Endothelial Cell Specific Molecule-1 (Endocan) Levels in Dogs with Parvoviral Enteritis

Abstract

Endocan or Endothelial Cell Specific Molecule-1 (ESM-1) has been proven to play a key role in the regula-tion of processes such as cell adhesion, inflammation and tumor development. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Endocan as a potential inflammatory biomarker in dogs with Parvoviral Enteritis (PVE) due to increased Endocan levels in the presence of proinflammatory and proangiogenic molecules. The study included 40 dogs (24 ma-les, 16 females), 6-20 weeks old, of different breeds, with diarrhea (bloody/bloodless), weakness and canine parvovirus (CPV) antigen positive dogs. The control group consisted of 20 healthy dogs (12 males, 8 females). Endocan, IL-6 and CRP levels in serum samples of all dogs were analyzed by sandwich ELISA method. Mean Endocan levels were signi-ficantly higher in dogs with PVE (68.07 ng/L; 17.30-115.55) compared to the healthy group (11.92 ng/L; 10.32-13.58) (P<0.001). Both mean CRP level (20.87±6.34 mg/L) and mean IL-6 levels (2.32±0.84 pg/ml) in the patient group were statistically significantly (P<0.01) higher than the healthy group (2.24±0.66 mg/L and 1.07±0.61 pg/ml). In addition, due to the positive correlations between Endocan and CRP levels and IL-6 values, Endocan was considered to be a syste-mic component of the inflammatory process. In conclusion, findings supporting that Endocan levels in dogs with parvo-viral enteritis is an important biomarker in patients were obtained.

Keywords

• Biomarker
• dog
• endocan
• parvoviral enteritis

Parvoviral Enteristisli Köpeklerde Endotel Hücre Spesifik Molekül-1 (Endocan) Düzeyleri

Abstract

Endocan veya Endotelyal Hücre Spesifik Molekül-1 (ESM-1), hücre adezyonu, inflamasyon ve tümör gelişimi gibi süreçlerin düzenlenmesinde anahtar bir rol oynadığı kanıtlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada proinflamatuar ve proanjiyojenik moleküllerin varlığında Endocan düzeylerindeki artış nedeniyle Parvoviral Enteritis’li (PVE) köpeklerde potansiyel yan-gısal biyobelirteç rolünün araştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmaya 6-20 haftalık, farklı ırklarda, 40 adet (24 erkek, 16 dişi) ishal (kanlı/kansız), halsizlik şikâyeti bulunan ve köpek parvovirüs (CPV) antijen pozitif köpek dâhil edildi. Kontrol gru-bunu; 20 adet sağlıklı köpek (12 erkek, 8 dişi) oluşturdu. Tüm köpeklerin serum örneklerinde; Endocan, IL-6 ve CRP düzeyleri sandviç ELISA metodu ile analiz edildi. Ortalama Endocan düzeylerinin PVE’li köpeklerde (68.07 ng/L; 17.30-115.55) sağlıklı gruba göre (11.92 ng/L; 10.32-13.58) istatistiksel açıdan (P<0.001) anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu saptandı. Hasta grubundaki hem ortalama CRP düzeyi (20.87±6.34 mg/L), hem de ortalama IL-6 düzeyleri (2.32±0.84 pg/ml), sağlıklılardan (2.24±0.66 mg/L ve 1.07±0.61 pg/ml) istatistiksel açıdan önemli oranda (P<0.01) yüksekti. Ayrıca Endocan ile CRP düzeyleri ve IL-6 değerleri arasındaki pozitif korelasyonlar nedeni ile Endocan’ın yangısal sürecin sistemik bir bileşeni olduğu değerlendirildi. Sonuçta PVE’li köpeklerde Endocan düzeylerinin hastalarda önemli bir bi-yobelirteç olduğunu destekleyen bulgular elde edildi.

Keywords

• Biyobelirteç
• endocan
• köpek
• parvoviral enteritis

References

1. Başbuğ O, Yurdakul I, Yüksel M. Evaluation of serum amyloid A and procalcitonin in some inflammatory diseases of cattle. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2020; 26(3): 397-402.
2. Bathen-Noethen A, Carlson R, Menzel D, Mischke R, Tipold A. Concentrations of acute-phase proteins in dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22(5): 1149-56.
3. Büyüktiryaki M, Okur N, Tayman C, Serkant U, Çakır U, Halil H, Öncel MY, Oğuz SŞ. Endocan geç neo-natalsepsisi öngörebiliyor mu? Yirmi Beşinci Ulusal Neonatoloji Kongresi (UNEKO 25), Nisan, 24-28, 2017, Antalya; Türkiye.
4. Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ, David M, Hirano T, Kishimoto T, Heinrich PC. Recombinant human interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2/HSF) regulates the synt-hesis of acute phase proteins in human hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 1988; 232(2): 347-50.
5. Charoenkul K, Janetanakit T, Chaiyawong S, Bunpa-pong N, Boonyapisitsopa S, Tangwangvivat R, Amonsin A. First detection and genetic characteri-zation of canine Kobuvirus in domestic dogs in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15(1): 254.
6. Christensen MB, Langhorn R, Goddard A, Andreasen EB, Moldal E, Tvarijonaviciute A, Kirpensteijn J, Jakobsen S, Persson F, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Comparison of serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein as diagnostic markers of systemic inflam-mation in dogs. Can Vet J 2014; 55(2): 161-8.
7. DeClue AE, Sharp CR, Harmon M. Plasma inflamma-tory mediator concentrations at ICU admission in dogs with naturally developing sepsis. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26(3): 624-30.
8. Ford J, McEndaffer L, Renshaw R, Molesan A, Kelly K. Parvovirus infection is associated with myocardi-tis and myocardial fibrosis in young dogs. Vet Pat-hol 2017; 54(6): 964-71.

9. Goddard A, Leisewitz A. Canine Parvovirus. Vet Clin NA Small Anim Pract. 2010; 40: 1041-53.
10. Hillström A, Hagman R, Tvedten H, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Validation of a commercially available automated canine-specific immunoturbidimetric method for measuring canine C-reactive protein. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43(2): 235-43.
11. Hindenberg S, Keßler M, Zielinsky S, Langenstein J, Moritz A, Bauer N. Evaluation of a novel quantitati-ve canine species-specific point-of-care assay for C-reactive protein. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14: 99.
12. Hsu T, Nguyen-Tran HH, Trojanowska M. Active ro-les of dysfunctional vascular endothelium in fibrosis and cancer. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26: 86.
13. Kocaturk M, Martinez S, Eralp O, Tvarijonaviciute A, Cero J, Yılmaz Z. Prognostic value of serum acute-phase proteins in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51: 478-83.
14. Lamm CG, Rezabek GB. Parvovirus infection in do-mestic companion animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38(4): 837-50.
15. Mazzaferro EM. Update on Canine Parvoviral Enteri-tis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50(6): 1307-25.
16. McClure V, van Schoor M, Thompson PN, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Goddard A. Evaluation of the use of serum C-reactive protein concentration to predict outcome in puppies infected with canine parvovi-rus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243(3): 361-6.
17. Miao LH, Song Q, Liu H, Pan L, Zhou FH. Clinical study of prognostic value of interleukin-6 in severe acute pancreatitis. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2013; 25(4): 238-41.
18. Mitchell KD, Kruth SA, Wood RD, Jefferson B. Serum acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23(3): 585-91.
19. Nandi S, Kumar M. Canine parvovirus: current pers-pective. Indian J Virol 2010; 21(1): 31-44.
20. Naseri A, Gulersoy E, Ider M, Durgut MK, Erturk A, Avci C, Koral E, Sevinc M, Ok M. Serum biomar-kers of endothelial glycocalyx injury in canine parvoviral infection. Austral J Vet Sci 2020 52(3): 52.
21. Naugler WE, Karin M. The wolf in sheep's clothing: the role of interleukin-6 in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14(3): 109-19.
22. Nelson A, Berkestedt I, Schmidtchen A, Ljunggren L, Bodelsson M. Increased levels of glycosaminogly-cans during septic shock: relation to mortality and the antibacterial actions of plasma. Shock 2008; 30(6): 623-7.
23. Nielsen L, Toft N, Eckersall PD, Mellor DJ, Morris JS. Serum C-reactive protein concentration as an indicator of remission status in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21(6): 1231-6.
24. Ok M, Er C, Yıldız R. Evaluation of acute phase proteins and cytokines in dogs with parvoviral enteritis Eurasian J Vet Sci 2015; 31(3): 143-7.
25. Planellas M, Bassols A, Siracusa C, Saco Y, Giménez M, Pato R, Pastor J. Evaluation of serum haptoglobin and C-reactive protein in dogs with mammary tumors. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38(3): 348-52.
26. Polat PF, Şahan A, Aksoy G, Timurkan MO, Dinçer E. Molecular and restriction fragment length poly-morphism analysis of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) in dogs in southeast Anatolia, Turkey. OJVR 2019; 86(1): 1-8.
27. Prittie J. Canine parvoviral enteritis: a review of diag-nosis, management, and prevention. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2004; 14: 167-76.
28. Rallis TS, Papazoglou LG, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Prassinos NN. Acute enteritis or gastroenteritis in young dogs as a predisposing factor for intestinal intussusception: A retrospective study. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2000; 47(8): 507-11.
29. Shida T. Characteristics of C-reactive protein (CRP), a1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and serum amyloid a (SAA) in dogs and cats with malignant Cancer. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 2011; 9: 376-81.
30. Uchimido R, Schmidt EP, Shapiro NI. The glycocalyx: a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target in sepsis. Crit Care 2019; 23(1): 16.