveira, J. L., C. E. V. Ramos, M. Bakshi, P. C. Abhilash & L. F. Fraceto, 2014. Application of nanotechnology for the encapsulation of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: prospects and promises, Biotechnology Advances, 32 (8): 1550-1561.
18. Demirtaş, B., A. K. Birgücü & R. Ay, 2022. Acute and chronic effects of two insecticide-acaricides on the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot. International Journal of Acarology, 48 (4-5): 324-330.
19. Doğan, C. & N. A. Kumral, 2025. Functional response of abamectin and bifenazate resistant and native populations of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Acarologia 65 (3): 721-735.
20. Döker, İ., C. Kazak & K. Karut, 2016. Functional response and fecundity of a native Neoseiulus californicus population to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) at extreme humidity conditions. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 21 (11): 1463-1472.
21. Döker, İ. & C. Kazak, 2019. Non-target effects of five acaricides on a native population of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). International Journal of Acarology, 45 (1-2): 69-74.
22. Escudero, L. A. & F. Ferragut, 2005. Life-history of predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on four spider mite species as prey, with special reference to Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Biological Control, 32 (3): 378-384.
23. Farazmand, A. & M. Amir-Maafi, 2021. Use of functional response modeling to evaluate the effect of temperature on predation of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) adults preying on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) nymphs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 114 (6): 2271-2276.
24. Farazmand, A., Y. Fathipour & K. Kamali, 2012. Functional response and mutual interference of Neoseiulus californicus and Typhlodromus bagdasarjani (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology, 38 (5): 369-376.
25. Fathipour, Y. & B. Maleknia, 2016. “Mite Predators, 329-366”. In: Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security (Ed. Omkar). Academic Press 750+ xii pp.
26. Fathipour, Y., M. Karimi, A. Farazmand & A. T. Ali, 2017a. Age-specific functional response and predation capacity of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Phytoseiidae) on the two-spotted spider mite. Acarologia, 58 (1): 31-40.
27. Fathipour, Y., M. Karimi, A. Farazmand & A. A. Talebi, 2017b. Age-specific functional response and predation rate of Amblyseius swirskii (Phytoseiidae) on two-spotted spider mite. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 22 (2): 159-169.
28. Fathipour, Y., B. Maleknia, A. Bagheri, M. Soufbaf & G. V. Reddy, 2020. Functional and numerical responses, mutual interference, and resource switching of Amblyseius swirskii on two-spotted spider mite. Biological Control, 146 (2020): 104266 (1-20).
29. Fernandez-Arhex, V. & J. C. Corley, 2003. The functional response of parasitoids and its implications for biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 13 (4): 403-413.
30. Fernandez, M. M., P. Medina, A. Wanumen, P. D. Estal, G. Smagghe & E. Viñuela, 2017. Compatibility of sulfoxaflor and other modern pesticides with adults of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii: Residual contact and persistence studies. Biological Control, 62 (2): 197-208.
31. Freitas, G. S., M. C. Dos Santos, V. de Araujo Lira, A. S. Galvão, E. E. Oliveira, J. G. de Sena Filho & A. V. Teodoro, 2018. Acute and non-lethal effects of coconut oil on predatory mite Typhlodromus ornatus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 23 (7): 1333-1341.
32. Galvan, T. L., R. L. Koch & W. D. Hutchison, 2005. Effects of spinosad and indoxacarb on survival, development, and reproduction of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biological Control, 34 (1): 108-114.
33. Gu, D. J., 1991. Influence of sublethal dose of insecticides on the foraging behavior of Diaeretirlla rapae. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 11 (1): 324-329.
34. Hassan, M. F., S. S. El-Badawy, M. G. Draz & E. S. Ibrahim, 2021. New acaricidal activities and chemical compositions of orange oil and extracts of (wild mint and henna) against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 54 (19-20): 1848-1863.
35. Hassanzadeh, R., N. Sahebzadeh, A. Alizadeh & S. Ramroodi, 2021. Comparison of nanoformulations with conventional formulations of hexythiazox and diafenthiuron in the control of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Iranian Journals of Plant Protection Science, 52 (1): 11-13.
36. Hassell, M. P., J. H. Lawton & J. R. Beddington, 1977. Sigmoid functional responses by invertebrate predators and parasitoids. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 46 (1): 249-262.
37. Holling, C. S., 1959. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. The Canadian Entomologist, 91 (7): 385-398.
38. IBM, 2015. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0 [Computer software]. IBM Corp.
39. Isman, M. B., 2000. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection, 19 (8-10): 603-608.
40. Juliano, S. A., 2001. “Non-Linear Curve Fitting: Predation and Functional Response Curves, 178-196”. In: Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, 2nd Edition (Eds. S. M. Schneider & J. Gurevitch). Chapman and Hall, New York, 445 pp.
41. Kasap, I. & R. Atlihan, 2011. Consumption rate and functional response of the predaceous mite Kampimodromus aberrans to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae in the laboratory. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 53 (3): 253-261.
42. Kazak, C. & C. Kibritçi, 2008. Population parameters of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) on eight strawberry cultivars. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Forestry, 32 (1): 19-27.
43. Khanamani, M., Y. Fathipour & H. Hajiqanbar, 2014. Two-spotted spider mite reared on resistant eggplant affects consumption rate and life table parameters of its predator, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 63 (2): 241-252.
44. Kolcu, A. & N. A. Kumral, 2023. The toxic effects of some acaricides on the tomato russet mite and its predator Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, 1962 (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 47 (1): 3-13.
45. Kumar, P. & H. M. Poehling, 2006. Persistence of soil and foliar azadirachtin treatments to control sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomatoes under controlled (laboratory) and field (netted greenhouse) conditions in the humid tropics. Journal of Pest Science, 79 (4): 189-199.
46. Lee, H. S. & D. R. Gillespie, 2011. Life tables and development of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at different temperatures. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 53 (1): 17-27.
47. Li, D. X., J. Tian & Z. R. Shen, 2006. Effects of pesticides on the functional response of predatory thrips, Scolothrips takahashii to Tetranychus viennensis. Journal of Applied Entomology, 130 (5): 314-322.
48. Lima, D. B., J. W. S. Melo, M. G. C. Gondim, R. N. C. Guedes, J. D. M. Oliveira & A. Pallini, 2015. Acaricide-impaired functional predation response of the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus baraki to the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis. Ecotoxicology, 24 (5): 1124-1130.
49. Madanlar, N. & Z. Yoldaş, 1997. Bazı fungisitlerin Phytoseiulus persimilis A.- H. (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) ve Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)’ya laboratuvar koşullarında yan etkileri. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 21 (3): 187-196.
50. McMurtry, J. A. & B. A. Croft, 1997. Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control. Annual Review of Entomology, 42 (1): 291-321.
51. McMurtry, J. A., G. J. De Moraes & N. F. Sourassou, 2013. Revision of the lifestyles of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and implications for biological control strategies. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 18 (4): 297-320.
52. Mertoğlu Boz, G., M. S. Tixier, M. Douin & N. A. Kumral, 2024. Genetic and morphological features of some Turkish populations of Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Acarologia 64 (4): 1163-1174.
53. Mertoğlu Boz, G. & N. A. Kumral, 2025. The effects of microemulsion formulations of some botanical acaricides on life table parameters of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Acarologia, 65 (1): 36-51.
54. Miresmailli, S., R. Bradbury & M. B. Isman, 2006. Comparative toxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and blends of its major constituents against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on two different host plants. Pest Management Science, 62 (2): 191-195.
55. Momen, F. M., S. A. A. Amer & A. M. Refaat, 2001. Influence of mint and peppermint on Tetranychus urticae and some predacious mites of the family phytoseiidae (Acari: Tetranychidae: Phytoseiidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 36 (1-2): 143-153.
56. Momen, F. M., M. M. Abdelkader & S. F. Fahim, 2018. Composition, repellent and fumigant toxicity of Mentha longifolia essential oil on Tetranychus urticae and three predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae (Acari: Tetranychidae: Phytoseiidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 53 (2): 221-232.
57. Mossa, A. T. H., S. I. Afia, S. M. M. Mohafrash & B. A. Abou-Awad, 2019. Rosemary essential oil nanoemulsion, formulation, characterization and acaricidal activity against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Plant Protection Research, 59 (1): 102-112.
58. Mousavi, A., K. Kheradmand, Y. Fathipour, H. Mosallanejad & M. Havasi, 2022. Sublethal effects of milbemectin on biological parameters of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 27 (6): 1085-1097.
59. Omkar, O. & A. Pervez, 2004. Functional and numerical responses of Propylea dissecta (Col., Coccinellidae). Journal of Applied Entomology. 128 (2): 140-146.
60. Overmeer, W. P. J., 1985. “Alternative Prey and Other Food Resources, 131-139”. In: Spider Mites: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control (Eds. W. Helle & M. W. Sabelis), Vol 1B, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 458 pp.
61. Park, H. H., L. Shipp & R. Buitenhuis, 2010. Predation, development, and oviposition by the predatory mite Amblyseius swirkii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on tomato russet mite (Acari: Eriophyidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103 (3): 563-569.
62. Regnault-Roger, C., C. Vincent & J. T. Arnason, 2012.Essential oils in insect control: Low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Annual Review of Entomology, 57 (1): 405-424. Rogers, D., 1972. Random search and insect population models. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 41 (2): 369-383.
63. Sabaghi, R., Sahragard, A., Hosseini, R., 2011. Functional and numerical responses of Scymnus syriacus Marseul (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 51 (4): 423-428.
64. Satar, S., A. Tusun, M. Yayla & G. Tiring, 2019. The effect of tau-fluvaiınate on Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot and Euseius scutalis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7 (12): 2190-2197.
65. Sato, M. E., T. Miyata, A. Kawai & O. Nakano, 2000. Selection for resistance and susceptibility to methidathion and cross resistance in Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 35 (3): 393-399.
66. Shirvani, Z., H. Allahyari, A. Z. Golpayegani, K. T. Jahromi & I. Döker, 2023a. Side effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss (Lamiaceae) essential oil on predation and life table parameters of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 28 (1): 143-157.
67. Shirvani, Z., I. Döker, K. Karut & C. Kazak, 2023b. Foraging behavior of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feed on the invasive pest Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) on tomato. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 28 (2): 223-235.
68. Shirvani, Z., H. Allahyari, A.Z. Golpayegani, K. T. Jahromi & I. Döker, 2024. The effects of two essential oils on the functional response of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed on Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Persian Journal of Acarology, 13 (3): 435-448.
69. Soleymani, S., M. Hakimitabar & M. Seiedy, 2016. Prey preference of predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 26 (4): 562-569.
70. Song, Z. W., Zheng, Y., Zhang, B. X. & D. S. Li, 2016. Prey consumption and functional response of Neoseiulus californicus and Neoseiulus longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 21 (7): 936-946.
71. Sousa, N. E. P., J. A. Mendes, R. M. C. Filgueiras, D. B. Lima, R. N. C. Guedes & J. W. S. Melo, 2020. Effects of acaricides on the functional and numerical responses of the phytoseid predator Neoseiulus idaeus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to a spider mite eggs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 113 (4): 1804-1809.
72. Stark, J. D. & U. Wennergren, 1995. Can population effects of pesticides be predicted from demographic toxicological studies? Journal of Economic Entomology, 88 (5): 1089-1096.
73. Tixier, M.-S., 2018. Predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in agro-ecosystems and conservation biological control: a review and explorative approach for forecasting plant-predatory mite interactions and mite dispersal. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6 (1): 192 (1-22).
74. Van Leeuwen, T., L. A. Tirry, Yamamoto, R. Nauren & W. Dermauw, 2015. The economic importance of acaricides in the control of phytophagous mites and an update on recent acaricide mode of action research. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 121 (1): 12-21.
75. Veeravel, R. & P. Baskaran, 1997. Functional and numerical responses of Coccinella transversalis Fab. and Cheilomenes sexmaculatus Fab. feeding on the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 17 (3-4): 335-339.
76. Wang, X. Y. & Z. R. Shen, 2002. Effects of sublethal doses of insecticides on predation of multicolored asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinelliodae). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22 (12): 2278-2284.
77. Wang, J., Z. Zhao & J. Zhang, 2004. The host plant-mediated impact of simulated acid rain on the development and reproduction of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 128 (6): 397-402.
78. Wu, L., X. Huo, X. Zhou, D. Zhao, W. He, S. Liu, H. Liu, T. Fen & C. Wang, 2017. Acaricidal activity and synergistic effect of thyme oil constituents against carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval). Molecules, 22 (11): 1873 (1-12).
79. Xiao, Y. & H. Y. Fadamiro, 2010. Functional responses and prey-stage preferences of three species of predacious mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). Biological Control, 53 (3): 345-352.
80. Xiao, Y., L. S. Osborne, J. Chen & C. L. McKenzie, 2013. Functional responses and prey-stage preferences of a predatory gall midge and two predacious mites with twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, as host. Journal of Insect Science, 13 (1): 8 (1-12).
81. Yari, S., H. Hajiqanbar, A. Farazmand, A. Rashed & Y. Fathipour, 2023. Efficacy of single and combined release of Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii at different release ratios for control of Tetranychus urticae and Frankliniella occidentalis on rose plants. International Journal of Pest Management, 71 (2): 1-11.