Interactions of Emotional Intelligence and Cultural Intelligence of Managers: Findings from the Tourism Industry

Year 2025, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 1127 - 1150, 30.07.2025

Yunus Emre Taşgit

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1584956

Abstract

This research was conducted to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and cultural in-telligence of managers working in the tourism sector. The research population consists of professionals working in lower-level management positions in tourism enterprises. The research data was obtained through an online survey. The total number of surveys evaluated and used in data analysis was 384. De-scriptive statistics, factor analysis and regression analysis were performed to solve the research problem. According to the findings, while a statistically significant relationship was detected between emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence in general terms, a positive and medium/high level statistically sig-nificant relationship was found between the sub-dimensions of both variables that will allow the subject to be evaluated from different perspectives.

Keywords

Managers , Emotional Intelligence , Cultural Intelligence , Tourism Industry

Yöneticilerin Duygusal Zekâ ve Kültürel Zekâ Etkileşimleri: Turizm Sektöründen Bulgular

Abstract

Bu araştırma, turizm sektöründe çalışan alt kademe yöneticilerin duygusal zekâ ve kültürel zekâ durumları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evreni, turizm işletmelerinde alt kademelerde yöneticilik yapan profesyonellerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma verileri online anket tekniği ile elde edilmiştir. Değerlendirilmeye alınan ve veri analizinde kullanılan toplam anket sayısı 384’tür. Araştırma sorunsalının çözümü için betimleyici istatistikler, faktör analizleri ve regresyon analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre genel anlamda duygusal zekâ ve kültürel zekâ arasında orta/yüksek düzeyde pozitif yönlü istatisitiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilirken her iki değişkenin alt boyutları arasında da konunun farklı açılardan değerlendirilmesine imkan tanıyacak spesifik anlamda önemli ilişkilere rastlanmıştır.

Keywords

Yöneticiler , Duygusal Zeka , Kültürel Zeka , Turizm Sektörü

References

• Aksoy, Z. (2013), Kültürel Zekâ ve Çokkültürlü Ortamlardaki Rolü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
• Alon, I. ve Higgins, J.M. (2005), “Global Leadership Success through Emotional and Cultural Intelligences”, Business Horizons, 48(6), ss. 501–512.
• Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. ve Tan, M. L. (2011), “Cultural Intelligence”, İçinde R. J. Sternberg ve S.B. Kaufman (Editörler), Cambridge Handbook on Intelligence, ss. 582-602, New York: Cambridge Press.
• Ang, S., Ng, K. Y. ve Rockstuhl, T. (2020), “Cultural Intelligence”, İçinde R. J. Sternberg ve S. B. Kaufman (Editörler), The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (2nd ed.), ss. 820–845, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ang, S., Van Dyne L., Koh C., Ng K.Y., Templer K. J., Tay C. ve Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007), “Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance”, Management and Organization Review, 3(3), ss. 335-371.
• Ang, S. ve Van Dyne, L. (2008), “Conceptualization of Cultural Intelligence: Definition, Distinctiveness, and Nomological Network”, Handbook of Cultural İntelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications, ss. 3-15.
• Aslan, Ş. (2013), Duygusal Zekâ Dönüşümcü ve Etkileşimci Liderlik, İstanbul: Eğitim Kitabevi.
• Bar-On, R. (2006), “The Bar-On Model of Emotional-Social Intelligence (ESI)”, Psicothema, 18 (1), ss. 13-25.
• Boyatzis, R. E. (2001), “How and why individuals are able to develop emotional intelligence”, İçinde C. Cherniss ve D. Goleman (Editörler), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations, ss. 234–253, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Boyatzis, R. E. (2009), “Competencies As A Behavioral Approach to Emotional Intelligence”, Journal of Management Development, 28 (9), ss. 749-770.
• Boyatzis, R.E, Goleman, D. ve Rhee, K. (2000), “Clustering Competence in Emotional Intelligence: Insights from The Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI)”, The Handbook of Emotional İntelligence, 99 (6), ss. 343-362.
• Brackett, M. ve Geher, G. (2006), Measuring Emotional Intelligence: Paradigmatic Diversity and Common Ground, Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life, Second Edition, New York:, Taylor & Francis Group, Psychology Press.
• Brislin, R., Worthley, R. ve Macnab, B. (2006), “Cultural Intelligence: Understanding Behaviors That Serve People’s Goals”, Group and Organization Management, 31(1), ss. 40-55.
• Chhabra, B. ve Mohanty, R. (2013), “Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Work Stress – A Study of Indian Managers”, International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 6 (3), ss. 300-313.
• Crowne, K. A. (2009), “The Relationships Among Social Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence and Cultural Intelligence”, Organization Management Journal, 6(3), ss. 148-163.
• Demirel, Y., Turan, E. ve Akıncı, M. (2020), “Duygusal Zekânın Kültürel Zekâ Üzerine Etkisinin Analizi: Kastamonu Üniversitesi Türk Dünyası Öğrencilerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (1), ss. 222-234.
• Earley, P. C. ve Mosakowski, E. (2004), “Cultural Intelligence”, Harvard Business Review, October, ss. 139-146.
• Earley, P. C. ve Ang S. (2003), Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures, California: Stanford University Press.
• Flavel, J. H. (1979), “Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive Developmental Inquiry”, American Psychologist, 34 (10), ss. 906-911.
• Gardner, H. (1983), Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, New York: Basic Books
• Goleman, D. (1998), Working with Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam Books.
• Goleman, D. (2019), Duygusal Zeka Neden IQ' Dan Daha Önemlidir? (B. Seçkin Yüksel, Çev.) İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
• Goleman, D. (2001a), “Emotional Intelligence: Issues in Paradigm Building”, İçinde D. Goleman ve C. Cherniss (Editörler), The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups, and Organizations, ss. 13-26, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Goleman, D. (2001b), “An EI-Based Theory of Performance”, İçinde D. Goleman ve C. Cherniss (Editörler), The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups, and Organizations, ss. 27-44, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Goleman, D. (2004), “What Makes A Leader?”, Organizational Influence Processes, 82, ss. 229-241.
• Goleman, D., Boyatzıs, R. ve Mckee, A. (2002), Yeni Liderler, İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
• Gorji, M. ve Ghareseflo, H. (2011), “The Survey of Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence with Employee’s Performance”, International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics, 25, ss. 175-180.
• Groves, K. S. ve Feyerherm, A. E. (2011), “Leader Cultural Intelligence in Context: Testing The Moderating Effects of Team Cultural Diversity on Leader and Team Performance”, Group&Organization Management, 36(5), ss. 535–566.
• Hofstede, G., (2001), Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. (2008), “Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit”, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), ss. 53-60.
• Jafari, H. (2013), “Managers Cultural Intelligence and Social Capital and Performance: A Case Study of Cultural Institutions”, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 3(4), ss. 802-809.
• Karagöz, Y. (2014). SPSS 21.1 Uygulamalı Biyoistatistik. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Kunnanatt, J. T. (2008), “Emotional Intelligence: Theory and Description: A Competency Model for Interpersonal Effectiveness”, Career Development International, 13(7), ss. 614-629.
• Kanesan, P. ve Fauzan, N. (2019). “Models of Emotional Intelligence: A Review”, E-BANGI Journal, 16, 1-9.
• Law, K.S., Wong, C. S. ve Song, L. J. (2004), “The Construct and Criterion Validity of Emotional Intelligence and Its Potential Utility for Management Studies”, Journal Of Applied Psychology, 89 (3), ss. 483–496.
• Livermore D. (2010), Leading with Cultural Intelligence: The New Secret to Success, Newyork: Amacom.
• Macaleer, W. D. ve Shannon, J. B. (2002), “Emotional Intelligence: How Does It Affect Leadership?”, Employment Relations Today, 29 (3), ss. 9-19.
• Mayer, J. D. ve Stevens, A. A. (1994), “An Emerging Understanding of The Reflective (Meta-) Experience of Mood”, Journal of Research in Personality, 28(3), ss. 351-373.
• Moon, T. (2010), “Emotional Intelligence Correlates of The Four‐Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(8), ss. 876-898.
• Moua, M. (2011), Culturally Intelligent Leadership: Leading Through Intercultural Interactions, New York: Business Expert Press. Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L. ve Ang, S. (2009), “From Experience to Experiential Learning: Cultural Intelligence As A Learning Capability for Global Leader Development”, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8(4), ss. 511-526.
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978), Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Pallant, J. (2007), SPSS Survival Manual, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education.
• Peng, A.C., Van Dyne, L. ve Oh, K., (2014), “The Influence of Motivational Cultural Intelligence on Cultural Effectiveness Based on Study Abroad: The Moderating Role of Participant’s Cultural Identity”, Journal of Management Education, 39(5), ss. 572-596.
• Plum, E. (2008), Cultural Intelligence: The Art of Leading Cultural Complexity, London: Middlesex University Press.
• Prati, L. M., Douglas, C., Ferris, G. R., Ammeter, A. P. ve Buckley, M. R. (2003), “Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Effectiveness, and Team Outcomes”. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(1), ss. 21–40.
• Sadeghian, E. (2011), “Presantating of The Effectual Cultural Intelligence Model of Manager on Effectiveness Iran Khodro Organization of Iran”, European Journal Of Scientific Research, 61(3), ss. 402-403.
• Salovey, P. ve Mayer, J. D. (1990), “Emotional Intelligence”, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), ss. 185–211.
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Bobik, C., Coston, T. D., Greeson, C., Jedlicka, C. Ve Wendorf, G. (2001), “Emotional Intelligence and Interpersonal Relations”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), ss. 523-536.
• Sharma, T. ve Sandeep, S. (2018), “Relationship of Emotional Intelligence with Cultural Intelligence and Change Readiness of Indian Managers in The Service Sector”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 4, ss. 32-47.
• Shelley, Y. S. Ve Brown, L. (2004), “A Review of The Emotional Intelligence Literature and Implications for Corrections”, Research Branch Correctional Service Of Canada, (Research Rep. No.105).
• Şahin, F., Gürbüz, S., Köksal, O. ve Ercan, Ü. (2013), “Measuring Cultural Intelligence in The Turkish Context”, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(2), ss. 135-144.
• Thomas, D. C., Elron, E., Stahl, G., Ekelund, B. Z., Ravlin, E. C., Cerdin, J. L. ve Lazarova, M. B. (2008), “Cultural Intelligence: Domain and Assessment”, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(2), ss. 123-143.
• Thomas, D. C. ve Inkson, K. (2004), Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for Global Business, San Francisco: Berret-Koehler Publishers.
• Triandis, H. C. (1994), Culture and Social Behavior, New York: Mcgraw Hill.
• Trompenaars, F. ve Hampden-Turner, C. (1997), Riding The Waves of Culture, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
• Van Dyne L., Ang S., ve Livermore D. (2010), “Cultural Intelligence: A Pathway for Leading in A Rapidly Globalizing World”, Leading Across Differences, 4(2), ss. 131-138.
• Van Dyne, L., Ang, S. ve Koh, C. (2008), “Development and Validation of The CQS”, Handbook of Cultural İntelligence:Theory, Measurement and Applications, ss. 16-38.
• Vedadi A., Kheiri B. ve Abbasalizadeh M. (2010), “The Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Achievement: A Case Study in An Iranian Company”, Iranian Journal Management Studies, 3(3), ss. 25-40.
• Weisinger, H. (1998), İş Yaşamında Duygusal Zeka, (Çev: Nurettin Süleymangil), İstanbul: MNS Yayıncılık.
• Yamazaki, Y. ve Kayes, D. C. (2004), “An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Learning: A Review and Integration of Competencies for Successful Expatriate Adaptation”, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3, ss. 362-379.
• Zeidner, M., Gerald, M. ve Richard R. D. (2004), “Emotional Intelligence in The Workplace: A Critical Review”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53 (3), ss. 371–399.