İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Fransa’da Antisemitist Medya: Je Suis Partout Gazetesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 337 - 360, 31.01.2022

Caner Çakı Özkan Avcı

https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1000655

Cited By: 1

Abstract

İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Nazi Almanya’sının Fransa’yı işgalinden sonra Üçüncü Fransız Cumhuriyeti yıkılmış ve yerine Vichy Fransa’sı adı verilen antisemitist bir rejim kurulmuştur. Bu dönemde Nazi Almanya’sının Fransa’yı işgalinden kısa bir süre önce kapatılan antisemitist görüşe sahip Je Suis Partout adlı Fransız gazetesi, Vichy Fransa’sının kurulmasından sonra tekrar yayın yapmaya başlamıştır. Nazi Almanya’sı ile işbirlikçi bir tutum sergileyen gazete, Müttefik Devletleri’nin Fransa’yı işgaline kadar yayımlarını sürdürmüş ve yayımlarında antisemitist sert söylemlere yönelmiştir. Gazetenin Yahudi karşıtı söylemleri, Nazi Almanya’sının Vichy Fransa’sındaki antisemitist söylemlerini yansıtması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Fransa’da yayın yapan Je Suis Partout gazetesinin antisemitist söylemlerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada gazetede yayımlanan Yahudi karşıtı karikatürler, Alman dilbilimci Karl Bühler’in Organon Modeli üzerinden göstergebilim yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgularda gazetenin ABD, Sovyetler Birliği, İngiltere ve Özgür Fransa Ordusu’nun Yahudilerin denetiminde hareket ettiğine yönelik Yahudi karşıtı söylemlere yöneldiği ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu şekilde gazetenin Nazi Almanya’sının Müttefik Devletleri’ne ve Özgür Fransa Ordusu’na karşı mücadelesini meşrulaştırmaya çalıştığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Medya, Antisemitizm, Fransa, İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Gazete

The Antisemitic Media in France in the Second World War: An Examination on Je Suis Partout Journal

Abstract

After Nazi Germany invaded France, Third French Republic collapsed and an antisemitic regime called as Vichy France was established. In this period, French journal Je Suis Partout, which had an antisemitic view, which was closed shortly before the invasion of France by Nazi Germany, started to broadcast again after the establishment of Vichy France. The journal, which displayed a collaborative attitude with Nazi Germany, continued its publications until Allied States invaded France, and turned to harsh anti-Jewish rhetoric in its publications. The journal’s antisemitic rhetoric is important in that it reflects the antisemitic rhetoric of Nazi Germany in Vichy France. In the study, it was aimed to reveal the antisemitic discourses of the Je Suis Partout journal, which published in France during the Second World War. For this purpose, antisemitic caricatures published in the journal were examined using the semiotics method through Organon Model of German linguist Karl Bühler. In the findings obtained in the study, it was revealed that the journal tended to anti-Jewish discourses that USA, Soviet Union, England and Free French Army acted under the control of Jews. In this way, it was concluded that the journal tried to legitimize the struggle of Nazi Germany against Allied Powers and Free French Army

Keywords

Journal, Media, Antisemitism, France, Second World War

References

• Altglas, V. (2012). Antisemitism in france: Past and present. European Societies, 14(2), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450
• Backouche, I., & Gensburger, S. (2014). Anti-semitism and urban development in France in the Second World War: The Case of Îlot 16 in Paris. Contemporary European History, 23, 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777314000198
• Busi, F. (1975). Je suis partout 1930-1944: les maurraissiens devant la tentation fascite by Pierre-Marie Dioudonnat. The French Review, 49(2), 310–311.
• Carroll, D. (1998). What It Meant to Be “A Jew” in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State AntiSemitism, and the Question of Assimilation. SubStance, 27(3), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/3685578
• Dräger, M. (2017). Karl Bühler und die Kommunikation. Oder: Das Organon-Modell in der Kommunikationsberatung. Sprache in Rede, Gespräch Und Kommunikation Linguistisches Wissen in Der Kommunikationsberatung, 67–93.
• Endelman, T. M. (1991). Anti-Semitism and apostasy in Nineteenth-Century France: A response to Jonathan Helfand. Jewish History, 5(2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01668931
• Fitch, N. (1992). Mass Culture, Mass Parliamentary Politics, and Modern Anti-Semitism: The Dreyfus Affair in Rural France. The American Historical Review, 97(1), 55–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/2164539
• Fulcher, J. F. (1995). The preparation for vichy: Anti-semitism in French musical culture between the two world wars. Musical Quarterly, 79(3), 458–475. https://doi.org/10.1093/mq/79.3.458
• Goldstein, J. (1985). The Wondering Jew and the Problem of Psychiatric Anti-semitism in Fin-de-Siècle France. Journal of Contemporary History, 20(4), 521–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200948502000403
• Grynberg, A. (2001). Des signes de résurgence de l’antisémitisme dans la France de l’après-guerre (1945-1953)?. Les Cahiers de La Shoah, (1), 171–223.
• Halioua, B. (2003). La xénophobie et l’antisémitisme dans le milieu médical sous l’Occupation vus au travers du Concours Médical. Médecine/Sciences, 19(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2003191107
• Jacobs, L., Lange, A., & Mayerhofer, K. (2021). Confronting antisemitism in modern media, the legal and political worlds: Introduction. In Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110671964-002
• Johnson, J. H. (1982). Antisemitism and Music in Nineteenth-Century France. Musica Judaica, 5(1), 79–96.
• Joly, L. (2013). Au Pilori (1940-1944).”Journal de lutte contre le Juif” et officine de délation. Revue DHistoire de La Shoah, (1), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.3917/rhsho.198.0159
• Joly, L. (2015). Fascisme et antisémitisme dans la France des années 1930 : une irrésistible convergence ? Revue d’histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, 62-2/3(2), 115–136. https://doi.org/10.3917/rhmc.622.0115
• Kalman, S. (2002). Reconsidering fascist anti-Semitism and xenophobia in 1920s France: The doctrinal contribution of Georges Valois and the Faisceau. French History, 16(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/16.3.345
• Köse, T. (2021). Yahudilerin Devletleşme Sürecinde Dönüm Noktaları: Pogrom, Aliya ve Siyasi Siyonizm (1881-1903). Ortadoğu Etütleri, 13(1), 119-142. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.827471
• Lamprou, A. (2021). The journal İnkılâp and the appeal of antisemitism in interwar Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 58(1), 32-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2021.1950691
• Luft, A. (2020). Religion in Vichy France: How Meso-Level Actors Contribute to Authoritarian Legitimation. Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, 61(1), 67–101.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975620000041
• March, E. (2001). La Gerbe: un organe collaborationniste. Revue DHistoire de La Shoah, (3), 192–281.
• Mayer, N. (2007). Transformations in French Anti-Semitism. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 1(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.20
• Mehlman, J. (1983). Legacies of Anti-semitism in France. The United States: U of Minnesota Press.
• Milkov, H. (2015). Origin and roots of French anti-semitism Jewish genocide in France (1940-1944). Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(29), 185–207.
• Peace, T. (2009). Un antisémitisme nouveau? The debate about a “new antisemitism” in France. Patterns of Prejudice, 43(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220902793773
• Pinsolle, D. (2010). The French Daily Newspaper Le Matin, Business and Politics, 1884–1897. Le Mouvement Social, (3), 91–107.
• Pinson, K. S. (1945). Antisemitism in the Post-War World. Jewish Social Studies, 7(2), 99–118.Retronews. (2021a). Je Suis Partout Gazetesi. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34426873w/date adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021b). Birinci Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/12-mai-1941/719/2125825/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021c). İkinci Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/13-decembre-1941/719/2125833/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021d). Üçüncü Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/20-decembre-1941/719/2125657/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021e). Dördüncü Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/06-juin-1942/719/2125773/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021f). Beşinci Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/17-juillet-1942/719/2125921/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021g). Altıncı Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/13-novembre-1942/719/2125789/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021h). Yedinci Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/27-novembre-1942/719/2125911/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021i). Sekizinci Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/22-janvier-1943/719/2126047/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021j). Dokuzuncu Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/24-mars-1943/719/2254411/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021k). Onuncu Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/16-juillet-1943/719/2125857/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021l). On Birinci Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/30-juillet-1943/719/2125861/1 adresinden alındı
• Retronews. (2021m). On İkinci Karikatür. Eylül 9, 2021 tarihinde https://www.retronews.fr/journal/je-suis-partout/07-janvier-1944/719/2126147/1 adresinden alındı
• Silverstein, P. A. (2008). The context of antisemitism and Islamophobia in France. Patterns of Prejudice, 42(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220701805877
• Smith, D. M. (2011). A journalistic odyssey: je suis partout 1936-1944. (Doctoral dissertation), The University of Reading, Berkshire, England. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.541964
• Tumblety, J. (1999). Revenge of the fascist knights: Masculine identities in Je suis partout, 1940–1944. Modern & Contemporary France, 7(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639489908456466
• Vance, S. (2017). Antisemitism in France and colonial Algeria. Patterns of Prejudice, 51(3–4), 292–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2017.1357791
• Vinen, R. C. (1994). The End of an Ideology? Right-Wing Antisemitism in France, 1944-1970. The Historical Journal, 37(2), 365–388. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00016514
• Wistrich, R. S. (1995). Radical antisemitism in France and Germany (1840-1880). Modern Judaism, 15(2), 109–135. https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/15.2.109
• Zawadzki, P. (2017). Some Epistemological Issues in the Public Debate on Contemporary Antisemitism in France. Contemporary Jewry, 37(2), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12397-017-9226-5