Efficacy of gaseous ozone at high concentrations against Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and Ephestia cautella (Walker) in Almond

Abstract

In this study efficacy of gaseous ozone at high concentrations and short exposure time against all life stages of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) ve Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in almond was investigated under laboratory conditions. All life stages of E. cautella and P. interpunctella placed at the top and bottom position of 1.3 kg almond in fumigation chamber were exposed to two different concentrations (8.35 and 33.33 mg/l) of ozone flush treatment at 30 minute intervals for 6 hour. The results of biological tests indicated that ozone treatment at 33.33 mg/l concentration resulted in % 100 or nearly % 100 mortalities of only adult and pupa stage of E. cautella and all life stages of P. interpunctella placed at top position of the almond. However, ozone treatments at lower concentration (8.35 mg/l) caused nearly % 100 mortalities of only adult and pupa stage of P. interpunctella at placed at top position of the almond. It was clear that ozone treatments at low concentration (8.35 mg/l) resulted in significantly lower mortalities of all life stages of E. cautella and P. interpunctella than those at high concentration (33.33 mg/l). Generally, in all ozone treatments the mortalities of tested insects placed at top position of the almond were higher than those placed at bottom position of the almond. Notably, it was hard to kill the larvae and eggs of E. cautella and P. interpunctella placed at bottom position of the almond. Moreover, it was found that E. cautella was more tolerant to ozone treatments than P. interpunctella except their egg stage. In conclusion, this study shows that ozone treatment at high concentrations and short exposure time could not be effective alternative to methyl bromide for the rapid disinfestations of the almonds since it did not cause the complete mortality of all life stages of E. cautella and P. interpunctella on almond.

Keywords

• Gaseous ozone, almond, fumigant, Ephestia cautella, Plodia interpunctella

Bademde yüksek konsantrasyonlarda ozon gazı uygulamasının Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) ve Ephestia cautella (Walker)’ ya karşı etkinliği

Öz

Bu çalışmada laboratuvar koşullarında bademde kısa uygulama süresinde ve yüksek konsantrasyonda ozon gazı uygulamasının Ephestia cautella (Walker) ve Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’ nın tüm biyolojik dönemlerine karşı biyolojik etkinliği araştırılmıştır. Fümigasyon çemberi içerisinde 1.3 kg kabuklu bademin üst ve alt kısmına yerleştirilen E. cautella ve P. interpunctella’nın tüm biyolojik dönemleri 6 saat süresince yarım saat aralıkla iki farklı konsantrasyonda (8.35 and 33.33 mg/l) ozon gazı sirkülasyonuna maruz bırakılmıştır. Biyolojik testler sonucunda 33.33 mg/l konsantrasyonda ozon gazı uygulamasında ürünün üst kısmına yerleştirilen E. cautella’ nın yalnızca ergin ve pupaların, P. interpunctella’nın ise tüm biyolojik dönemlerin 100 % ya da 100 % yakın ölümleri elde edilmiştir. Bunun yanında daha düşük konsantrasyonda (8.35 mg/l) ozon gaz uygulamasında ise yalnızca ürünün üst kısmına yerleştirilen P. interpunctella’ nın ergin ve pupaların 100 % yakın ölümleri elde edilmiştir. Açık bir şekilde düşük konsantrasyonda (8.35 mg/l) ozon gazı uygulamasında E. cautella ve P. interpunctella’nın tüm biyolojik dönemlerine ait ölüm oranları yüksek konsantrasyonda (33.33 mg/l) ozon gazı uygulamasındakilerden istatistiki olarak önemli derecede daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Genel olarak tüm ozon gazı uygulamasında ürünün üst kısmına yerleştirilen böceklerin ölüm oranları alt kısma yerleştirilen böceklerinkinden daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Özellikle ürünlerin alt kısmına yerleştirilen E. cautella ve P. interpunctella larvalarını ve yumurtalarını tamamen öldürmenin çok güç olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, bu çalışmada yumurta dönemi hariç E. cautella‘nın genellikle P. interpunctella‘ya göre ozon gazına daha dayanıklı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak yüksek konsantrasyonda ozon gazı uygulamasının kısa uygulama süresinde bademde E. cautella ve P. interpunctella’nın tüm biyolojik dönemlerini tamamen kontrol edememesinden dolayı ozon gazının ürünlerin böcek bulaşmalarından hızlı bir şekilde arındırılmasında metil bromide potansiyel bir alternatif olamayacağı görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ozon gazı, badem, fümigant, Ephestia cautella, Plodia interpunctella

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