Abstract
When it comes to moral philosophy, one of the first thinkers that come to mind is Immanuel Kant. What makes Kant so important is that he rejected all moral teachings that had been dominant from Antiquity to the Modern Period and his effort to expound upon the possibility of moral law based on pure reason. Throughout the history of modern philosophy since the Enlightenment, Kant's moral philosophy has been understood in opposition to all empirical moral theories, and Kant's morality of duty has often been read and interpreted as a criticism against the empiricist approach to morality. Such an appraisal is due to the fact that the empiricist approach to moral theories is considered by Kant as a danger that threatens the roots of morality, as can be seen in his works Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and Critique of Practical Reason. Kant indicates that his aim in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is to keep the source of moral principles away from empirical elements that vary from person to person and situation to situation and reveal the possibility of the existence of moral law that is universal and necessary by excluding any experimental basis that is subjective and contingent. As for his Critique of Practical Reason, Kant argues for meticulously separating empirical doctrines from moral law. These position simply that he would therefore also be critical of Utilitarianism. Despite the basic differences between Kantian ethics and Utilitarianism, some aspects of Kantian ethics were considered as Utilitarian in the literature of moral theory that succeeded him. Even though Kant's criticisms and the fundamental differences between the two theories, some modern academics have considered that especially Kant’s emphasis on our duties towards others and his moral ideal that advises considering the aims of others as our own, his moral philosophy may actually be Utilitarian or understood to be reconcilable with utilitarianism. According to this understanding, it is at least theoretically possible for a person simultaneously to adopt both Kantian and Utilitarian moral principles. Nevertheless, there are also some scholars who reject this idea and indicate that there is no reasonable way to consider Kant as a Utilitarian philosopher. In this article, we will first discuss Kant’s criticisms of empiricist morality in his main works that levelled under three heading such as “critique of the source of moral principles”, “criticism of the highest good” and “critique of the instrumentalization of man”. Then based on the assessment we obtained, we aim to find an answer to the discussion that is in the secondary literature whether Kant can be a utilitarian or not, by comparing the two views within the scope of some practical moral problems.