AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ EKONOMİK ENTEGRASYON SÜRECİNİN İMALAT SANAYİSİNDE BÖLGESEL YIĞILMA ETKİLERİ

Year 2019, Special Issue, 417 - 436, 31.12.2019

Aykut Şarkgüneşi , Seyit Köse

Abstract

Avrupa Birliği (AB)
entegrasyon sürecinin ülkeler ve bölgeler arasında ürün, üretim faktörü, insan,
fikir, teknik bilgi, teknoloji gibi unsurların hareketliliğini arttırarak
Avrupa coğrafyasında imalat sanayisinin yerleşim yeri kararlarına etkileri
konusunda farklı fikirler ve bulgular mevcuttur. Bazı akademik çalışmalar, AB
entegrasyon sürecinin imalat sanayisinin Avrupa coğrafyasındaki bölgesel
uzmanlaşma ve yığılmalarını arttıracağı sonucunu öngörmektedir. Bu açıdan,
Krugman (1991b)’nın öncülüğünde geliştirilen modellere göre; artan uluslararası
ticaret ve faktör hareketliliği imalat sanayisinin belirli merkezlerde
toplanmasına ve diğer bölgeleri endüstrileşmeden uzaklaştırmasına neden
olacaktır. Ancak AB Komisyonu ve ilgili literatürde karşıt kutuptaki çalışmalar
ise, AB entegrasyon sürecinin imalat sanayisinin Avrupa coğrafyasındaki
bölgesel uzmanlaşma ve yığılmalarını azaltacağı sonucunu öngörmektedir. Bu zıt
öngörülerden hareketle, AB’nin derinlemesine entegrasyon ve genişleme
sürecinin, Avrupa imalat sanayisinde merkezi bölgelere doğru artan bir
yığılmaya mı, yoksa çevre bölgelere doğru bir yayılmaya mı neden olacağı Avrupa
ve ülkemiz için önemli bir konudur.

Bu alanda yapılan
çok sayıda teorik çalışma olmasına rağmen, ampirik çalışmalar oldukça
yetersizdir; halen ekonomik entegrasyonların yığılma/yayılma süreçlerine ne
yönde etkiler oluşturduğu konusunda henüz fikir birliğine varılabilmiş
değildir. Çalışmamızda, AB entegrasyonunun Avrupa Coğrafyası imalat sanayisi
dağılımı üzerine etkisini analiz edebilmek için 27 Avrupa ülkesi imalat
sanayisine (ISIC Rev-3) ait 1993-2016 yılları arasını kapsayan veriler üzerine
oluşturulan dinamik panel veri modeli kullanılmıştır.  

Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre,
entegrasyon Avrupa imalat sanayisinin coğrafi dağılımı üzerinde etkilidir ve
devam etmekte olan endüstriyel yığılma süreçlerini yavaşlatıcı yönde
etkilere neden olmaktadır. Özellikle Orta ve Merkez Avrupa ülkelerinin birliğe
dâhil olduğu yıllara yakın yıllardan başlamak üzere, entegrasyonun etkisiyle
Avrupa’nın merkezinden doğusuna ve güneyine doğru imalat sanayisinde bir
yayılma hareketi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 

Keywords

Bölgesel Uzmanlaşma, Ekonomik Entegrasyon, Avrupa İmalat Sanayisi, Ekonomik Coğrafya

References

• Alcidi, C. (2019) “Economic Integration and Income Convergence in the EU”, Intereconomics, 54(1), 5-11.
• Arellano, M. ve Bover O. (1995) “Another Look at the insturimantal variable estimation of error-components models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-51.
• Arellano, M. ve Bond S. (1991) “Some Test of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Aplication to Employment Equations,” The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
• Bahrens, K. (2011) “International integration and regional inequalities: How important is national infrastructure?”, The Manchester Scholl, 79(5), 952-971.
• Baldwin, R. E. ve Forslid, R. (2000) “The core- periphery model and endogenous growth: Stabilizing and destabilizing integration” Economica, 67, 307-324.
• Baldwin, R. E. ve P. Krugman (2002) “Agglomeration, integration and tax harmonization” NBER Working Paper Series, 9290.
• Baldwin, R. E. ve Venables, A. (1995) “Regional economic integration” Handbook of International Economics içinde. Der: G.M. Grossman ve K. Rogoff, USA: Elsevier Inc.
• Barrell, R. ve Pain N. (1999) “Domestic institutions, agglomerations and foreign direct investment in Europe” European Economic Review, 43, 925-934.
• Bekaert, C., Harvey, C. R., Lundblad, T. ve Siegel, S. (2013) “The European Union, the Euro and equity market integration” Journal of Financial Economics, 109, 583-603.
• Barro, R. J. ve Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992) Convergance. Journal of Political Economy 100, 223-251.
• Blundell, R. Ve Bond S. (1998) “Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1998),115-143.
• Brülhart, M., Cadot O., Himbert A. (2019) "Let There Be Light: Trade and the Development of Border Regions," FERDI, Working Papers No: 251.
• Canova, F. ve Marcet, A. (1995) “The poor stay poor: Non-convergence across countries and regions”, Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper,1265.
• Chapman, S. A. (2013) “Specialization and agglomeration patterns in Eastern Europe”, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 10 (1), 49-79.
• Cristobal, B. J. V. (2011) “Agglomeration versus dispertion in The European Monatary Union: Evidance from intra - industriy trade”, http://www.uv.es/inteco/ jornadas/jornadas6/blanes6.pdf, 25.04.2011 tarihinde erişildi.
• Damijan, J. P. ve Kostevc, C. (2011) “Trade liberalization and economic geography in CEE countries: The role of FID in the adjustment pattern of regional wages”, Post-Communist Economies 23(2), 163-189.
• Davis, D. R., Winstein D. E. (1998) “Economic Geography and Regional Production Structure: An Emprical Investigation,” European Economic Review, 43(2), 379-407.
• Davis, D. R. ve Winstein D. E. (2003) “Market Access, Economic Geography and Comparative Advantage: An Emprical Test,” Journal of International Economics, 59(1), 1-23.
• Davis, D. R. (1997) “The Home Market, Trade, and Industrial Structure”, NBER Working Paper, 2-27.
• Davis, C. (2012) “Regional integration and innovation offshoring with occupational choice and endogenous growth”, Journal of Economy 108, 59-79.
• Desdoigts, A. (1999) “Patterns of economic development and the formation of clubs” Journal of Economic Growth 4, 305-330.
• Ellison, G. ve Glaeser, E. L. (1997) “Geographic concentration in us manufacturing industries: A dartboard approach”, Journal of Political Economy, 105, 889-927.
• Ellison, G., Glaeser E. L. ve Kerr, W. (2007) “What causes industry agglomeration? Evidence from coagglomeration patterns”, Nber Working Paper Series, 13068.
• Feenstra, R. C., Markusen J. R. ve Rose A. K. (2003) “Using The Gravity Equation to Differantiate Among Alternative Theories of Trade”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 34(2), 430-447.
• Font, J. ve Oreggia, E. (2005) “Trade and the effect of public investment on regional inequalities in heteregeneusly integrated areas”, The World Economy 28(6), 873-892.
• Forslid, R. ve Haaland, J. I. (1999) “A U-shaped Europe? A simulation study of industrial location” Journal of International Economics 57(2), 273-297.
• Fujita, M. (2010) “The evolution of spatial economics: from Thünen to the new economic geography” Japanese Economic Review, 61 (1), 1-32.
• Fujita, M., Krugman P. ve Venables, A. J. (1999) The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions And International Trade. London: The MIT Press.
• Fujita, M. ve Thisse, J. F. (2009) “New economic georaphy: An appraisal on the occasion of Paul Krugman’s 2008 nobel priza in economic sciences” Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39, 109-119.
• Hall, R. E. ve C. I. Jones (1999) “Why do some countries produce so much more output than others?”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 83-116.
• Hanson, G. (1994) “Regional adjustment to trade liberalization” NBER Working Paper Series, No: 4713.
• Haupt A. ve S. Uebelmesser (2010) “Integration, mobility and human capital formation”, Cesifo Working Paper, 3190.
• Hausman, J. A. (1978)“SpecificationTests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46, 1251–1271.
• Head, K. ve Ries J. (2001) “Increasing Returns versus National Product Differantiation as an Explanation fort he Pattern of U.S.-CanadaTrade”, The American Economic Review, 91(4), 858-876.
• Islam, N. (1995) “Growth empirics: A panel data approach”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 1127-1170.
• Kancs, A. (2011) “The economic geography of labour migration: Competition, competitiveness and development”, Applied Geography, 31, 191-200.
• Kallioras, D., Monastiriotis, V. ve Petrakos, G. (2016) “Spatial dynamics and agglomeration forces in the external EU periphery”, Annals of Regional Science, 1-22.
• Krenz, A., Agnieszka G. (2015) “European Market Integration, R&D Agglomeration Economies, and the Location Choice of Firms in Poland”, Eastern European Economics, 53(6), 491-513.
• Kim, M. (2008) “Integration, agglomeration and costly adjustment of labour”, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/seminars /2009/mina-kim.pdf, (excess: 05. 12. 2012).
• Köse, S. (2002) Private and public sector R&D efforts, knowledge spillovers and regional growth in Europe. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Oklahoma State Universty.
• Krugman, P. (1980) “Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade”, The American Economic Review, 70(5), 950-959.
• Krugman, P. (1991a) Geograph and Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Krugman, P. (1991b) “Increasing returns and economic geography”. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 483-499.
• Krugman, P. ve Venables, A. J. (1996) “Integration, specialization and adjustment”, European Economic Review, 40, 959-967.
• Long Y. A. (2013) “Emprical study of China-ASESAN free trade area (CAFTA) industrial agglomeration and balance effect”, Management and Administrative Sciences Review, 2(2), 79-91.
• Longhi, S., Nijkamp, P. ve Traistau, L. (2003) “Economic intagration and manufacturing location in EU accession countries”, Tinbergen Isntitute Discussion Paper, TI 2003- 093/3.
• Mankiw, N. G., D. Romer and D. Weil, (1992) “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407-37.
• Marshall, A. (1890) Principles of Economics. London: Macmilan.
• Matha, T. (1999) “European integration and geographical concentration of Swedish multinationals”, Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance, 305.
• Nishikimi, K. (2008) “Trade, agglomeration and growth under economic integration: A survey of spatial economic approaches”, Economics of East Asian integration (Midterm Report), Institute of Developing Economies İçinde. Der: K. Nishikimi. Japan: IDE-JETRO.
• Ott, I. ve Soretz, S. (2008) “Governmental activity, integration and agglomeration”, Kiel Enstitute for World Economy Working Paper, 1465.
• Ottaviano, G. I. P. (1999) “Integration, geography and the burden of history”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 29, 245-256.
• Ottaviano, G. I. P. ve Thisse J. F. (2002) “Integration, agglomeration and political economics of factor mobility”, Journal of Public Economics, 83, 429-456.
• Pflüger, M. ve Südekom, J. (2007) “Integration, agglomeration and welfare”, Journal of Urban Economics, 64, 554-555.
• Royo, S. (2010) “Portugal and Spain in the EU: Paths of Economic Divergence (2000-2007)”, Analise Social, 195, 209-254.
• Pritchett, L. (1997) “Divergence, big time”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(3), 3-17.
• Puga, D. (1999) “The rise and fall of regional inequalities”, European Economic Review, 43, 303-334.
• Quah, D. (1990) “International patterns of economic growth: A persistence in cross-country disparities”, Department of Economics, Cambridge.
• Quah, D. (1996) “Convergence empirics across Economies with (some) capital mobility”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 95-124.
• Schweizog, R. ve Collins, A. (2014) “A Simple Location Index Plus Some Maps and no Apologies: Back to Basics on the Development of Links Between Economic Integration and Spatial Concentration of Industries”, Journal of Economic and Social Geography, 106(1), 17-35.
• Storper, M. (2000) “The resurgence of regional economics”, (eds.), The new insdustrial geography: Regions, regulations and institutions İçinde. Der: T. J. Bornes ve M. S. Gertler, London: Routletge Publishing.
• von Thünen, J. H. (1826) The Isolated State. çev. C. M. Wartenberg, New York: Pergamon Press.
• Walz, U. (1995) “Does an enlargement of a common market stimulate growth and convergence”, Journal of International Economics, 45, 297-321.
• Wang, J. ve Zheng, X. (2013) “Industrial agglomeration: Asymmetry of regions and trade costs”, Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, 25(2), 61-78.