Türkiye'de Yolsuzluk-Ekonometrik Bir İnceleme

Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 28, 105 - 131, 01.06.2010

Güzin Bayar

Abstract

Antik çağlardan beri hemen her toplumda değişik derecelerde yolsuzluk görülmüştür. Yolsuzluğun ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmayı olumsuz etkilediği, yatırımları caydırdığı, verimsizliklere ve kaynak israfına yol açtığı, gelir dağılımını bozduğu ve demokrasi ve ahlakı zedelediği konusunda literatürde neredeyse görüş birliği bulunmaktadır. Yolsuzluk için uygun bir ortam hazırlayan sistemin niteliklerini incelemek ve yolsuzluğu kolaylaştıran faktörleri belirlemek, sebep sonuç ilişkilerini incelemek sorunun çözümünde ilk ve en önemli basamaktır. Bu makalede, Türkiye’de yolsuzluğun muhtemel sebeplerini ortaya koymak üzere regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Regresyon analizinin sonuçları, Türkiye’nin ekonomik açıdan dışa açılmasıyla yolsuzluk vakalarının arttığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca enflasyondaki artış ve işsizlikteki artış da yolsuzluğu artıran faktörlerdir. Diğer taraftan, devletin ekonomideki ağırlığının ve devletin personel harcamalarının yolsuzluk üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin bulunmadığı görülmektedir

Keywords

Yolsuzluk, ölçüm, regresyon, dışa açılma

CORRUPTION IN TURKEY-AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Abstract

Since ancient times, in nearly every society, various levels of corruption has been observed. There is nearly a consensus in the literature that corruption detoriates economic development and, investments, causes waste of resources, distorts income distribution, harms democracy and ethichs. Analysing the characteristics of the system that provides comfortable environment for corruption, figuring out the factors that ease corruption, examing cause effect relationships would be the most important steps towards the solution.In this article, to figure out the possible causes of corruption, a regression anaysis is performed. Results of the regression show that, in Turkey by the openning of the economy to foreign trade corruption incidences have rised. Besides, inflation and unemployment are also important factors explaining corruption, both variables have increasing effect on corruption level. On the otherhand, weight of pulic sector in the economy and personel expenditures of government seems not to have significant effects on corruption

Keywords

Corruption, measurement, regression, opening up

References

• A. A. Goldsmith, “Slapping the Grasping Hand: Correlates of Political Corruption in Emerging Markets”, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4), 1999, pp. 865-883.
• A. Ades, R. Di Tella, “National Champions and Corruption: Some Unpleasant Interventionist Arithmetic”, The Economic Journal, 107, 1997, s. 1023- 1042.
• A. Ades, R. Di. Tela, “The New Economics of Corruption: A Survey and Some New Results”, Political Studies. Special Issue, 45(3), 1997, pp.496-516.
• A. Chaudhry, “Corruption and Trade Liberalization: Has the World Bank Anti- Corruption Initiative Worked”, The Lahore Journal of Economics, 10(2), 2005, pp. 111-140.
• A. Heidenheimer, “Political Corruption: Readings in Comperative Analysis” New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
• A. Shleifer, R. W. Vishny, “Corruption”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 1993, 519-617.
• D. Kaufmann, A. Kraay, P. Zoido-Lobaton, “Governance Matters”, Policy Research Working Paper Series 2196, 1999, The World Bank.
• D. Treisman, “The Causes of Corruption: A cross – National Study”, Journal of Public Economics, 76, 2000, pp. 399-457.
• E. Baldemir, Ö. İşçi, H. Görgülü, “MIMIC Model ve Yolsuzluk Üzerine Türkiye Uygulaması”, VII. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, 26-27 Mayıs 2005, İstanbul Universitesi.
• E. Berg, “How Should Corruption be Measured?”, London School of Economics and Political Science MSc Economics Extended Essay, 2001.
• E. Buscaglia, “An Analysis of Judical Corruption and Its Causes: An Objective Governing – Based Approach”, International Review of Law and Economics, 21, 2001, 233-249.
• E. J. Rauch, B. P. Evans, “Bureaucratic Structure and Bureaucratic Performance in Less Developed Countries” Journal of Public Economics, 75, 2000, pp. 49- 71.
• F. Adaman, A. Çarkoğlu, B. Şenatalar, “Hanehalkı Gözünden Türkiye'de “Yolsuz- luğun Nedenleri ve Önlenmesine İlişkin Öneriler”, TESEV Yayınları-24, 2001, İstanbul.
• F. Giavazzi, G. Tabellini, “Economic and Political Liberalizations”, Working Paper No., 2004 (1249), CESifo.
• G. H. Broadman, F. Recanatini, “Seeds of Corruption: Do Market Institutions Matter?”. The World Bank Europe and Central Asia Regional Operations Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department, 2000.
• H. Gürgen, A. A. Bir, Gümrük Müsteşarlığı İmaj Araştırması, 2002.
• http: //www.tesev.org.tr
• http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/decentralization/courses/turkey%206.21.99/corr upti/tsld019.htm
• J.J. Laffont, T.N. Guessan, “Competition and Corruption in an Agency Relationship” Journal of Development Economics, 60, 1999, 271-295.
• K. A. Jain, “Corruption: A Review”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 2001, pp. 71-121.
• K.R. Goel, D. P. Rich, “On the Economic Incentives for Taking Bribes” Public Choice, 61(3), 1989, pp. 269-75.
• L. Pelligrini, R. Gerlah, “Causes of Corruption : A Survey of Cross-Country Analyses and Extended Results”, Economics of Governance, 9, 2008, 245- 263.
• Laffont, J.J. ve Guessan, T.N. (1999). Competition and Corruption in an Agency Relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 60, 271-295.
• M. U. Tosun, “Yolsuzluğun Nedenleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi (5), 2003, s.125-146.
• M. Zakaria, “Openness and Corruption: A Time-Series Analysis”, Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 12(2), 2009, 1-14.
• N. Ahmad, “Corrupt Clubs and the Convergence Hypothesis”, Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 11(1), 2008, 21-28.
• N. Bissessar, “Does Corruption Persist In Sub-Saharan Africa?”, International Advances in Economic Research, 15, 2009, s. 336–350.
• P. Bardhan, “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues”, Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 1997, pp. 1320-1346.
• Q. V. Le, M. Rishi, “Corruption and Capital Flight: An Empirical Assessment”, International Economic Journal, 20(4), 2006, 523–540.
• P. Mauro, “Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Agenda for Further Research”, Finance & Development, 1998, 11-14.
• R. Gatti, “Explaining Corruption: Are Open Countries Less Corrupt?”, Journal of International Development, 16(6), 2004, pp. 851-61. S. K. Chand,
• K.O. Moene, “Controlling Fiscal Corruption”, IMF Working
• Papers, WP/97/100, 1997.
• T. Bulutay, “Employment, Unemployment and Wages in Turkey” İLO, DİE, Ankara, 1995.
• Ü. A. Berkman, “Azgelişmiş Ülkelerde Kamu Yönetiminde Yolsuzluk ve Rüşvet”, Ankara :TODAİE, 1983.
• Ü. A. Berkman, “Yolsuzluk ve Rüşvete Karşı Önlemler”, Journal of Economics and Administrative Studies, 2(1), 1988, s. 39-56.
• V.C. Rijckeghem, B. Weder, “Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Tempta- tion: Do wages in the Civil Service Affect Corruption, and by How Much?” Journal of Development Economics, 65, 2001, pp. 307-331.