Gıda Etiği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Abstract

Eski uygarlıklardan günümüze geçen süreçte gıda etiğinden söz etmek mümkündür. Ülkelerin coğrafya ve kültür koşullarından kaynaklanan “yeterli ve dengeli beslenme farklılıkları”, “gıda güvencesi”, “gıda israfı” ve “hayvan gönenci (refahı)” gibi konular gıda etiği açısından ciddi tartışmalar ve etik ikilemler yaratmaktadır. Özellikle “sağlıklı ve nitelikli gıdaya erişim”, temel insan haklarından birisi olan “yaşam hakkı” kadar önemli olmakla beraber, aynı zamanda en çok ihlal edilen gıda etiği konularından biridir. Günümüzde yasa, standart ve kuralların tek başına gıda güvencesi sağlaya-madığı durumlarda, “toplumsal etik değerler” tarih boyunca tüketicinin başlıca güven kaynağı olmuştur. Yeterli gıda arzını sağlamak zorunda olan gıda sektöründe göz ardı edilmemesi gereken etik ilkelerin “yararlılık, zarar vermeme, adalet ve özerklik”, etik davranışın ise “güvenli gıda temini” olduğu unutulmamalıdır. Sonuç olarak, kendine özgü etik değerleri olan gıda üretiminden son tüketim noktasına kadar uzanan zincirde işleyen ve “evrensel” nitelikte olduğu ka-bul edilen gıda etiğinde etik değer ve ilkelerin iyi bilinmesinin doğru ve uygun tutumun seçilmesinde oldukça önemli olduğu; etik kurulların gıda alanında özelleşmiş bir örneği olarak “Gıda Etiği Kurulları” ve/veya “Ulusal Gıda Danışma Kurulları”nın oluşturulmasının pratikte karşılaşılan gıda etiği sorunlarının değerlendirilmesi ve çözüme kavuşturulmasın-da bir ihtiyaç olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

• Beslenme
• etik ilkeler
• gıda etiği
• gıda güvenliği
• hayvan gönenci

An Evaluation on Food Ethics

Abstract

It is possible to talk about food ethics in the period from the ancient civilizations to the present day. Issues such as “adequate and balanced nutrition differences”, “food insecurity”, “food wasting” and “animal welfare” arising from the geographical and cultural conditions of the countries create serious debates and ethical dilemmas in terms of food ethics. In deed “access to healthy and qualified food” is as important as one of basic human rights, “right to life”, but it is also one of the most violated food ethics issues. Today, when the laws, standards and rules alone can not pro-vide food security, “social ethic a values” have been the primary source of trust of the consumer throughout history. It should not be forgotten that the ethical principles that should not be ignored in the food sector that has to provide suffi-cient food supply are “beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, autonomy”, and ethical behaviour is “safe food supply”. As a result, it can be said that it is very important to know the ethical values and principles well in choosing the right and appropriate attitude in the food ethics that have a unique evalue and operate in the chain from the production to the final consumption point and accepted as "universal"; the establishment of “Food Ethics Committees” and/or “National Food Advisory Boards” as a specialized example of ethics committees in the field of food is a need in evaluating and resolving the food ethics problems encountered in practice.

Keywords

• Animal welfare
• ethical principles
• food ethics
• food safety
• nutrition

References

1. Altuğ T, Elmacı Y. A consumer survey on food addi-tives. Dev Food Sci 1995; 37(1): 705-19.
2. Azkur AK. Zoonozlar: Eradikasyon mümkün mü? Seventh Turkey symposium on zoonotic diseases. November, 09-10, 2018; Ankara-Türkiye.
3. Baker BP, Benbrook CM, Groth III E, Lutz Benbrook K. Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: Insights from three US datasets. Food Addit Con-tam 2002; 19(5): 427-46.
4. Bektaş A, Ulusoy M, Bektaş V. Gıda etiketlerinde yer alan bilgilerin sağlıklı algılanma (healthhalo) etkisi. Second International Congress on Agricultural and Food Ethics. October, 24-25, 2019; İzmir-Türkiye.
5. Can Ağırbaş N. Y kuşağı öğrencilerinin gıda güvenliği bilgi düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Second International Congress on Agricultural and Food Ethics. October, 24-25, 2019; İzmir-Türkiye.
6. Candoğan K, Deniz E, Çarkcıoğlu E. Et üretim zincirinde etik konular. First International Congress of Agricultural and Food Ethics. March, 10-11, 2017; Ankara-Türkiye.
7. Carlson E, Kipps M, Lockie A, Thomson J. A comparative evaluation of vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets. J Plant Foods 1985; 6(2): 89-100.
8. Carocho M, Barreiro MF, Morales P, Ferreira ICFR. Adding molecules to food, pros and cons: A review on synthetic and natural food additives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13(4): 377-99.

9. Che Man YB, Syahariza ZA, Mirghani MES, Jinap S, Bakar J. Analysis of potential lard adulteration in chocolate and chocolate products using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Food Chem 2005; 90(4): 815-9.
10. Cowburn G, Stockley L. Consumer understanding and use of nutrition labelling: A systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8(1): 21-8.
11. Curl CL, Fenske RA, Elgethun K. Organo phosphorus pesticide exposure of urban and suburban pre-school children with organic and conventional diets. Environ Health Persp 2003; 111(3): 377-82.
12. Çokuysal B. Sınırlı dünyada sınırsız yaşam: tarım ve gıda etiğinde paradigma değişimi mümkün mü? Second International Congress on Agricultural and Food Ethics. October, 24-25, 2019; İzmir-Türkiye.
13. Demirbaş N. Gıda arz zincirindeki kayıp ve israfın azaltılmasında ambalajın önemi ve gelişmeler. Eleventh International Balkan and Near Eastern Social Sciences Congress. March, 9-10, 2019; Tekirdağ-Türkiye.
14. Early R. Food ethics: A decision making tool for the food industry? Int J Food Sci Technol 2002; 37(4): 339-49.
15. Ekşi A. Gıda gerçekliği ve doğrulanması. First Inter-national Congress of Agricultural and Food Ethics. March, 10-11, 2017; Ankara-Türkiye.
16. Erbaş H. Tarım-gıda etiği/politikası ve geleceğimiz: Ekonomi-politik ve ötesi sosyolojik bir çerçeve. TJOB 2017; 4(1): 14-28.
17. Erden Çalışır Z, Çalışkan D. Gıda katkı maddeleri ve insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Ankara Ecz Fak Derg 2003; 32(3): 193-206.
18. Erol İ, Alkan M. Tek dünya tek sağlık. TVHB Derg 2008; 8(3-4): 64-71.
19. FAO. Report of The Panel of Eminent Experts on Ethics in Food and Agriculture. First session, 2001; Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/x9600e/x9600e00.htm#TopOfPage; Accessed Date: 01.09.2020.
20. FAO. Global Food Losses and Food Waste. Study Conducted for the International Congress at Interpack, 2011. Düsseldorf, Germany. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2697e.pdf; AccessedDate: 01.09.2020.
21. FAO. World Food and Agriculture Statistical Pocket-book. Rome, 2018. https://www.quarks.de/wp-content/uploads/FAO_Statistisches_Taschenbuch _2018.pdf; Accessed Date: 01.09.2020.
22. FAO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2019. http://www.fao.org/3/ca5162en/ca5162en.pdf; Accessed Date: 01.09.2020.
23. FDA. Animal Cloning: A Risk Assessment, Center for Veterinary Medicine U. S. Food and Drug Admin-istration Department of Health and Human Ser-vices, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, 2008.https://www.fda.gov/media/75280/download;Accessed Date: 22.12.2020.
24. Fox N, Ward K. Health, ethics and environment: A qualitative study of vegetarian motivations. Appetite 2008; 50(2-3): 422-9.
25. GFSI. Country Rankings2019, Performance of Coun-tries Based on Their 2019 Food Security Score. https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Index; Accessed Date: 01.09.2020.
26. Güneş FE, Aktaç Ş, Korkmaz Bİ. Tüketicilerin gıda etiketlerine yönelik tutum ve davranışları. AFJ 2014; 12(3): 30-7.
27. Hocquette A, Lambert C, Sinquin C, Peterolff L, Wag-ner Z, Bonny SP, Lebert A, Hocquette J-F. Educat-ed consumers don't believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry. J Integr Agric 2015; 14(2): 273-84.
28. İzmirli S, Yaşar A. A Survey on animal welfare atti-tudes of veterinary surgeries, veterinary students, animal owners and society in Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2010; 16(6): 981-5.
29. İzmirli S, Phillips CCJ. The relationship between stu-dent consumption of animal products and attitudes to animals in Europe and Asia. BFJ 2011; 113(3): 436-50.
30. Korthals M. Taking consumers seriously: Two con-cepts of consumer sovereignty. J Agric Environ Ethics 2001; 14(2): 201-15.
31. Korthals M. Ethics of food production and consump-tion. Herring RJ. eds. In: The Oxford Handbook of Food, Politics, and Society. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015; pp. 231-52.
32. Larsson CL, Johansson GK. Young Swedish vegans have different sources of nutrients than young om-nivores. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105(9): 1438-41.
33. Li G, Clercq ED. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19(3): 149-50.
34. Mcpherson T. The ethical basis for veganism. Barn-hill A. Doggett T. Budolfson M. eds. In: The Oxford Handbook of Food Ethics. USA: Oxford University Press, 2018; pp. 1-34.
35. Mepham B. Ethical analysis of food biotechnologies: an evaluative framework. Mepham B. eds. In: Food Ethics. Psychology Press, 1996; pp. 101-19.
36. Mepham B. Ethical principles and the ethical matrix. Clark JP. Ritson C. eds. In: Practical Ethics for Food Professionals: Ethics in Research, Education and the Workplace. Second Edition. By John Wiley&Sons, Ltd. 2013; pp. 39-56.
37. Özçiçek Dölekoğlu C. Gıda kayıpları, israf ve top-lumsal çabalar. Tar Eko Der 2017; 23(2): 179-86.
38. Özçiçek Dölekoğlu C, Gün S, Giray FH. Yoksulluk ve gıda israfı sarmalı. Eleventh National Congress of Agricultural Economics. September, 3-5, 2014; Samsun-Türkiye.
39. Riddle J. Cloning. Duram LA. Ed. In: Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010; pp. 84-6.
40. Scholten MT, De Boer I, Gremmen B, Lokhorst C. Livestock farming with care: Towards sustainable production of animal-source food. NJAS-Wagen J Life SC 2013; 66: 3-5.
41. Shafique S. Scientific and ethical implications of hu-man and animal cloning. IJSTS 2020; 8(1): 9-17.
42. Sharma S. Food preservatives and their harmful ef-fects. IJSRP 2015; 5(4): 1-2.
43. Tayar M. Principles of a healthy kitchen. International Second Halal and Healthy Food Congress. Novem-ber, 7-10, 2013; Konya-Türkiye.
44. Thompson PB. From Field to Fork: Food Ethics for Everyone. USA: Oxford University Press, 2015; p. 5.
45. Thompson PB. The emergence of food ethics. Food Ethics 2016; 1(1): 61-74.
46. Tobler C, Visschers VH, Siegrist M. Eating green. Consumers’ willingness to adopt ecological food consumption behaviors. Appetite 2011; 57(3): 674-82.
47. UNEP. Tackling The Growing Challenge of Soil Pollu-tion. 2017. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/tackling-growing-challenge-soil-pollution; Accessed Date: 11.12.2020.
48. Vural H. Tarım ve gıda güvenliğinde etik ilkelerin önemi. Bursa Uludag Üniv Ziraat Fak Derg 2015; 29(2): 193-202.
49. Worldometers. Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/; Ac-cessed Date: 28.08.2020.
50. Yaşar A. Veteriner Hekimliği Etiği ve Mevzuatı. Kon-ya, 2014; p. 16-20.
51. Yaşar A. Hayvan Gönenci. Birinci Baskı. Konya, 2017; p. 1-294.
52. Yoo KJ. Ethical activism with consideration of the routine of food culture. Thompson PB. Kaplan DM. eds. In: Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Eth-ics. Dordrecht: Springer, 2014; pp. 607-15.
53. Zwart H. A short history of food ethics. J Agric Envi-ron Ethics 2000; 12(2): 113-26.