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A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF MIXED METHOD RESEARCHES

Year 2012, Volume: 11 Issue: 42, 1 - 21, 01.07.2012

Abstract

Abstract
Scientific researchers can be conducted in many ways. The issue of methodology is one of the most important concerns in a research. For this reason, it is necessary to determine the method in advance while conducting an academic research. With the development and acceptance of the use of qualitative and quantitative researches together in social and human sciences, mixed method researches combining these two types of data collection became popular. In our country, more studies utilizing the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods are found recently. However, some of these studies do not describe well how the mixed method is applied. For this reason, the aim of this study is to inform the reader how mixed method emerged, the rationale of mixed method research, its advantages and disadvantages, and sampling and mixed methods typologies; and to give an idea of how to design a mixed method research.
Key Words: Research Method, Mixed Method, Qualitative-Quantitative approach, Sampling Types, Forms of Design.

References

  • Başbay, A. (2005). Basamaklı Öğretim Programıyla Desteklenmiş ProjeTabanlı Öğrenme Yaklaşımının Öğrenme Sürecine Etkileri, Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 6(1), 95–116.
  • Baştürk, S. (2009). Öğretmenlik Uygulaması Dersinin Öğretmen Adaylarının Görüşlerine Göre İncelenmesi, İlköğretim Online, 8(2), 439-456.
  • Bos, J., Huston, A.C., Granger, R., Duncan, G., Brock, T., McLoyd, W.C. (1999). New Hope for People with Low Incomes: Two-year Results of a Program to Reduce Poverty and Reform Welfare. Manpower Research Demonstration Corporation, New York.
  • Brannen, J. (2005). Mixed Methods Research: A discussion paper, ESRC National Centre for Research http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/89/1/MethodsReviewPaperNCRM-005.pdf NCRM Methods Review Papers. Available at:
  • Brannen J., Statham J., Mooney A. & Brockmann, M. (2007). Coming to Care: The work and family lives of childcare workers caring for vulnerable children, Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Brewer, J. & Hunter, A. (1989). Multimethod research: A synthesis of styles. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). "Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait- multimethod matrix". Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.
  • Collins, K.M.T. (2000, October). Implementing mathematics curricula standards: Effective instruction for “all” students?. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the mid-western Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
  • Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2002). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M., & Hanson, W. (2003). Advanced mixed methods research designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (p. 209-240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2006). Understanding Mixed Methods Research, (Chapter 1). Available at: http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/10981_Chapter_1.pdf
  • Daley, C. E., ve Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). "Attributions toward violence of male juvenile delinquents: A concurrent mixed methods analysis". Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 549– 570.
  • Davies, P. (2000). Contributions from Qualitative Research. In H. T. Davies, M. N. Sandra, & P. Smith (Eds). What works? Evidence-based Policy and Practice in Public Services (s. 291- 316), Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
  • Fielding, N., ve Fielding, J. (1986). Linking Data: the articulation of qualitative and quantitative methods in social research. Sage, London and Beverly Hills.
  • Giannakaki, M. S. (2005). "Using Mixed-Methods to Examine Teachers' Attitudes to Educational Change: The case of the Skills for Life Strategy for Improving Adult Literacy and Numeracy Skills in England". Educational Research and Evaluation, 11(4): 323- 348.
  • Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). "Toward a conceptual framework for mixed- method evaluation designs". Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3): 255–274.
  • Greene, J. C. (2005). "The generative potential of mixed methods inquiry". International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 28(2): 207 – 211.
  • Hancock, M., Calnan, M., & Manley, G. (1999). "Private or NHS dental service care in the United Kingdom? A study of public perceptions and experiences". Journal of Public Health Medicine, 21(4): 415-420.
  • Hayter, M. (1999). "Burnout and AIDS care-related factors in HIV community clinical nurse specialists in the North of England". Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(4): 984–993.
  • Hislop, J., & Arber, S. (2003). "Sleepers awake The gendered nature of sleep disruption among mid- life women". Sociology, 37(4): 695-711.
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. B. (2004). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). "Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come". Educational Researcher, 33(7): 14-26.
  • Johnson, B., & Turner, L. A. (2003). Data collection strategies in mixed methods research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 297-319). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Kalafat, J., & Illback, R. J. (1999). Evaluation of Kentucky’s school based family resource and youth services centers: Part I. Louisville, KY: REACH of Louisville.
  • Kemper, E., Stringfield. S., & Teddlie, C. (2003). Mixed methods sampling strategies in social science research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 273-296). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Leech, N. L. ve Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2009). "A typology of mixed methods research designs". Qual Quant. 43, 265–275.
  • Morse, J. (1991). "Negotiating commitment and involvement in the nurse–patient relationship". Journal of Advanced Nursing 16, 455–468.
  • Morse, J. M. (2003). Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research design. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 189– 208). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Newman, I., ve Benz, C.R. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Nieto, T., Mendez, F., & Carrasquilla, G. (1999). "Knowledge, beliefs and practices relevant for malaria control in an endemic urban area of the Colombian Pacific". Social Science and Medicine, 49, 601-609.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A.J., ve Johnson, R.B. (2004). Mixed method and mixed model research. In Johnson, R.B., Christensen, L.B. (Eds.) Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches, (pp. 408–431). Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A.J., ve DaRos-Voseles, D.A. (2001). "The role of cooperative learning in research methodology courses:A mixed-methods analysis". Research in the Schools, 8, 61-75.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J., ve Leech, N. L. (2004). "Enhancing the Interpretation of “Significant” Findings: The Role of Mixed Methods Research". The Qualitative Report, 9(4): 770-792.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Leech, N. L. (2006). Linking research questions to mixed methods data analysis procedures. The Qualitative Report, 11 (3), 474-498. Retrieved [10.06.2011], from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR11-3/onwuegbuzie.pdf
  • Palak, D., & Walls, R.T. (2009). "Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology Practices: A Mixed-methods Approach". Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 41(4): 417-441.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Ragin, C., Nagel, J., & White, P. (2009). Workshop on Scientific Foundations of Qualitative Research. Washington, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2004/nsf04219/nsf04219.pdf National Science Foundation. Available at:
  • Reichardt, C. S. & Rallis, S. F. (1994). The Qualitative-Quantitative Debate: New Perspectives (Eds). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Ritchie, J. (2003). The application of qualitative research methods. In Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (Eds). Qualitative Research in Practice: Public Knowledge and Private Lives. London: Sage.
  • Senne, T. A., & Rikard, G. L. (2002). "Experiencing the portfolio process during the internship: A comparative analysis of two PETE portfolio models". Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 21, 309-336.
  • Steckler, A., McLeroy, R.K., Goodman, R.M., Bird, S.T ve McCormick, L. (1992). "Toward Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: An Introduction". Health Education Behavior, 19(1): 1-8.
  • Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Applied Social Research Methods Series (Vol.46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (Eds). (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Taylor, D. L., Tashakkori, A. (1997). "Toward an understanding of teachers’ desire for participation in decision making". Journal of School Leadership 7, 1–20.
  • Teddlie, C. (2005). "Methodological issues related to causal studies of leadership: A mixed methods perspective from the USA". Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 33(2): 211-217.
  • Teddlie, C., & Yu, F. (2007). "Mixed Methods Sampling: A Typology With Examples". Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1): 77-100.
  • Ünal, Ç., & Ilter, I. (2010). Sınıf Öğretmeni Adaylarının Lisansüstü Eğitime Olan Tutumları (Fırat, Erzincan ve İnönü Üniversitesi Sınıf Öğretmenliği ABD Örneği), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi,14 (2), 1-18.
  • Waysman, M., & Savaya, R. (1997). "Mixed method evaluation: A case study". Evaluation Practice, 18, 227-237.
  • Weisner, T. (2000). "Understanding better the lives of poor families: Ethnographic and survey studies in the New Hope experiment". Poverty Res. News 4(1): 10–12.
  • Yıldırım, K., & Tarım, K. (2008). Çoklu Zekâ Kuramı Destekli Kubaşık Öğrenme Yönteminin İlköğretim Beşinci Sınıf Matematik Dersinde Akademik Başarı ve Hatırda Tutma Düzeyine Etkisi, İlköğretim Online, 7(1), 174-187.

KARMA YÖNTEM ARAŞTIRMALARINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

Year 2012, Volume: 11 Issue: 42, 1 - 21, 01.07.2012

Abstract

Öz
Bilimsel araştırmalar birçok yöntemle gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Yöntem konusu, bir araştırmanın en önemli sorunlarından birisidir. O nedenle araştırmaya karar verilirken yöntemin öncelikle belirlenmesi gereklidir. Sosyal ve beşeri bilimlerde nitel ve nicel araştırmaların birlikte kullanımının kabul edilmesi ve gelişimiyle, her iki tür veri toplama şeklini kullanan karma yöntem araştırmaları da yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle son yıllarda ülkemizde de nicel ve nitel yöntemlerin bir arada kullanıldığı çalışmalara daha fazla rastlanmaktadır. Ancak, bunların bir kısmında metodoloji olarak karma yöntemin nasıl gerçekleştiği net olarak ortaya konmamaktadır. Bu nedenle mevcut çalışmanın amacı karma araştırma yönteminin nasıl ortaya çıktığı, karma araştırmanın gerekçeleri, avantaj ve dezavantajları, örneklem seçimi ve karma araştırma tasarımlarının nasıl yapılacağı hakkında okuyucuyu bilgilendirmek ve karma yöntemle araştırmalarını tasarlarken nasıl bir yol izleyebilecekleri konusunda fikir vermektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Araştırma Yöntemi, Karma Yöntem, Nitel-Nicel yaklaşım, Örneklem Türleri, Tasarım Şekilleri

References

  • Başbay, A. (2005). Basamaklı Öğretim Programıyla Desteklenmiş ProjeTabanlı Öğrenme Yaklaşımının Öğrenme Sürecine Etkileri, Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 6(1), 95–116.
  • Baştürk, S. (2009). Öğretmenlik Uygulaması Dersinin Öğretmen Adaylarının Görüşlerine Göre İncelenmesi, İlköğretim Online, 8(2), 439-456.
  • Bos, J., Huston, A.C., Granger, R., Duncan, G., Brock, T., McLoyd, W.C. (1999). New Hope for People with Low Incomes: Two-year Results of a Program to Reduce Poverty and Reform Welfare. Manpower Research Demonstration Corporation, New York.
  • Brannen, J. (2005). Mixed Methods Research: A discussion paper, ESRC National Centre for Research http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/89/1/MethodsReviewPaperNCRM-005.pdf NCRM Methods Review Papers. Available at:
  • Brannen J., Statham J., Mooney A. & Brockmann, M. (2007). Coming to Care: The work and family lives of childcare workers caring for vulnerable children, Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Brewer, J. & Hunter, A. (1989). Multimethod research: A synthesis of styles. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). "Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait- multimethod matrix". Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.
  • Collins, K.M.T. (2000, October). Implementing mathematics curricula standards: Effective instruction for “all” students?. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the mid-western Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
  • Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2002). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M., & Hanson, W. (2003). Advanced mixed methods research designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (p. 209-240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2006). Understanding Mixed Methods Research, (Chapter 1). Available at: http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/10981_Chapter_1.pdf
  • Daley, C. E., ve Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). "Attributions toward violence of male juvenile delinquents: A concurrent mixed methods analysis". Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 549– 570.
  • Davies, P. (2000). Contributions from Qualitative Research. In H. T. Davies, M. N. Sandra, & P. Smith (Eds). What works? Evidence-based Policy and Practice in Public Services (s. 291- 316), Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
  • Fielding, N., ve Fielding, J. (1986). Linking Data: the articulation of qualitative and quantitative methods in social research. Sage, London and Beverly Hills.
  • Giannakaki, M. S. (2005). "Using Mixed-Methods to Examine Teachers' Attitudes to Educational Change: The case of the Skills for Life Strategy for Improving Adult Literacy and Numeracy Skills in England". Educational Research and Evaluation, 11(4): 323- 348.
  • Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). "Toward a conceptual framework for mixed- method evaluation designs". Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3): 255–274.
  • Greene, J. C. (2005). "The generative potential of mixed methods inquiry". International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 28(2): 207 – 211.
  • Hancock, M., Calnan, M., & Manley, G. (1999). "Private or NHS dental service care in the United Kingdom? A study of public perceptions and experiences". Journal of Public Health Medicine, 21(4): 415-420.
  • Hayter, M. (1999). "Burnout and AIDS care-related factors in HIV community clinical nurse specialists in the North of England". Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(4): 984–993.
  • Hislop, J., & Arber, S. (2003). "Sleepers awake The gendered nature of sleep disruption among mid- life women". Sociology, 37(4): 695-711.
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. B. (2004). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). "Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come". Educational Researcher, 33(7): 14-26.
  • Johnson, B., & Turner, L. A. (2003). Data collection strategies in mixed methods research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 297-319). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Kalafat, J., & Illback, R. J. (1999). Evaluation of Kentucky’s school based family resource and youth services centers: Part I. Louisville, KY: REACH of Louisville.
  • Kemper, E., Stringfield. S., & Teddlie, C. (2003). Mixed methods sampling strategies in social science research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 273-296). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Leech, N. L. ve Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2009). "A typology of mixed methods research designs". Qual Quant. 43, 265–275.
  • Morse, J. (1991). "Negotiating commitment and involvement in the nurse–patient relationship". Journal of Advanced Nursing 16, 455–468.
  • Morse, J. M. (2003). Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research design. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 189– 208). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Newman, I., ve Benz, C.R. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Nieto, T., Mendez, F., & Carrasquilla, G. (1999). "Knowledge, beliefs and practices relevant for malaria control in an endemic urban area of the Colombian Pacific". Social Science and Medicine, 49, 601-609.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A.J., ve Johnson, R.B. (2004). Mixed method and mixed model research. In Johnson, R.B., Christensen, L.B. (Eds.) Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches, (pp. 408–431). Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A.J., ve DaRos-Voseles, D.A. (2001). "The role of cooperative learning in research methodology courses:A mixed-methods analysis". Research in the Schools, 8, 61-75.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J., ve Leech, N. L. (2004). "Enhancing the Interpretation of “Significant” Findings: The Role of Mixed Methods Research". The Qualitative Report, 9(4): 770-792.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Leech, N. L. (2006). Linking research questions to mixed methods data analysis procedures. The Qualitative Report, 11 (3), 474-498. Retrieved [10.06.2011], from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR11-3/onwuegbuzie.pdf
  • Palak, D., & Walls, R.T. (2009). "Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology Practices: A Mixed-methods Approach". Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 41(4): 417-441.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Ragin, C., Nagel, J., & White, P. (2009). Workshop on Scientific Foundations of Qualitative Research. Washington, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2004/nsf04219/nsf04219.pdf National Science Foundation. Available at:
  • Reichardt, C. S. & Rallis, S. F. (1994). The Qualitative-Quantitative Debate: New Perspectives (Eds). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Ritchie, J. (2003). The application of qualitative research methods. In Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (Eds). Qualitative Research in Practice: Public Knowledge and Private Lives. London: Sage.
  • Senne, T. A., & Rikard, G. L. (2002). "Experiencing the portfolio process during the internship: A comparative analysis of two PETE portfolio models". Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 21, 309-336.
  • Steckler, A., McLeroy, R.K., Goodman, R.M., Bird, S.T ve McCormick, L. (1992). "Toward Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: An Introduction". Health Education Behavior, 19(1): 1-8.
  • Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Applied Social Research Methods Series (Vol.46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (Eds). (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Taylor, D. L., Tashakkori, A. (1997). "Toward an understanding of teachers’ desire for participation in decision making". Journal of School Leadership 7, 1–20.
  • Teddlie, C. (2005). "Methodological issues related to causal studies of leadership: A mixed methods perspective from the USA". Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 33(2): 211-217.
  • Teddlie, C., & Yu, F. (2007). "Mixed Methods Sampling: A Typology With Examples". Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1): 77-100.
  • Ünal, Ç., & Ilter, I. (2010). Sınıf Öğretmeni Adaylarının Lisansüstü Eğitime Olan Tutumları (Fırat, Erzincan ve İnönü Üniversitesi Sınıf Öğretmenliği ABD Örneği), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi,14 (2), 1-18.
  • Waysman, M., & Savaya, R. (1997). "Mixed method evaluation: A case study". Evaluation Practice, 18, 227-237.
  • Weisner, T. (2000). "Understanding better the lives of poor families: Ethnographic and survey studies in the New Hope experiment". Poverty Res. News 4(1): 10–12.
  • Yıldırım, K., & Tarım, K. (2008). Çoklu Zekâ Kuramı Destekli Kubaşık Öğrenme Yönteminin İlköğretim Beşinci Sınıf Matematik Dersinde Akademik Başarı ve Hatırda Tutma Düzeyine Etkisi, İlköğretim Online, 7(1), 174-187.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Adnan Baki This is me

Tuba Gökçek This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2012
Submission Date September 10, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 11 Issue: 42

Cite

APA Baki, A., & Gökçek, T. (2012). KARMA YÖNTEM ARAŞTIRMALARINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(42), 1-21.

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