Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Pesticide Contaminations in Organic Milk Samples in and Around İstanbul

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 72 - 77, 02.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1514461

Abstract

Milk and milk products have critical importance in terms of socio-economic and international trade. Consider-ing the ability of pesticides to concentrate in fat tissue and pass into milk, milk consumption cause serious public health concerns as a source of regular pesticide exposure. Recently, increasing chemical contamination concerns have led to an increase in consumer demand for organic milk. Within the scope of this study, a total of 30 heat-treated milk sam-ples of different commercial brands, 10 organic (pasteurized) and 20 conventionally (UHT and pasteurized) produced milk samples sold in markets, were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for 177 pes-ticides. No pesticide contamination was found in any of the analyzed milk samples above the maximum residue limits (0.01 mg/kg) of related Turkish Food Codex (TGK) regulations. However, it was determined that the TGK limit values of some pesticides (lindane, heptachlor, fenamiphos, aldrin) included in the study were quite high compared to the limit values of Codex Alimentarius (2019). Similarly, the values of some pesticides (lindane heptachlor, fenamiphos, aldrin, fipronil, endrin, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene) in TGK were observed to be well above the limits determined by the European Commission (EC, 2010). The results revealed the need of the maximum residue limit (MRL) values of some pesticides in the related TGK regulations to be updated, and the infrastructure and methods of national reference labor-atories to be revised accordingly. Good agricultural practices and pesticide tracking systems need to be implemented to protect public health in terms of pesticide exposures. More comprehensive studies are needed in order to better understand the effects of different production methods on pesticide contamination levels in milk and milk products.

References

  • Acara A. Türkiye’nin kalıcı organik kirletici maddelere (POP’ler) ilişkin Stockholm sözleşmesi için taslak ulusal uygulama planı. Unido-POP’ler Projesi. Pro-je No. GF/TUR/03/008, 2006; s. 237.
  • Bulut S, Akkaya L, Kov V, Konuk M. Organochlorine pesticide residues in butter and kaymak in Afyon-karahisar, Turkey. J Anim Vet Adv 2010; 9(1-4): 2797-801.
  • Codex Alimentarius (CA) 2019 Codex pesticides resi-due online database in/on milk. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codextexts/dbs/pestres/commodities detail/en/?lang=enandc_id=187. Accessed Date: 14.11.2021.
  • Chandra P, Enespa Singh R, Arora PK. Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: A comprehensive review. Microb Cell Factories 2020; 19: 1-42.
  • Deti H, Hymete A, Bekhit AA, Mohamed AMI, Bekhit AE-DA. Persistent organochlorine pesticides residues in cow and goat milks collected from different regions of Ethiopia. Chemosphere 2014; 106: 70-4.
  • Duan J, Cheng Z, Bi J, Xu Y. Residue behavior of organochlorine pesticides during the production process of yogurt and cheese. Food Chem 2018; 245: 119-24.
  • European Commission (EC) 2010 Pesticides EU MRLs regulationno. 396/2005. Active Substances Directive 91/414/EEC. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plants/pesticides/maximum-residue-levels_en. Ac-cessed Date: 14.11.2021.
  • Fischer WJ, Schilter SB, Tritscher AM, Stadler RR. Contaminants of milk and dairy products: Contamination resulting from farm and dairy practices. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sci Second Edition 2011; 2: 887-97.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2021 Dairy market review: Emerging trends and outlook. https://www.fao.org/3/cb7982en/ cb7982en.pdf. Accessed Date: 13.12.2022.
  • Gomes HO, Menezes JMC, Costa JGM, Coutinho HDM, Teixeira RNP, Nascimento RF. A socio-environmental perspective on pesticide use and food production. Ecotox Environ Safe 2020; 197: 110-627.
  • Gutierrez R, Ortiz R, Vega S,Schettino B, Ramirez ML,Perez JJ. Residueslevels of organochlorine pesticide in cow’s milk from industrial farms in Hidalgo, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agri-cultural Wastes, Mexico. J Environ Sci Health 2013; 48(11): 935-40.
  • Güvenç D. Samsun yöresinden toplanan çiğ süt ör-neklerinde bazı pestisit kalıntılarının araştırılması üzerine bir çalışma. Doktora tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniv Sağ Bil Ens, Samsun 2008; s. 64.
  • Hasan GMMA, Das AK, Satter MA. Multi residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides in fish, milk, egg and their feedby GC-MS/MS and their impact assessment on consumers health in Bangladesh. NFS Journal 2022; 27: 28-35.
  • Haylamicheal ID, Dalvie MA. Disposal of obsolete pesticides, the case of Ethiopia. Environ Int 2009; 35(3): 667-73.
  • Heck, MC, dos Santos JS, Junior SB, Costabeber I, Emanuelli T. Estimation of children exposure to organochlorine compounds through milk in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Food Chem 2007; 102(1): 288-94.
  • Kampire E, Kiremire BT, Nyanzi SA, Kishimba M. Organochlorine pesticide in fresh and pasteurized cow’s milk from Kampala markets. Chemosphere 2011; 84(7): 923-7.
  • Karataş M, Coşkun H. UHT ve pastörize sütlerde organik klorlu pestisitlerin tayini. Gıda 2018; 43(5): 733-44.
  • Keswani C, Dilnashin H, Birla H, Roy P, Tyagi RK, Singh D, Rajput VG, Minkina T, Singh SP. Global foot prints of organochlorine pesticides: A pan-global survey. Environ Geochem Health 2022; 44 (1): 149-77.
  • Manav ÖG, Dinç-Zor Ş, Alpdoğan G. Optimization of a modified QuEChERS method by means of experimental design formulti residue determination of pesticides in milk and dairy products by GC–MS. Microchem J 2019; 144: 124-9.
  • Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Maipas S, Kotampasi C, Stamatis P, Hens L. Chemical pesticides and hu-man health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Front Public Health 2016; 4: 148.
  • Ramezani S, Mahdavi V,Gordan H, Rezadoost H, Conti GO, Khaneghah AM. Determination of multi-class pesticidesresi- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 15 dues of cow and human milk samples from Iran using UHPLC-MS/ MS and GC-ECD: A probabilistic health risk assessment. Envi-ron Res 2022; 208: 112730.
  • RêgoI CV, DosSantos GNV, Ribeiro JS, Lopes RB, DosSantos SB, De Sousa A, Mendes RDA, Take-tomi ATF, Vasconcelos AA. Residues of organoch-lorinated pesticides en lechecommercial: Una revi-sión sistemática. Acta Agron 2019; 68(2): 99-107.
  • Rusu L, Harja M, Suteu D, Dabija A,Favier L. Pestici-de residues contamination of milk and dairy pro-ducts. A case study: Bacaudistrictarea. Romania. J Environ Prot Ecol 2016; 17(3): 1229-41.
  • Sana S, Qadir A, Mumtaz M, Evans NP, Ahmad SR. Spatial trends and human health risks of organoch-lorinated pesticides from bovine milk; a case study from a developing country, Pakistan. Chemosphere 2021; 276: 130110-30.
  • Santos SJ, Schwanz TG, Coelho AN, Heck-Marques MC, Mexia MM, Emanuelli T, Costabeber J. Esti-mated Daily intake of organochlorine pesticides from dairy products in Brazil. Food Control 2015; 53: 23-8
  • Schopf MF, Pierezan MD, Rocha R, Pimentel TC, Esmerino EA, Marsico ET, Verruck S. Pesticide residues in milk and dairy products: An overview of processing degradation and trends in mitigating approaches. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63(33): 12610-24.
  • Shahzadi N, Imran M, Saewar M, Hashmi AS, Wasim M. Identification of pesticides residues in differents amples of milk. J Agroaliment Processes Technol 2013; 19(2): 167-72.
  • Shakerian A, Karimi B, Rahimi E. Presence of pesticides in milk and infant formulas produced in Pegah dairy plants. Egypt J Vet Sci 2020; 51(3): 303-9.
  • Sharma AV, Kumar B Shahzad M Tanveer GPS, Sidhu N, Handa SK, Kohli P, Yadav AS, Bali RD, Parihar RD, Dar OI, Singh K, Jasrotia S, Bakshi P, Ramakrishnan M, Kumar S, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK. Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN Appl Sci 2019;1(11): 1-16.
  • Sheldon I. North–South trade and standards: what can general equilibrium analysis tell us? World Trade Rev 2012;11(3): 376-89.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK). Pestisitlerin Maksimum Kalıntı Limitleri Yönetmeliği. 2016. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/11/20161125M1-1.htm. Accessed Date: 01.12.2018.
  • Tolentino RG, León SV, Bermúdez BS, Flores GP, Vega MLR, Vázquez CR, Vázquez MR, Francisca MV.Organochlorine pesticides in ınfant milk formula marketed in the south of Mexico city. Food Nutr Sci 2014; 5(13):1290-8.
  • Tsakiris IN, Goumenou M, Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Tsitsimpikou C, Ozcagli E, Vynias D, Tsatsakis A. Risk assessment for children exposed to DDT residues in various milk types from the Greek mar-ket. Food ChemToxicol 2015; 75: 156-65.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency. 2018. Why We Use Pesticides. https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/whywe-use-pesticides?. Accessed Date: 01.12.2018.
  • USK, 2021. 2020 Süt Raporu, Dünya ve Türkiye’de Süt Sektörü İstatistikleri. Ulusal Süt Konseyi, Ankara.
  • Welsh JA, Braun H, Brown N, Um C, Ehret K, Figue-roa J, Barr DB. Production-related contaminants (pesticides, antibiotics and hormones) in organic and conventionally produced milk samples sold in the USA. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22(16): 2972-80.
  • Witczak A, Malek AM. The comparison of probiotic monocultures influence on organochlorine pesticide changes in fermented beverages from cow and goat milk during cold storage. Mljekarstvo 2019; 69: 172-82.
  • Yuan S, Yang F, Yu H, Xie Y, Guo Y, Yao W. Degradation mechanism and toxicity assessment of chlorpyrifos in milk by combined ultrasound and ultraviolet treatment. Food Chem 2022; 383: 132550.

İstanbul ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 72 - 77, 02.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1514461

Abstract

Süt ve süt ürünleri; sosyoekonomik ve uluslararası ticaret açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Süt tüketimi, pestisit-lerin yağ dokuda yoğunlaşma ve süte geçme özellikleri nedeniyle düzenli olarak maruziyet açısından ciddi halk sağlığı endişesi yaratmaktadır. Son zamanlarda artan kimyasal kontaminasyon endişeleri, tüketicilerin organik süte yönelik taleplerinde artışa neden olmuştur. Bu çalışma kapsamında, piyasada çeşitli marketlerde satışa sunulan, farklı ticari markalara ait 10 organik (pastörize), 20 klasik (UHT ve pastörize) yöntemle üretilmiş olmak üzere toplam 30 ısıl işlem görmüş süt örneği 177 pestisit açısından gaz kromatografisi/kütle spektroskopisi (GC-MS/MS) kullanılarak analiz edil-miştir. Analiz edilen süt örneklerinin hiçbirinde Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK)’nın ilgili yönetmeliğindeki maksimum kalıntı limitlerinin (0.01 mg/kg) üzerinde bir pestisit kontaminasyonuna rastlanmamıştır. Bununla birlikte çalışma kapsamına alınan lindane, heptachlor, fenamiphos ve aldrin pestisitlerine ait TGK limit değerlerinin, Codex Alimentarius (2019) limit değerlerine göre oldukça yüksek olduğu, benzer şekilde lindane, heptachlor, fenamiphos, aldrin, fipronil, endrin, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene pestistlerine ait değerlerin ise Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu (EC, 2010) tarafından belir-lenen limitlerin çok üzerinde kaldığı gözlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, TGK’nin ilgili yönetmeliğindeki bazı pestisitlere ait maksimum kalıntı limit değerlerinin güncellenmesi gerektiğini, benzer şekilde ulusal referans laboratuvarların da alt yapı ve metotlarını bu limit değerlere göre düzenlemesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. Pestisit maruziyetleri açısından halk sağlığının korunabilmesi için iyi tarım uygulamalarının ve pestisit takip sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Farklı üretim metotlarının kontaminasyon düzeylerine olan etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için konuya ilişkin daha kapsamlı çalışmaların planlanmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

References

  • Acara A. Türkiye’nin kalıcı organik kirletici maddelere (POP’ler) ilişkin Stockholm sözleşmesi için taslak ulusal uygulama planı. Unido-POP’ler Projesi. Pro-je No. GF/TUR/03/008, 2006; s. 237.
  • Bulut S, Akkaya L, Kov V, Konuk M. Organochlorine pesticide residues in butter and kaymak in Afyon-karahisar, Turkey. J Anim Vet Adv 2010; 9(1-4): 2797-801.
  • Codex Alimentarius (CA) 2019 Codex pesticides resi-due online database in/on milk. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codextexts/dbs/pestres/commodities detail/en/?lang=enandc_id=187. Accessed Date: 14.11.2021.
  • Chandra P, Enespa Singh R, Arora PK. Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: A comprehensive review. Microb Cell Factories 2020; 19: 1-42.
  • Deti H, Hymete A, Bekhit AA, Mohamed AMI, Bekhit AE-DA. Persistent organochlorine pesticides residues in cow and goat milks collected from different regions of Ethiopia. Chemosphere 2014; 106: 70-4.
  • Duan J, Cheng Z, Bi J, Xu Y. Residue behavior of organochlorine pesticides during the production process of yogurt and cheese. Food Chem 2018; 245: 119-24.
  • European Commission (EC) 2010 Pesticides EU MRLs regulationno. 396/2005. Active Substances Directive 91/414/EEC. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plants/pesticides/maximum-residue-levels_en. Ac-cessed Date: 14.11.2021.
  • Fischer WJ, Schilter SB, Tritscher AM, Stadler RR. Contaminants of milk and dairy products: Contamination resulting from farm and dairy practices. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sci Second Edition 2011; 2: 887-97.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2021 Dairy market review: Emerging trends and outlook. https://www.fao.org/3/cb7982en/ cb7982en.pdf. Accessed Date: 13.12.2022.
  • Gomes HO, Menezes JMC, Costa JGM, Coutinho HDM, Teixeira RNP, Nascimento RF. A socio-environmental perspective on pesticide use and food production. Ecotox Environ Safe 2020; 197: 110-627.
  • Gutierrez R, Ortiz R, Vega S,Schettino B, Ramirez ML,Perez JJ. Residueslevels of organochlorine pesticide in cow’s milk from industrial farms in Hidalgo, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agri-cultural Wastes, Mexico. J Environ Sci Health 2013; 48(11): 935-40.
  • Güvenç D. Samsun yöresinden toplanan çiğ süt ör-neklerinde bazı pestisit kalıntılarının araştırılması üzerine bir çalışma. Doktora tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniv Sağ Bil Ens, Samsun 2008; s. 64.
  • Hasan GMMA, Das AK, Satter MA. Multi residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides in fish, milk, egg and their feedby GC-MS/MS and their impact assessment on consumers health in Bangladesh. NFS Journal 2022; 27: 28-35.
  • Haylamicheal ID, Dalvie MA. Disposal of obsolete pesticides, the case of Ethiopia. Environ Int 2009; 35(3): 667-73.
  • Heck, MC, dos Santos JS, Junior SB, Costabeber I, Emanuelli T. Estimation of children exposure to organochlorine compounds through milk in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Food Chem 2007; 102(1): 288-94.
  • Kampire E, Kiremire BT, Nyanzi SA, Kishimba M. Organochlorine pesticide in fresh and pasteurized cow’s milk from Kampala markets. Chemosphere 2011; 84(7): 923-7.
  • Karataş M, Coşkun H. UHT ve pastörize sütlerde organik klorlu pestisitlerin tayini. Gıda 2018; 43(5): 733-44.
  • Keswani C, Dilnashin H, Birla H, Roy P, Tyagi RK, Singh D, Rajput VG, Minkina T, Singh SP. Global foot prints of organochlorine pesticides: A pan-global survey. Environ Geochem Health 2022; 44 (1): 149-77.
  • Manav ÖG, Dinç-Zor Ş, Alpdoğan G. Optimization of a modified QuEChERS method by means of experimental design formulti residue determination of pesticides in milk and dairy products by GC–MS. Microchem J 2019; 144: 124-9.
  • Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Maipas S, Kotampasi C, Stamatis P, Hens L. Chemical pesticides and hu-man health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Front Public Health 2016; 4: 148.
  • Ramezani S, Mahdavi V,Gordan H, Rezadoost H, Conti GO, Khaneghah AM. Determination of multi-class pesticidesresi- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 15 dues of cow and human milk samples from Iran using UHPLC-MS/ MS and GC-ECD: A probabilistic health risk assessment. Envi-ron Res 2022; 208: 112730.
  • RêgoI CV, DosSantos GNV, Ribeiro JS, Lopes RB, DosSantos SB, De Sousa A, Mendes RDA, Take-tomi ATF, Vasconcelos AA. Residues of organoch-lorinated pesticides en lechecommercial: Una revi-sión sistemática. Acta Agron 2019; 68(2): 99-107.
  • Rusu L, Harja M, Suteu D, Dabija A,Favier L. Pestici-de residues contamination of milk and dairy pro-ducts. A case study: Bacaudistrictarea. Romania. J Environ Prot Ecol 2016; 17(3): 1229-41.
  • Sana S, Qadir A, Mumtaz M, Evans NP, Ahmad SR. Spatial trends and human health risks of organoch-lorinated pesticides from bovine milk; a case study from a developing country, Pakistan. Chemosphere 2021; 276: 130110-30.
  • Santos SJ, Schwanz TG, Coelho AN, Heck-Marques MC, Mexia MM, Emanuelli T, Costabeber J. Esti-mated Daily intake of organochlorine pesticides from dairy products in Brazil. Food Control 2015; 53: 23-8
  • Schopf MF, Pierezan MD, Rocha R, Pimentel TC, Esmerino EA, Marsico ET, Verruck S. Pesticide residues in milk and dairy products: An overview of processing degradation and trends in mitigating approaches. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63(33): 12610-24.
  • Shahzadi N, Imran M, Saewar M, Hashmi AS, Wasim M. Identification of pesticides residues in differents amples of milk. J Agroaliment Processes Technol 2013; 19(2): 167-72.
  • Shakerian A, Karimi B, Rahimi E. Presence of pesticides in milk and infant formulas produced in Pegah dairy plants. Egypt J Vet Sci 2020; 51(3): 303-9.
  • Sharma AV, Kumar B Shahzad M Tanveer GPS, Sidhu N, Handa SK, Kohli P, Yadav AS, Bali RD, Parihar RD, Dar OI, Singh K, Jasrotia S, Bakshi P, Ramakrishnan M, Kumar S, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK. Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN Appl Sci 2019;1(11): 1-16.
  • Sheldon I. North–South trade and standards: what can general equilibrium analysis tell us? World Trade Rev 2012;11(3): 376-89.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK). Pestisitlerin Maksimum Kalıntı Limitleri Yönetmeliği. 2016. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/11/20161125M1-1.htm. Accessed Date: 01.12.2018.
  • Tolentino RG, León SV, Bermúdez BS, Flores GP, Vega MLR, Vázquez CR, Vázquez MR, Francisca MV.Organochlorine pesticides in ınfant milk formula marketed in the south of Mexico city. Food Nutr Sci 2014; 5(13):1290-8.
  • Tsakiris IN, Goumenou M, Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Tsitsimpikou C, Ozcagli E, Vynias D, Tsatsakis A. Risk assessment for children exposed to DDT residues in various milk types from the Greek mar-ket. Food ChemToxicol 2015; 75: 156-65.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency. 2018. Why We Use Pesticides. https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/whywe-use-pesticides?. Accessed Date: 01.12.2018.
  • USK, 2021. 2020 Süt Raporu, Dünya ve Türkiye’de Süt Sektörü İstatistikleri. Ulusal Süt Konseyi, Ankara.
  • Welsh JA, Braun H, Brown N, Um C, Ehret K, Figue-roa J, Barr DB. Production-related contaminants (pesticides, antibiotics and hormones) in organic and conventionally produced milk samples sold in the USA. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22(16): 2972-80.
  • Witczak A, Malek AM. The comparison of probiotic monocultures influence on organochlorine pesticide changes in fermented beverages from cow and goat milk during cold storage. Mljekarstvo 2019; 69: 172-82.
  • Yuan S, Yang F, Yu H, Xie Y, Guo Y, Yao W. Degradation mechanism and toxicity assessment of chlorpyrifos in milk by combined ultrasound and ultraviolet treatment. Food Chem 2022; 383: 132550.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Food Hygiene and Technology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Feyyaz İbrahim Gündüz 0000-0003-3332-0361

Yeliz Yıldırım 0000-0003-0346-5711

Publication Date August 2, 2024
Submission Date September 22, 2023
Acceptance Date February 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gündüz, F. İ., & Yıldırım, Y. (2024). İstanbul ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 72-77. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1514461
AMA Gündüz Fİ, Yıldırım Y. İstanbul ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. August 2024;21(2):72-77. doi:10.32707/ercivet.1514461
Chicago Gündüz, Feyyaz İbrahim, and Yeliz Yıldırım. “İstanbul Ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 21, no. 2 (August 2024): 72-77. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1514461.
EndNote Gündüz Fİ, Yıldırım Y (August 1, 2024) İstanbul ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 21 2 72–77.
IEEE F. İ. Gündüz and Y. Yıldırım, “İstanbul ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi”, Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 72–77, 2024, doi: 10.32707/ercivet.1514461.
ISNAD Gündüz, Feyyaz İbrahim - Yıldırım, Yeliz. “İstanbul Ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 21/2 (August 2024), 72-77. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1514461.
JAMA Gündüz Fİ, Yıldırım Y. İstanbul ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2024;21:72–77.
MLA Gündüz, Feyyaz İbrahim and Yeliz Yıldırım. “İstanbul Ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 2, 2024, pp. 72-77, doi:10.32707/ercivet.1514461.
Vancouver Gündüz Fİ, Yıldırım Y. İstanbul ve Çevresinde Tüketilen Sütlerde Pestisit Kontaminasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2024;21(2):72-7.