THE EFFECTS OF HEALTH, LABOR, AND CARBON EMISSION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UPPER-MIDDLE AND HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES

Year 2024, Issue: 68, 145 - 153, 31.08.2024

Eyyup Ecevit , Şenay Hiçyılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1469208

Abstract

In our study, a panel data analysis was conducted with 89 countries categorized as high-income and upper-middle-income. Dumitrescu & Hurlin causality test and Driscoll & Kraay standard error fixed effects model estimations were performed using the data of the relevant countries. According to our findings, both uni-directional and mostly bi-directional causality relationships were found among variables such as healthcare expenditure, life expectancy at birth, labor force participation rate, CO₂ emissions, and GDP per capita. Long-term forecast results indicate that healthcare expenditure, life expectancy at birth, and CO₂ emissions have positive effects on GDP per capita in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. The impact of labor force participation on economic growth varied between the two panel groups. The effect of labor force on GDP was found to be negative in upper-middle-income countries and insignificant in high-income countries.

Keywords

Health, labor force, CO₂ emission, causality, Driscoll & Kraay

ÜST-ORTA VE YÜKSEK GELİRLİ ÜLKELERDE SAĞLIK, İŞGÜCÜ İLE KARBON EMİSYONUNUN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Abstract

Çalışmamızda yüksek gelirli ve üst-orta gelirli olmak üzere 89 ülke üzerinde panel veri çalışması uygulanmıştır. İlgili ülkelerin verileri ile Dumitrescu & Hurlin nedensellik testi ve Driscoll & Kraay standart hatalı sabit etkiler model tahmini yapılmıştır. Bulgularımıza göre sağlık harcamaları, doğuşta yaşam beklentisi, işgücüne katılım oranı, CO₂ emisyonu ve kişi başına GSYH değişkenleri arasında tek ve çoğunlukla çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanmıştır. Uzun dönem tahmin sonuçları, yüksek ve üst-orta gelirli ülkelerde sağlık harcamaları, doğuşta yaşam beklentisi ve CO₂ emisyonun GSYH üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. İşgücüne katılım oranının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi iki panel grubunda farklıdır. İşgücünün GSYH’ya etkisi üst orta gelirli ülkelerde negatif, yüksek gelirli ülkelerde ise anlamsız bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Sağlık, işgücü, CO₂ emisyonu, nedensellik, Driscoll & Kraay

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