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AROMATERAPİ UYGULAMALARINDA KULLANILAN BAŞLICA UÇUCU YAĞLARIN TERAPÖTİK ETKİLERİ VE KAYSERİ İLİNDE YAŞAYAN İNSANLARIN AROMATERAPİ FARKINDALIĞI ÜZERİNE YAPILAN ARAŞTIRMALAR

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 9 - 18, 27.12.2022

Abstract

Amaç: Günümüz tıp dünyasında, modern tıp uygulamalarına ek olarak alternatif ve tamamlayıcı tedavi yöntemlerinin de sürece dahil edilmesi belirli bir ivme kazanmış olup bu kapsamda aromaterapi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar artmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Kayseri bölgesinde yer alan eczaneler aracılığıyla bölge halkının aromaterapi uygulamaları hakkındaki bilgi birikimleri, bunları ne amaçla kullandıkları, kişilerin cinsiyet ve yaş dağılımının nasıl olduğu hakkında bilgi toplanması amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Çalışmada; aromaterapi uygulamalarında kullanılan başlıca uçucu yağların terapötik etkileri hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve Kayseri bölgesinde yer alan eczaneler aracılığıyla, bölge halkının aromaterapi alanındaki farkındalıkları anket yapılarak araştırılmıştır.

Bulgular: Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen en yüksek oranlara göre, aromaterapi uygulamalarından faydalanan 71 kişiden 32’sinin %45,1 oranıyla 18-30 yaş aralığında olduğu, 64’ünün %90,14 oranıyla bayanlardan oluştuğu ve 18’inin %2 5,352 oranıyla bu uygulamaları cilt sağlığının ve bakımının sürdürülmesi amacıyla tercih ettikleri bulunmuştur.

Sonuç: Araştırma sonucundan elde edilen verilere göre Kayseri bölgesinde aromaterapi uygulamalarından faydalanan insanların çoğunlukla 18-30 yaş aralığında bayanlardan oluştuğu ve bu uygulamaları dermokozmetik amaçlarla kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • 1. Babar A, Naser A, Saiba S, Ahamad A, Khan SA, Anwar F. Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. J Asian Pacific, 2015; 5(8): 601-604. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.007
  • 2. Özata N. Fitoterapi ve Aromaterapi. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap; 2009:117-119.
  • 3. Worwood V. The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy. 25th ed. California: Novato New World Library; 2000: 27-31.
  • 4. Köse E, Sarsılmaz M, Ögetürk M, Kuş İ, Kavaklı A, Zararsız İ. Öğrenme Davranışlarında Gül Esans Yağ Aromasının Rolü: Deneysel Bir Çalışma. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 2007; 12(3): 159-160.
  • 5. Esposito E, Bystrek MV, Klein JS. An Elective Course in Aromatherapy Science. Am. J. Pharm. Ed. 2014; 78(4): 1-3. doi: 10.5688/ajpe78479
  • 6. Selçuk B. Eczaneye Başvuran Hastaların Klinik Aromaterapiye Bakış Açısının Belirlenmesi ve Klinik Eczacının Aromaterapi Uygulamalarındaki Rolü [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul: İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul; 2020: 3-54.
  • 7. Tisserand R, Young R. Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. 2nd ed. Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 2014: 2-557.
  • 8. Grigoleit HG, Grigoleit P. Pharmacology and preclinical pharmacokinetics of peppermint oil. J. Phytomedicine. 2005; 12(8): 612-616. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.10.007
  • 9. Mckay D, Blumberg J. A review of bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). J Phytotherapy Research, 2006; 20(8): 619-633. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1936
  • 10. Kim S, Kim HJ, Yeo JS, Hong SJ, Lee JM, Jeon Y. The effect of lavender oil on stress, bispectral index values, and needle insertion pain in volunteers. J Altern Complement Med, 2011; 17: 823-826. doi: 10.1089/acm.2010.0644
  • 11. Benli M, Yiğit N. Ülkemizde Yaygın Kullanımı Olan Kekik (Thymus vulgaris) Bitkisinin Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 2005; 3(8): 1-4.
  • 12. Stewart C, Jones C, Setzer W. Essential oil compositions of Juniperus virgiana and Pinus virgiana, two important trees in Cherokee traditional medicine. Am. J. Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2014; 2(2): 17-19.
  • 13. Rhafouri R, Strani B, Zair T, Ghanmi M, Aafi A, Omari ME, et al. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manettiex Carriere seeds essential oil. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 2014; 3: 1034-1037.
  • 14. Mahboubi M. Therapeutic and Health Benefits of Rose Fixed Oil (Rowghan-E-Gol). J Traditional And Integrative Medicine, 2019; 4(4): 201-203. doi: 10.18502/tim.v4i4.2143
  • 15. Mohanapriya M, Ramaswamy L, Rajendran R. Health and Medicinal Properties of Lemon (Citrus limonum). International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2013; 3(1): 1095-1096. doi: 10.46243/jst.2020.v6.i1.pp16-20
  • 16. Kurt N, Tatlı İ. Aromaterapi Uygulamaları ve Uçucu Yağlar. Lokman Hekim Dergisi, 2021; 11(2): 231-236. doi: 10.31020/mutftd.882997
  • 17. Swamy M, Sinniah R. A Comprehensive Review on the Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.: An Aromatic Medicinal Plant of Industrial Importance. J Molecules. 2015; 20(5): 8524-8543. doi: 10.3390/molecules20058521
  • 18. Su S, Wang T, Duan JA, Zhou W, Hua YQ, Tang YP, et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of different extracts of Commiphora myrrha. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 134(2): 253-257. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.003
  • 19. Dolara P, Corte B, Ghelardini C, Pugliese AM, Cerbai E, Menichetti S, et al. Local anaesthetic, antibacterial and antifungal properties of sesquiterpenes from myrrh. Planta Med. 2000; 66(4): 356-357. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8532
  • 20. Buchbauer G. Handbook of Essential Oils Science, Technology and Applications. 3rd ed. Florida: CRC Press; 2020: 530-531.
  • 21. Prakash B, Singh P, Kedia A, Dubey NK. Assessment of Some Essential Oils as Food Preservatives Based on Antifungal, Antiaflatoxin, Antioxidant Activities and In Vivo efficacy in Food System. Journal of Food Research International, 2012; 49(1): 201-202. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.08.020
  • 22. Lee SH, Heo Y, Kim YC. Effect of German Chamomile oil application on alleviating atopic dermatitis-like immune alterations in mice. J Vet Sci, 2010; 11(1): 35-37. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.35
  • 23. Tezgül Çakır N, Kaleağası S, Kökdil N. Umut Vaat Eden Bir Antimikrobiyal: Tea Tree Oil (Çay Ağacı Yağı). Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg, 2005; 34 (4): 315-327. doi: 10.1501/Eczfak_0000000042
  • 24. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J Appl Microbiol, 2003; 95: 853-857. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x
  • 25. Adam ME, Selim SA, Hassan SM, Albalawi AR. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of the Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.). Journal of BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014; 14: 179. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-179
  • 26. Van Vuuren SF, Kamatou G, Viljoen A. Volatile Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Twenty Commercial Frankincense Essential Oil Samples. South African Journal of Botany, 2010; 76(4): 687-690. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2010.06.001
  • 27. Al-Harrasi A, Ali L, Ceniviva E, Al-Rawahi A, Hussain J, Hussain H, et al. Antiglycation and Antioxidant Activities and HPTLC Analysis of Boswellia sacra Oleogum Resin: The Sacred Frankincense. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2013; 12(4): 598-599. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v12i4.23
  • 28. Schiller C, Schiller D. The Aromatherapy Encyclopedia: A Concise Guide to Over 395 Plant Oils. 2nd ed. USA: Basic Health Publications; 2013: 231-232.
  • 29. Mandalari G, Bennett RN, Bisignano G. Antimicrobial Activity Of Flavonoids Extracted From Bergamot (Citrus Bergamia Risso) Peel, A Byproduct of The Essential Oil Industry. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2007; 103(6): 2056-2060. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03456.x
  • 30. Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Di Paola R, Ahmad A, Campolo M, Cuzzocrea S, et al. The Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Bergamot Juice Exract (BJe) in An Experimental Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015; 34(6): 1146-1151. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.11.012
  • 31. Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbo M, Calapai G. Citrus Bergamia Essential Oil: From Basic Research to Clinical Application. Journal of Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2015; 6(36): 1-4. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00036
  • 32. Džamić AM, Soković MD, Ristić MS, Grujic SM, Mileski KS, Marin PD. Chemical composition, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2014; 4(3): 001-005. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2014.40301
  • 33. Sinha S, Biswas D, Mukherje A. Antigenotoxic and antioxidant activities of palmarosa and citronella essential oils. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011; 137(3): 1521-1523. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.046
  • 34. Pattnaik S, Subramanyam VR, Kole C. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro. Microbios. 1996; 86(349): 237-46.
  • 35. Efe D. The Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Grown in Giresun. Alinteri J. of Agr. Sci, 2019; 34(1): 21-22 doi: 10.28955/alinterizbd.445016
  • 36. Lima GM, Quintans-Junior LJ, Thomazzi SM, Almeida EM, Santos de Melo M, Serafini M, et al. Phytochemical screening, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Chrysopogon zizanioides essential oil. Rev Brasileira de Farmacog. 2012; 2(2): 443-445. doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000002
  • 37. Soliman FM, El‐Kashoury EA, Fathy MM, Gonaid MH. Analysis and biological activity of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. from Egypt. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 1994; 9(1): 29-33. doi: 10.1002/ffj.2730090107
  • 38. Saddiqe Z, Naeem I, Maimoona A. A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2010; 131(3): 511-518. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.034
  • 39. Tedeschi E, Menegazzi M, Margotto D, Suzuki H, Förstermann U, Kleinert H. Anti-inflammatory actions of St. John's wort: inhibition of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by down-regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha (STAT-1alpha) activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003; 307(1): 254-258. doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.054460
  • 40. Bilgiç Ş. Hemşirelikte Holistik Bir Uygulama; Aromaterapi. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, 2017; 5(3): 135-136.
Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 9 - 18, 27.12.2022

Abstract

References

  • 1. Babar A, Naser A, Saiba S, Ahamad A, Khan SA, Anwar F. Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. J Asian Pacific, 2015; 5(8): 601-604. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.007
  • 2. Özata N. Fitoterapi ve Aromaterapi. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap; 2009:117-119.
  • 3. Worwood V. The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy. 25th ed. California: Novato New World Library; 2000: 27-31.
  • 4. Köse E, Sarsılmaz M, Ögetürk M, Kuş İ, Kavaklı A, Zararsız İ. Öğrenme Davranışlarında Gül Esans Yağ Aromasının Rolü: Deneysel Bir Çalışma. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 2007; 12(3): 159-160.
  • 5. Esposito E, Bystrek MV, Klein JS. An Elective Course in Aromatherapy Science. Am. J. Pharm. Ed. 2014; 78(4): 1-3. doi: 10.5688/ajpe78479
  • 6. Selçuk B. Eczaneye Başvuran Hastaların Klinik Aromaterapiye Bakış Açısının Belirlenmesi ve Klinik Eczacının Aromaterapi Uygulamalarındaki Rolü [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul: İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul; 2020: 3-54.
  • 7. Tisserand R, Young R. Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. 2nd ed. Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 2014: 2-557.
  • 8. Grigoleit HG, Grigoleit P. Pharmacology and preclinical pharmacokinetics of peppermint oil. J. Phytomedicine. 2005; 12(8): 612-616. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.10.007
  • 9. Mckay D, Blumberg J. A review of bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). J Phytotherapy Research, 2006; 20(8): 619-633. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1936
  • 10. Kim S, Kim HJ, Yeo JS, Hong SJ, Lee JM, Jeon Y. The effect of lavender oil on stress, bispectral index values, and needle insertion pain in volunteers. J Altern Complement Med, 2011; 17: 823-826. doi: 10.1089/acm.2010.0644
  • 11. Benli M, Yiğit N. Ülkemizde Yaygın Kullanımı Olan Kekik (Thymus vulgaris) Bitkisinin Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 2005; 3(8): 1-4.
  • 12. Stewart C, Jones C, Setzer W. Essential oil compositions of Juniperus virgiana and Pinus virgiana, two important trees in Cherokee traditional medicine. Am. J. Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2014; 2(2): 17-19.
  • 13. Rhafouri R, Strani B, Zair T, Ghanmi M, Aafi A, Omari ME, et al. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manettiex Carriere seeds essential oil. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 2014; 3: 1034-1037.
  • 14. Mahboubi M. Therapeutic and Health Benefits of Rose Fixed Oil (Rowghan-E-Gol). J Traditional And Integrative Medicine, 2019; 4(4): 201-203. doi: 10.18502/tim.v4i4.2143
  • 15. Mohanapriya M, Ramaswamy L, Rajendran R. Health and Medicinal Properties of Lemon (Citrus limonum). International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2013; 3(1): 1095-1096. doi: 10.46243/jst.2020.v6.i1.pp16-20
  • 16. Kurt N, Tatlı İ. Aromaterapi Uygulamaları ve Uçucu Yağlar. Lokman Hekim Dergisi, 2021; 11(2): 231-236. doi: 10.31020/mutftd.882997
  • 17. Swamy M, Sinniah R. A Comprehensive Review on the Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.: An Aromatic Medicinal Plant of Industrial Importance. J Molecules. 2015; 20(5): 8524-8543. doi: 10.3390/molecules20058521
  • 18. Su S, Wang T, Duan JA, Zhou W, Hua YQ, Tang YP, et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of different extracts of Commiphora myrrha. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 134(2): 253-257. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.003
  • 19. Dolara P, Corte B, Ghelardini C, Pugliese AM, Cerbai E, Menichetti S, et al. Local anaesthetic, antibacterial and antifungal properties of sesquiterpenes from myrrh. Planta Med. 2000; 66(4): 356-357. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8532
  • 20. Buchbauer G. Handbook of Essential Oils Science, Technology and Applications. 3rd ed. Florida: CRC Press; 2020: 530-531.
  • 21. Prakash B, Singh P, Kedia A, Dubey NK. Assessment of Some Essential Oils as Food Preservatives Based on Antifungal, Antiaflatoxin, Antioxidant Activities and In Vivo efficacy in Food System. Journal of Food Research International, 2012; 49(1): 201-202. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.08.020
  • 22. Lee SH, Heo Y, Kim YC. Effect of German Chamomile oil application on alleviating atopic dermatitis-like immune alterations in mice. J Vet Sci, 2010; 11(1): 35-37. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.35
  • 23. Tezgül Çakır N, Kaleağası S, Kökdil N. Umut Vaat Eden Bir Antimikrobiyal: Tea Tree Oil (Çay Ağacı Yağı). Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg, 2005; 34 (4): 315-327. doi: 10.1501/Eczfak_0000000042
  • 24. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J Appl Microbiol, 2003; 95: 853-857. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x
  • 25. Adam ME, Selim SA, Hassan SM, Albalawi AR. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of the Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.). Journal of BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014; 14: 179. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-179
  • 26. Van Vuuren SF, Kamatou G, Viljoen A. Volatile Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Twenty Commercial Frankincense Essential Oil Samples. South African Journal of Botany, 2010; 76(4): 687-690. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2010.06.001
  • 27. Al-Harrasi A, Ali L, Ceniviva E, Al-Rawahi A, Hussain J, Hussain H, et al. Antiglycation and Antioxidant Activities and HPTLC Analysis of Boswellia sacra Oleogum Resin: The Sacred Frankincense. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2013; 12(4): 598-599. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v12i4.23
  • 28. Schiller C, Schiller D. The Aromatherapy Encyclopedia: A Concise Guide to Over 395 Plant Oils. 2nd ed. USA: Basic Health Publications; 2013: 231-232.
  • 29. Mandalari G, Bennett RN, Bisignano G. Antimicrobial Activity Of Flavonoids Extracted From Bergamot (Citrus Bergamia Risso) Peel, A Byproduct of The Essential Oil Industry. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2007; 103(6): 2056-2060. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03456.x
  • 30. Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Di Paola R, Ahmad A, Campolo M, Cuzzocrea S, et al. The Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Bergamot Juice Exract (BJe) in An Experimental Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015; 34(6): 1146-1151. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.11.012
  • 31. Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbo M, Calapai G. Citrus Bergamia Essential Oil: From Basic Research to Clinical Application. Journal of Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2015; 6(36): 1-4. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00036
  • 32. Džamić AM, Soković MD, Ristić MS, Grujic SM, Mileski KS, Marin PD. Chemical composition, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2014; 4(3): 001-005. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2014.40301
  • 33. Sinha S, Biswas D, Mukherje A. Antigenotoxic and antioxidant activities of palmarosa and citronella essential oils. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011; 137(3): 1521-1523. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.046
  • 34. Pattnaik S, Subramanyam VR, Kole C. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro. Microbios. 1996; 86(349): 237-46.
  • 35. Efe D. The Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Grown in Giresun. Alinteri J. of Agr. Sci, 2019; 34(1): 21-22 doi: 10.28955/alinterizbd.445016
  • 36. Lima GM, Quintans-Junior LJ, Thomazzi SM, Almeida EM, Santos de Melo M, Serafini M, et al. Phytochemical screening, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Chrysopogon zizanioides essential oil. Rev Brasileira de Farmacog. 2012; 2(2): 443-445. doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000002
  • 37. Soliman FM, El‐Kashoury EA, Fathy MM, Gonaid MH. Analysis and biological activity of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. from Egypt. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 1994; 9(1): 29-33. doi: 10.1002/ffj.2730090107
  • 38. Saddiqe Z, Naeem I, Maimoona A. A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2010; 131(3): 511-518. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.034
  • 39. Tedeschi E, Menegazzi M, Margotto D, Suzuki H, Förstermann U, Kleinert H. Anti-inflammatory actions of St. John's wort: inhibition of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by down-regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha (STAT-1alpha) activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003; 307(1): 254-258. doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.054460
  • 40. Bilgiç Ş. Hemşirelikte Holistik Bir Uygulama; Aromaterapi. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, 2017; 5(3): 135-136.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi Bölümü
Authors

Betül Kış This is me 0000-0001-9273-9125

Dilşad Onbaşlı 0000-0002-0569-6989

Publication Date December 27, 2022
Submission Date April 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kış, B., & Onbaşlı, D. (2022). AROMATERAPİ UYGULAMALARINDA KULLANILAN BAŞLICA UÇUCU YAĞLARIN TERAPÖTİK ETKİLERİ VE KAYSERİ İLİNDE YAŞAYAN İNSANLARIN AROMATERAPİ FARKINDALIĞI ÜZERİNE YAPILAN ARAŞTIRMALAR. ERÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 9-18.