THE EFFECT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN CREATING STRATEGIES FOR COATING WITH PSYCHOSOCIAL RISKS IN BUSINESSES; A SYSTEMATIC COMPILATION

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 63 - 81, 15.04.2024

Hüsre Gizem Akalp , Ahmet Erkasap

https://doi.org/10.33439/ergonomi.1405549

Öz

Systematic Occupational Health and Safety studies carried out in order to increase the importance given to people in enterprises and to enable individuals to work in healthier and safer environments, primarily focused on the physical, chemical and biological risks existing in the enterprises, and then by taking ergonomic risks into consideration, ergonomic working environments were designed to create reassuring working environments. . However, human beings are emotional beings. It is necessary to control the emotional changes that individuals experience by combining the work they do with awareness. People who cannot control their emotional changes experience stress and burnout more easily and cannot easily cope with situations such as role conflict and excessive workload that they face in business life. In the context of examining hearing situations, it is very important to evaluate emotional intelligence in businesses, especially in terms of evaluating psychosocial risks. This research aims to systematically compile academic studies on emotional intelligence and psychosocial risks, stress and burnout. For this purpose, the methodologies, conceptual and demographic variables and main findings of the identified articles were systematically analyzed and evaluated. As a result of the literature review, 64 international articles published in the last ten years regarding the criteria determined were evaluated and the relationships between emotional intelligence, job stress and burnout were found.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Occupational Health and Safety, Emotional Intelligence, Psychosocial Risks, Ergonomics.

DUYGUSAL ZEKANIN İŞLETMELERDE PSİKOSOSYAL RİSKLER İLE BAŞA ÇIKMA STRATEJİLERİ OLUŞTURMADA ETKİSİ; SİSTEMATİK BİR DERLEME

Öz

İşletmelerde insana verilen önemin artması, bireylerin daha sağlıklı ve güvenli ortamlarda çalışabilmesi için gerçekleştirilen sistemli İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği çalışmaları, öncelikle işletmelerde var olan fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik risklere yoğunlaşmış ardından ergonomik riskler değerlendirmeye de alınarak ergonomik çalışma ortamlarının tasarlanması ile güven veren çalışma ortamları oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak insanoğlu duygusal bir varlıktır. Bireylerin yaptıkları işi farkındalık ile birleştirilerek yaşadıkları duygusal değişikliklerin kontrolünün sağlanması gerekmektedir. Duygusal değişikliklerini kontrol edemeyen kişiler stres ve tükenmeyi daha kolay yaşamakta iş hayatında karşı karşıya kaldıkları rol çatışması ve aşırı iş yükü gibi durumlarla kolay kolay baş edememektedirler. Duygu durumlarının incelenmesi bağlamında duygusal zekanın da işletmelerde değerlendirilmeye alınması özellikle iş sağlığı ve güvenliğindeki risklerin psikososyal boyutu ve psikososyal risklerin değerlendirilmesi açısından oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Bu araştırma, duygusal zekâ ve psikososyal risklerden stres ve tükenmişlik ile ilgili yapılmış̧ olan akademik çalışmaların sistematik olarak derlemesini yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç ile tespit edilen makalelerin metodolojileri, kavramsal ve demografik değişkenleri ve temel bulguları sistematik olarak analiz edilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Literatür taraması sonucunda belirlenen kriterlere ait son on yılda yayımlanmış 64 uluslararası makale değerlendirilmiş ve duygusal zeka, iş stresi, tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiler bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, Duygusal Zekâ, Psikososyal Riskler, Ergonomi.

Kaynakça

• Alan H., Bacaksiz F. E., Harmancı Seren A. K., Kurt H. A. (2021) Evaluating the Relationship Between Burnout Levels and Compassion Fatigue, Emotional Intelligence, and Communication Skills of Organ Transplant Coordinators. Transplantation proceedings, 53(2), 590–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.10.030
• Altunışık R., Coşkun R., Bayraktaroğlu S., Yıldırım E. (2010) Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri SPSS Uygulamalı (6. Baskı). Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
• Bar-On, R., Tranel, D., Denburg, N. L., Bechara, A. (2003). Exploring the neurological substrate of emotional and social intelligence. Brain: a journal of neurology, 126(Pt 8), 1790–1800. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg177
• Beierle S. P., Kirkpatrick B. A., Heidel R. E., Russ A., Ramshaw B., McCallum R. S., & Lewis J. M. (2019). Evaluating and Exploring Variations in Surgical Resident Emotional Intelligence and Burnout. Journal of Surgical Education, 76(3), 628–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.11.004
• Bellibaş M. Ş., Gümüş S. (2018) “Eğitim Yönetiminde Sistematik Derleme Çalışmaları”. (Edl: Kadir Beycioğlu, Niyazi Özer, Yaşar Kondakçı) Eğitim Yönetiminde Araştırma, Pagem Yayınları: 511-529, http://doi.org/10.14527/9786052415054
• Brody N. (2004) Review of Emotional Intelligence: Science and Myth [Review of the book Emotional intelligence: Science and Myth, by G. Matthews, M. Zeidner & R. D. Roberts]. Intelligence, 32(1), 109–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(03)00059-X
• Bru-Luna L. M., Martí-Vilar M., Merino-Soto C., Cervera-Santiago J. L. (2021). Emotional Intelligence Measures: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 9 (12), 1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121696
• Büyüköztürk Ş. (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. (22. Bas.). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. Ankara
• Crudden, G., Margiotta, F., Doherty, A. M. (2023). Physician burnout and symptom of anxiety and depression: Burnout in consultant doctors in ireland study (BICDIS). PLoS One, 18(3) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276027
• Cheng X., Ma Y., Li J., Cai Y., Li L., Zhang J. (2020) Mindfulness and Psychological Distress in Kindergarten Teachers: The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (21), 8212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218212
• Chengting J., Jijun L., Yuan L., Wei F., Xuqun Y. (2015) The Mediating Role of Workplace Social Support on the Relationship Between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Teacher Burnout, Teaching and Teacher Education, 51, 58-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.06.001.
• Choi H.M., Mohammad A.A. & Kim W.G. (2019). Understanding Hotel Frontline Employees’ Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Labor, Job Stress, Coping Strategies and Burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 82, 199-208.
• Cofer K.D., Hollis R.H., Goss L., Morris M.S., Porterfield J.R., & Chu D.I. (2018). Burnout is Associated with Emotional Intelligence But Not Traditional Job Performance Measurements in Surgical Residents. Journal of Surgical Education, 75 (5), 1171–1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.01.021
• Colomeischi A.A. (2015) Teachers Burnout in Relation with Their Emotional Intelligence and Personality Traits. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 1067-1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.207
• Cooper R.& Sawaf A., (1997) Liderlikte Duygusal Zekâ: Yönetim ve Organizasyonlarda Duygusal Zekâ, (Çev. B. Ayman), Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul. s.77.
• Cronbach J.L. (1949) Essentials of Psychological Testing, 2. nd Editional, Harper
• Cuevas R., Ntoumanis N., Fernandez-Bustos J. G., & Bartholomew K. (2018) Does Teacher Evaluation Based on Student Performance Predict Motivation, Well-being, and iIl-being? Journal of School Psychology, 68, 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.03.005
• Çalık M. & Sözbilir M. (2014) İçerik Analizinin Parametreleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39 (174), 33-38. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3412
• Çınar N. (2021) İyi Bir Sistematik Derleme Nasıl Yazılmalı? Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6 (2), 310-314. https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.888569
• D’Amico A., Geraci A.& Tarantino C. (2020) The Relationship Between Perceived Emotional Intelligence, Work Engagement, Job Satisfaction, and Burnout in Italian School Teachers: An Exploratory Study. Psychological Topics, 29 (1), 63-84. https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.29.1.4
• Extremera N., Mérida-López S., Sánchez-Álvarez, N. & Quintana-Orts C. (2018) How Does Emotional Intelligence Make One Feel Better at Work? The Mediational Role of Work Engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 (9), 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091909
• Fiorilli C., Albanese O., Gabola P. & Pepe A. (2017) Teachers’ Emotional Competence and Social Support: Assessing the Mediating Role of Teacher Burnout, Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 61 (29), 127-138, https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2015.1119722
• Freudenthaler H.H., Neubauer A.C., Gabler P.& Scherl W.G. (2008). Testing the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) in a German-speaking Sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 45 (7), 673-678. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.014
• Ghossoub Z., Nadler R. & El-Aswad N. (2018) Targeting Physician Burnout Through Emotional Intelligence, Self-Care Techniques, and Leadership Skills Training: A Qualitative Study. Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes, 2 (1), 78–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2017.12.005
• Gleason F., Baker S.J., Wood T., Wood L., Hollis R.H., Chu D.I. & Lindeman B. (2020) Emotional Intelligence and Burnout in Surgical Residents: A 5-Year Study. Journal of Surgical Education, 77 (6), e63–e70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.07.044
• Gleason F., Malone E., Wood L., Baker S.J., Hollis R. H., Richman, J.S., Chu D.I. & Lindeman B. (2020) The Job Demands-Resources Model as a Framework to Identify Factors Associated with Burnout in Surgical Residents. The Journal of Surgical Research, 247, 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2019.10.034
• Gohm Cl.; Corser G.C. & Dalsky D.J. (2005) Emotional Intelligence Under Stress: Useful, Unnecessary, or Irrelevant? Personality and Individual Differences, 39 (6), 1017-1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.018
• Goleman D. (1996) Emotional Intelligence. Why it can Matter More Than IQ. Learning, 24 (6), 49-50.
• Grover S. & Furnham, A. (2021) Does Emotional Intelligence and Resilience Moderate the Relationship Between the Dark Triad and Personal and Work Burnout? Personality and Individual Differences, 169, 109979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109979
• Guerrero-Barona E., Guerrero-Molina M., García-Gómez A., Moreno-Manso J.M. & García-Baamonde M.E. (2020) Quality of Working Life, Psychosocial Factors, Burnout Syndrome and Emotional Intelligence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (24), 9550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249550
• Han W., Kim J., Park J. & Lee M. (2022) Influential Effects of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship Between Job Stress and Burnout Among General Hospital Administrative Staff. Healthcare, 10 (2), 194-.https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020194
• ILO (2018) Work Statistics, https://www.ilo.org/moscow/ areas-of-work/occupational-safety-and-health/WCMS_ 249278/lang--en/index.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2023).
• Jorfi H., Jorfi S., Hashim F., Yaccob B. & Nor K.M. (2014) The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Communication Effectiveness: Focus on Strategic Alignment. African Journal of Marketing Management, 6 (6), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMM2010.036
• Kanellakis, K., Karakasidou, E., & Koutsoukis, N. S. (2018). The Role of Occupational Stress and Emotional Intelligence in Working Healthcare and Medical Environments. Psychology, 9 (06), 1516. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.96091
• Karasek R, Brisson C, Kawakami N, Houtman I, Bongers P, & Amick B. (1998), The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An Instrument for Internationally Comparative Assessments of Psychosocial Job Characteristics. Journal Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4):322-55. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.322
• Kazm S.S., Ahsan S. & Khan S. (2019) Impact of Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress on Clinical Anger Among Faculty Members of Universities. Foundation University Journal of Psychology, 3 (1), 108-143. https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v3i1
• Keser, A. & Kümbül Güler, B. (2021). Çalışma Psikolojisi. Güncellenmiş 2. Baskı. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
• Kristensen T. S., Jensen S.M., Kreiner S., & Mikkelsen S. (2010) Socioeconomic Status and Duration and Pattern of Sickness Absence: A 1-Year Follow-Up Study of 2331 Hospital Employees. BMC Public Health.10:643. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-643
• Kumara P. (2021) A Study of The Relationship Between Occupational Stress and Emotional Intelligence of Degree College Teachers. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (Turcomat), 12 (3), 3490-3493. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1622
• Kuok A.C. (2022) Emotional Intelligence, Work Satisfaction, and Affective Commitment: An Occupational Health Study of Social Workers. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 38 (3), 223- 230. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2022a14
• Lampreia-Raposo C., Rodrigues-Correia P., Caldeira-Berenguer S., Mascarenhas-Rabiais I. & Madureira-Mendes M. (2023) Critical care nurses' emotional intelligence: A scoping review. Enfermeria Clinica (English Edition), 33 (1), 68–71.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcle.2022.04.005
• Lawal A.M.& Idemudia E.S. (2017) The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Support on Work Stress of Nurses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Curations, 40 (1), e1–e8. https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v40i1.1715
• Lee J.H. & Sim I.O. (2021) Analysis of the Relationship Between the Psychological Well-Being, Emotional Intelligence, Willpower, and Job-Efficacy of Clinical Nurses: A Structural Model Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (11), 5582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115582
• Lee Y.H. & Chelladurai P. (2016) Affectivity, Emotional Labor, Emotional Exhaustion, and Emotional Intelligence in Coaching, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28 (2),170-184, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2015.1092481
• Leka S.& Jain A. (2010) Health İmpact of Psychosocial Hazards at Work: An Overview. Geneva: World Health Organization.
• Leon R-D. & Tănăsescu, R.I. (2018) Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress in Romanian Organizations. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 6 (1)-19, 51–65. Retrieved from https://www.managementdynamics.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/255
• Lewis J.M., Yared K., Heidel R.E., Kirkpatrick B., Freeman M.B., Daley B.J., Shatzer J.& McCallum R.S. (2021) Emotional Intelligence and Burnout Related to Resident-Assessed Faculty Teaching Scores. Journal of Surgical Education, 78 (6), e100–e111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.09.023
• Lin G.X., Szczygieł D. & Piotrowski K. (2022) Child-oriented Perfectionism and Parental Burnout: The Moderating Role of Parents' Emotional Intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences,198, 111805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111805
• Lindeman B., Petrusa E., McKinley S., Hashimoto D.A., Gee D., Smink D.S., Mullen J.T. & Phitayakorn R. (2017) Association of Burnout with Emotional Intelligence and Personality in Surgical Residents: Can We Predict Who is Most at Risk? Journal of Surgical Education, 74 (6), e22–e30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.11.001
• Lindstrom K., Elo A.L., Skogstad A., Dallner M., Gamberale F., Hottinen V., et al. (2000) User’s Guide for the QPS Nordic: General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychosocial and Social Factors at Work. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. [Google Scholar]
• Liu L., Xu P., Zhou K., Xue J. & Wu H. (2018) Mediating Role of Emotional Labor in the Association Between Emotional Intelligence and Fatigue Among Chinese Doctors: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 18 (1), 881. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5817-7
• Liu M., Balamurugan S., Tamizharasi G.S. (2021) Withdrawn: Impact of Stress on Software Developers by Moderating the Relationship Through Emotional Intelligence in a Work Environment, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 101609, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101609.
• Macías-Espinoza F., Brambila-Tapia A.J.L., Reyes-Domínguez Y.A. & Ramírez-García M.L. (2022) Association between Emotional Intelligence and Stress Coping Strategies According to Sex in Mexican General Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (12), 7318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127318
• Mao L., Huang L. & Chen Q. (2021) Promoting Resilience and Lower Stress in Nurses and Improving Inpatient Experience Through Emotional Intelligence Training in China: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nurse Education Today, 107, 105130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105130
• Martínez-Monteagudo M.C., Inglés C.J., Granados L., Aparisi D., García-Fernández J.M. (2019), Trait Emotional Intelligence Profiles, Burnout, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Secondary Education Teachers, Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 53-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.036
• Mazzella-Ebstein A.M., Tan K.S., Panageas K.S., Arnetz J.E. & Barton-Burke M. (2021) The Emotional Intelligence, Occupational Stress, and Coping Characteristics by Years of Nursing Experiences of Newly Hired Oncology Nurses. Asia-Pacific journal of Oncology Nursing, 8 (4), 352–359. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon-2117
• Mérida-López S. & Extremera N. (2017a) Emotional intelligence and teacher burnout: A systematic review, International Journal of Educational Research, 85, 121-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2017.07.006.
• Mérida-López S., Extremera N. & Rey L. (2017b) Contributions of Work-Related Stress and Emotional Intelligence to Teacher Engagement: Additive and Interactive Effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14 (10), 1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101156
• Mgn Jennifer C.H. (2011) Tour Guides and Emotional Intelligence. Annals of Tourism Research, 38 (1), 325–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.09.005
• Michinov E. (2022) The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship Between Conflict Management Styles and Burnout Among Firefighters. Safety and Health at Work, 13 (4), 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.07.001
• Mohamad M. & Jais J. (2016) Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: A Study Among Malaysian Teachers. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 674-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00083-6
• Molero P.P., Ortega Z.F., Jiménez U.JL., Valero G.G. (2019) Influence of Emotional Intelligence and Burnout Syndrome on Teachers Well-Being: ASystematic Review. Social Sciences. 8 (6)185. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060185
• Nespereira-Campuzano T. & Vázquez-Campo M. (2017) Emotional Intelligence and Stress Management in Nursing Professionals in a Hospital Emergency Department. (Inteligencia Emocional y Manejo del estrés en Profesionales de Enfermería del Servicio de Urgencias Hospitalarias.) Enfermeria Clinica, 27 (3), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2017.02.007
• Palmer, S., and Cooper, C., (2021). Stres Yönetimi: Başarıya Ulaşmak İçin Etkili Stratejiler. Nova Kitap, İstanbul, 253.
• Petrides K.V. (2009) Technical Manual for the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaires (TEIQue). London: London Psychometric Laboratory.
• Petrides, K.V.& Furnham A. (2000a) On the Dimensional Structure of Emotional Intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00195-6
• Petrides K.V. & Furnham A. (2000b) Gender Differences in Measured and Self-Estimated Trait Emotional Intelligence. Sex Roles, 42 (5),449-461. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007006523133
• Petrides K.V.& Furnham A. (2001) Trait Emotional Intelligence: Psychometric Investigation with Reference to Established Trait Taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15 (6), 425–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.416
• Petrides K.V. & Furnham A. (2003) Trait Emotional Intelligence: Behavioral Validation in Two Studies of Emotion Recognition and Reactivity to Mood Induction. European Journal of Personality, 17 (1), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.466
• Petrides K.V., Pérez-González J. C. & Furnham A. (2007) On the Criterion and Incremental Validity of Trait Emotional Intelligence. Cognition and Emotion, 21(1), 26-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930601038912
• Petrides K.V., Vernon P.A., Schermer J.A., Ligthart L., Boomsma D.I. & Veselka L. (2010) Relationships Between Trait Emotional Intelligence and The Big Five in The Netherlands. Personality and Individual Differences, 48 (8), 906-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.019
• Pishghadam R. & Sahebjam S. (2012) Personality and Emotional Intelligence in Teacher Burnout. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15 (1), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n1.37314
• Pishghadam R., Yousofi N., Amini A. & Tabatabayeeyan M.S. (2022) Interplay of Psychological Reactance, Burnout, and Spiritual Intelligence: A Case of Iranian EFL Teachers. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed.), 27(1), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2021.06.002
• Popa R.E. & Zoghi B. (2022) How can Emotional Intelligence/Mindfulness/Disc types, and Physiological Data Help with Stress Management for Technical leaders? Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 12 (1), 1-15. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/how-can-emotional-intelligence-mindfulness-disc/docview/2718689759/se-2
• Rakei A., Tan J. & Bhattacharya J. (2022) Flow in Contemporary Musicians: Individual Differences in Flow Proneness, Anxiety, and Emotional Intelligence. PloS ONE 17 (3), e0265936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265936
• Reza B.N. & Alasadi Z. (2022) Investigating Cultural Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence as Predictors of Burnout Among Iraqi EFL Teachers. [بررسی هوش فرهنگی و هوش عاطفی به عنوان پیش بینی کنندههای فرسودگی شغلی مابین معلمان زبان انگلیسی عراقی] Journal of Language Horizons, 6 (1), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.22051/lghor.2021.33516.1383
• Richards A.E., Curley K.L., Zhang N., Bendok B.R., Zimmerman R.S., Patel N.P., Kalani M.A., Lyons M.K. & Neal M.T. (2021) Burnout and Emotional Intelligence in Neurosurgical Advanced Practice Providers Across the United States: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. World Neurosurgery, 155, e335–e344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.066
• Salovey P.& Mayer J.D. (1989) Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9 (3), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
• Sanchez-Gomez M.&Breso E. (2020) In Pursuit of Work Performance: Testing the Contribution of Emotional Intelligence and Burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (15) 5373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155373
• Satybaldina N., Saipova A., Karabayeva A., Berdibayeva S., Mukasheva A. (2015), Psychodiagnostic of Emotional States of Secondary School Teachers with Long Work Experience, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 433-437, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.143.
• Schoeps K., Tamarit A., Peris-Hernández M. & Montoya-Castilla I. (2021) Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Burnout Among Spanish Teachers: A Mediation Study. Psicología Educativa, 27(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.5093/psed2021a10
• Shami R., Tare M. & Taran H. (2017) Identifying the Relationship Among Teacher’s Mental Health and Emotional Intelligence and Their Burnout. Independent Journal of Management & Production, 8 (1), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.513
• Shkoler O. & Tziner A. (2017) The Mediating and Moderating Role of Burnout and Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship Between Organizational Justice and Work Misbehavior. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33 (2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2017.05.002
• Shukla A. & Srivastava R. (2016) Examining the Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Socio-Demographic Variable and Job Stress Among Retail Employees. Cogent Business & Management, 3 (1), 1201905. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2016.1201905
• Siegrist J., Starke D., Chandola T., Godin I., Marmot M., Niedhammer I, et al. (2004) The Measurement of Effort-reward Imbalance at Work: European Comparisons. Social Science Medicine. 58 (8),1483-1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00351-4
• Soto-Rubio A, Giménez-Espert MdC. & Prado-Gascó V. (2020) Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Psychosocial Risks on Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Nurses’ Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (21), 7998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217998
• Szczygieł D. (2018) Service with a Fake Smile and Emotional Exhaustion. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 49 (3), 299–310. https://doi.org/10.24425/119497
• Szczygieł D. & Bazińska R. (2013) Emotional Intelligence as A Moderator in The Relationship Between Negative Emotions And Emotional Exhaustion Among Employees In Service Sector Occupations. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44 (2), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2013-0023
• Tănăsescu R.-I. & Leon R-D. (2019) Emotional Intelligence, Occupational Stress and Job Performance in the Romanian Banking System: A Case Study Approach. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 7 (3), 323–335. Retrieved from https://www.managementdynamics.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/324
• Ugwu L.I., Enwereuzor I.K., Fimber U.S., Ugwu D.I. (2017) Nurses’ Burnout and Counterproductive Work Behavior in a Nigerian Sample: The Moderating role of Emotional Intelligence, International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 7, 106-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2017.11.004
• Valenti G.D., Faraci P. & Magnano P. (2021) Emotional Intelligence and Social Support: Two Key Factors in Preventing Occupational Stress during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (13), 6918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136918
• Wang X. & Dong B. (2022) Emotional Intelligence and Knowledge Hiding Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Job Stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 845782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.845782
• Wang Y., Xiao B., Tao Y. & Li, Y. (2022) The Relationship between Mindfulness and Job Burnout of Chinese Preschool Teachers: The Mediating Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Coping Style. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (12), 7129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127129
• WHO (2020) for mortality and morbidity statistics. QD85 Burn-out. Geneve, https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2023)
• Wong, C. S. ve Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
• Yüksel, H. (2014). Çalışma Yaşamı ve Stres Kavramı: Durumsal Bir Yaklaşım. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(3), 109-131.
• Zhao J., Zheng H., Qin C., Wang Z., Vijayashree J. & Jayashree J. (2021) Withdrawn: Moderating Role in the Relationship Between Job Stress and Deviant Emotional Intelligence in Education. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 101626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101626