Research Article

On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar

Volume: 21 Number: 2 December 29, 2025
EN TR

On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar

Abstract

The Ottoman Empire applied the miri land regime, which is a mixture of private and state ownership, in addition to private and public ownership in agricultural lands, and they insisted on applying both until the beginning of the 19th century by operating these lands with the timar system. This study was written in order to argue that the Ottoman agricultural land ownership type and the timar system applied in the operation of these lands had economic, social, military and political advantages over the regimes of some pre-industrial agricultural states. The main question of the study can be formulated as what were the differences of the timar system followed in the Ottoman Empire compared to the regimes of other pre-industrial states, and what advantages did these differences provide to the Ottoman Empire. The possible expected result from the study is that the timar system has important advantages such as the continuity of political stability, efficiency in tax collection, continuity of food supply, ensuring social stability, preventing population mobility, minimizing central budget expenditures, keeping a large mass of horse warriors ready and supplying food goods that the people need. These advantages played an important role in the continuity of the state and in the stability of the Ottoman economic system in the conditions of their times.

Keywords

References

  1. Acun, F. (2002). Klasik Dönem Eyalet İrade Tarzı Olarak Tımar Sistemi ve Uygulaması. In Türkler Ansiklopedisi (Vol. 9, pp. 899-908). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  2. Ağaoğulları, M. A. & Köker, L. (2006). İmparatorluktan Tanrı Devletine, (6th Ed.). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  3. Akdağ, M. (1945). Timar Rejiminin Bozuluşu. Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Dergisi, 3(4), 419-431.
  4. Albayrak, S. (?). Budin Kanunnamesi ve Osmanlı Toprak Meselesi. İstanbul: Kervan Kitapçılık.
  5. Allen, R. C. (2000). Economic Structure and Agricultural Productivity in Europe 1300-1800. European Review of Economic History, 4(1), 1-26.
  6. Arslan, H. (2018). Osmanlı’da 1564-1611 Yılları Arasında İşgücü Göçü ve Nedenleri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 57, 185-215.
  7. Aydın, H. V. (2001). Timar Sisteminin Kaldırılması Süreci ve Bazı Değerlendirmeler. Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 12, 65-104.
  8. Aydın, M. A. (1991). Arazi Kanunnamesi. In TDV. İslam Ansiklopedisi (Vol. 3, pp. 346-347). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Agricultural Economics

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 29, 2025

Submission Date

September 3, 2024

Acceptance Date

January 13, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 21 Number: 2

APA
Küçükkalay, B. E. (2025). On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 21(2), 255-276. https://izlik.org/JA37GF32EZ
AMA
1.Küçükkalay BE. On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar. ESAD. 2025;21(2):255-276. https://izlik.org/JA37GF32EZ
Chicago
Küçükkalay, Bahadır Emre. 2025. “On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar”. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 21 (2): 255-76. https://izlik.org/JA37GF32EZ.
EndNote
Küçükkalay BE (December 1, 2025) On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 21 2 255–276.
IEEE
[1]B. E. Küçükkalay, “On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar”, ESAD, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 255–276, Dec. 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA37GF32EZ
ISNAD
Küçükkalay, Bahadır Emre. “On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar”. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 21/2 (December 1, 2025): 255-276. https://izlik.org/JA37GF32EZ.
JAMA
1.Küçükkalay BE. On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar. ESAD. 2025;21:255–276.
MLA
Küçükkalay, Bahadır Emre. “On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar”. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 255-76, https://izlik.org/JA37GF32EZ.
Vancouver
1.Bahadır Emre Küçükkalay. On The Management of Agricultural Lands In Pre-Industrial Societies And The Advantages of Ottoman Tımar. ESAD [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 1;21(2):255-76. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA37GF32EZ

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