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A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW ON HAPPINESS AND SOME CONSEQUENCES FOR TURKISH HOUSEHOLD

Year 2013, Volume: 12 Issue: 44, 214 - 233, 01.09.2013

Abstract

Abstract
Happiness or subjective well-being, reflects a preponderance of positive thoughts and feelings about one's life, in others words it is the total of positive thoughts and life satisfaction. Subjective well-being is concerned with how and why people experience their lives in positive ways, and it is an umbrella term used to describe the level of well-being people experience according to their subjective evaluations of their lives. The purpose of this study is theoretical examination of the all elements of subjective well-being, analyzing the determinants of subjective well-being, and to make a general implication Turkish house hold happiness profile. In this study the concept, structure, measure, and determinants of subjective well-being such as age, gender, education, marriage, income, and personality will be analyzed. In the last part of the study Turkish Statistical Institute Life Satisfaction Survey 2004-2010 data will be examined in order to evaluate the happiness frame for Turkish house hold and along with previous study findings general consequences will be discussed.
Key Words: Subjective well-being, determinants of subjective well-being, happiness, life satisfaction, Turkish house hold.

References

  • Abbey, A., Andrews, M. F. ve Halman L. J. (1992). “Infertility and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem, Internal Control and Interpersonal Conflict”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54 (2): 408-418.
  • Agrawal, J., Murthy, P., Philip, M., Mehrotra, S., Thennarasu, K, J., John, G., N, Thippeswamy, V, Isaac, M. (2011). “Socio-Demographic Correlates of Subjective Well-Being in Urban India”, Social Indicators Research, 101(3): 419-434.
  • Ayyash-Abdo, H. ve Alamuddin, R. (2007). “Predictors of Subjective Well-being Among College Youth in Lebanon”, Journal of Social Psychology, 147 (3): 265–284.
  • Biswas-Diener, R. ve Diener, E. (2001). “Making the Best of a Bad Situation: Satisfaction in the Slums of Calcutta”, Social Indicators Research, 55 (3): 329–352.
  • Blanchflower, G. D. ve Oswald, J. A. (2004). “Well-Being Over Time in Britain and the USA”, Journal of Public Economics, 88 (7-8): 1359–1386.
  • Boes, S. ve Winkelman, R. (2010). “The Effect of Income on General Life Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction”, Social Indicators Research, 95 (1): 111–128.
  • Bülbül, Ş. ve Giray, S. (2011). “Sosyodemografik Özellikler ile Mutluluk Algısı Arasındaki Đlişki Yapısının Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, özel sayı, 113-123.
  • Büyükdüvenci, S. (1993). “Aristoteles'te Mutluluk Kavramı”, Felsefe Dünyası, 9: 41–45.
  • Cenkseven, F. ve Akbaş, T. (2007). “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Öznel ve Psikolojik Đyi Olmalarını Yordayan Değişkenlerin Đncelenmesi”, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 27 (Mart): 43-65.
  • Christoph, B. ve Noll H-H.(2003).“Subjective Well-Being in the European Union during the 90s”, Social Indicators Research, 64 (3): 521–546.
  • Clark, E. A. ve Oswald, J. A. (1994). “Unhappiness and Unemployment”, Economic Journal, 104 (May): 648-659.
  • Conceição, P. ve Bandura, R. (2008). “Measuring Subjective Well-Being: A summary Review of the Literature”, UNDP, New York. Erişim Tarihi:12.03.2012 http://www.undp.org/developmentstudies/docs/subjective_wellbeing_conceicao_bandura.pdf DeNeve, M. K. ve Cooper, H. (1998). “The Happy Personality: A Meta-Analysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective Well-Being”, Psychological Bulletin, 124 (2): 1972
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  • Diener, E. (1994). “Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities”, Social Indicators Research, 31 (2): 103–157.
  • Diener, E. (2000). “Subjective Well-Being, the Science of Happiness and a Proposal for a National Index”, American Psychologist, 55 (1): 34 – 39.
  • Diener, E. (2006). “Guidelines for National Indicators of Subjective Well–Being and IllBeing”, Journal of Happiness Studies, 7 (4): 397- 404.
  • Diener, E. ve Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). “Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being? A Literature Review and Guide to Needed Research”, Social Indicators Research, 57 (2): 119–169.
  • Diener, E. ve Diener, C. (1996). “Most People Are Happy”, Psychological Science, 7(3): 181–185.
  • Diener, E. ve Diener, M. (1995). “Cross-cultural Correlates of Life-Satisfaction and SelfEsteem”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4): 653-663.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, A. R., Larsen, J. R. ve Griffin, S. (1985). “The Satisfaction With Life Scale”, Journal of Personality Assessment, 49 (1): 71–75.
  • Diener, E., Gohm, L. C., Suh, E. ve Oishi, S. (2000). “Similarity of the Relations between Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being across Cultures”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31 (4): 419-436.
  • Diener, E., Kesebir, P. ve Lucas, R. (2008). “Benefits of Accounts of Well-Being-for Societies and for Psychological Science”, Applied Psychology, 57 (1): 37-53.
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S. ve Lucas, E. R. (2003). “Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well–Being Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life”, Annual Review of Psychology, 54: 403–425.
  • Diener, E. ve Ryan, K. (2009). “Subjective Well-Being: A General Overview”, South African Journal of Psychology, 39 (4): 391–406.
  • Diener, E., Sandvik, E.. ve Pavot, W. (1991). “Happiness is the Frequency, not the Intensity, of Positive versus Negative Affect”. F. Strack, M. Argyle ve N. Schwarz, (Edt.), Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (119-139). London: Pergamon.
  • Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L. ve Diener, M. (1993). “The Relationship between Income and Subjective Well-Being: Relative or Absolute?”, Social Indicators Research, 28 (3): 195-223.
  • Diener, E. ve Suh, M. E. (1997). Focus on Emotion and Adult Development. K.Warner Schaie ve Powell Lawton (Edt.), Subjective Well-Being and Age: An International Analysis, Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, (17: 304-324).
  • Diener, E., Suh, M. E., Lucas, E. R. ve Smith, H. (1999). “Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress”, Psychological Bulletin, 125 (2): 276–302.
  • Diener, E., Suh, M. E. ve Oishi, S. (1997). “Recent Findings on Subjective Well-Being”, Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(1): 25–41.
  • Dost, M. T. (2010). “An Examination of Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Students Attending to Universities in South Africa and Turkey”, Eğitim ve BilimEducation and Science, 35 (158): 75-89.
  • Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E. ve Gencoz, T. (2010). “Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish University Students, Correctional Officers, and Elderly Adults”, Social Indicators Research, 99(3): 413-429.
  • Frijters, P., Haisken-DeNew, J. ve Shields, A. M. (2004). “Investigating the Pattern and Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Germany Following Reunification”, Journal of Human Resources, 39 (3): 649-674.
  • Fugl-Meyer, R. A., Melin, R., Fugl-Meyer, S. K. (2002). “Life Satisfaction in 18- to 64-YearOld Swedes: in Relation to Gender, Age, Partner and Immigrant Status”, Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 34 (5): 239–246.
  • Gaygisiz, E. (2010). “Economic and Cultural Correlates of Subjective Well-Being in Countries Using Data From The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Oecd)”, Psychological Reports, 106 (3): 949-963.
  • Gitmez, S. A. ve Morçöl, G. (1994). “Socio-Economic Status and Life Satisfaction in Turkey”, Social Indicators Research, 31 (1): 77-98.
  • Grant, S., Langan-Fox, J. ve Anglim, J. (2009). “The Big Five Traits as Predictors of Subjective and Psychological Well-Being”, Psychological Reports, 105 (1): 205–231. Gomez, V., Krings, F., Bangerter, A. ve Grob, A. (2009). “The Influence of Personality and Life Events on Subjective Well-Being from a Life Span Perspective”, Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 345–354.
  • Haller, M. ve Hadler, M. (2006). “How Social Relations and Structures Can Produce Happiness and Unhappiness: An International Comparative Analysis”. Social Indicators Research, 75 (2):169–216.
  • Haring-Hidore, M., Stock, A. W. ve Okun, A. M. (1984). “A Research Synthesis of Gender and Social Class as Correlates of Subjective Well-Being”, Human Relations, 37 (8): 645-65
  • Haring-Hidore, M., Stock, A. W., Okun, A. M. ve Witter, A. R. (1985). “Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being: A Research Synthesis”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47 (4): 947-953.
  • Hayo, Bernd ve Seifert, Wolfgang (2003). “Subjective Economic Well-Being in Eastern Europe”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 24 (3): 329–348.
  • Ho-Cha, K. (2003). “Subjective Well-Being Among College Students”, Social Indicators Research, 62-63 (1-3): 455-477.
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  • Kousha, Mahnaz ve Mohseni, Navid (2000). “Are Iranians Happy? A Comparative Study between Iran and the United States”, Social Indicators Research, 52 (3): 259–289.
  • LaBarbera, A. Priscilla ve Gurhan, Zeynep (1997). “The Role of Materialism, Religiosity, and Demographics in Subjective Well-Being”, Psychology and Marketing, 14 (1): 71–97. Lee, R. G., Seccombe, K. ve Shehan, L. C. (1991). “Marital Status and Personal Happiness: An Analysis of Trend Data”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53 (4): 839-844.
  • Libran, C. E. (2006). “Personality Dimensions and Subjective Well-Being”, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9 (1): 38 – 44.
  • Michalos, C. A. (2008). “Education, Happiness and Well-Being”, Social Indicators Research, 87 (3): 347-366.
  • Michalos, C. A., Thommasen, V. H., Anderson, N., Read R. ve Zumbo, D. B. (2005). “Determinants of Health and the Quality of Life in the Bella Coola Valley”, Social Indicators Research, 72 (1): 1–50.
  • Mullis, J. R. (1992). “Measures of Economic Well-Being as Predictors of Psychological WellBeing”, Social Indicators Research, 26 (2): 119–135.
  • Myers, G. D. ve Diener, E. (1995). “Who Is Happy?”, Psychological Science, 6 (1): 10–19.
  • Oktik, N. (2004). Huzurevinde Yaşam ve Yaşam Kalitesi (Muğla Örneği) Muğla Üniversitesi Yayınları: 52.
  • Oswald, J. A. (1997). “Happiness and Economic Performance”, Economic Journal, 107(5): 1815–1831.
  • Quevedo, J. M. R. ve Abella C. M. (2011). “Well-Being and Personality: Facet-Level Analyses”, Personality and Individual Differences, 50 (2): 206-211.
  • Scheier, F. M. ve Carver, S. C. (1985). “Optimism, Coping, and Health: Assessment and Implications of Generalized Outcome Expectancies”, Health Psychology, 4 (3): 219– 2
  • Scoppa, V. ve Michele, P. (2008). “An Empirical Study of Happiness in Italy”, B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 8 (1) (Contributions), Article 15.
  • Selim, S. (2008). “Life Satisfaction and Happiness in Turkey”, Social Indicators Research, 88 (3): 531–562.
  • Steel P., Schmidt J. ve Shultz J. (2008). “Refining the Relationship between Personality and Subjective Well-Being”, Psychological Bulletin, 134 (1):138–161.
  • Suhail, K. ve Chaudhry, R. H. (2004). “Predictors of Subjective Well-Being in an Eastern Muslim Culture”, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23 (3): 359–376
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MUTLULUK ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME VE TÜRK HANEHALKI İÇİN BAZI SONUÇLAR

Year 2013, Volume: 12 Issue: 44, 214 - 233, 01.09.2013

Abstract

Öz
Mutluluk ya da öznel iyi olma, bireyin yaşamına dair olumlu düşünce ve duygularının miktarca üstünlüğüdür başka bir deyişle bireylerin yaşamlarından aldıkları doyum ve olumlu duyguların toplamıdır. Öznel iyi olma bireylerin yaşamlarını nasıl ve neden pozitif yollardan değerlendirdikleri ile ilgilenir ve bireylerin sübjektif olarak yaşamlarını değerlendirmeleri sonucunda ortaya çıkan iyilik düzeyini gösteren şemsiye bir kavram niteliğindedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı kavramsal olarak öznel iyi olmayı oluşturan tüm unsurları irdelemek, öznel iyi olmayı etkileyen faktörleri ele almak ve Türk hane halkının mutluluk profiline ilişkin saptamalarda bulunmaktır. Çalışmada öznel iyi olma kavramı, yapısı, ölçülmesi ve öznel iyi olmayı etkileyen yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim, evlilik, gelir ve kişilik gibi faktörler ele alınacaktır. Son kısımda Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması çerçevesinde 2004-2010 yıllarına ait veriler neticesinde Türk hane halkı için ortaya çıkan mutluluk tablosu irdelenecek ve yerli yazında yapılmış daha önceki çalışma bulgularıyla birlikte genel sonuçlar ortaya konacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Öznel iyi olma, öznel iyi olma belirleyicileri, mutluluk, yaşam doyumu, Türk hane halkı.

References

  • Abbey, A., Andrews, M. F. ve Halman L. J. (1992). “Infertility and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem, Internal Control and Interpersonal Conflict”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54 (2): 408-418.
  • Agrawal, J., Murthy, P., Philip, M., Mehrotra, S., Thennarasu, K, J., John, G., N, Thippeswamy, V, Isaac, M. (2011). “Socio-Demographic Correlates of Subjective Well-Being in Urban India”, Social Indicators Research, 101(3): 419-434.
  • Ayyash-Abdo, H. ve Alamuddin, R. (2007). “Predictors of Subjective Well-being Among College Youth in Lebanon”, Journal of Social Psychology, 147 (3): 265–284.
  • Biswas-Diener, R. ve Diener, E. (2001). “Making the Best of a Bad Situation: Satisfaction in the Slums of Calcutta”, Social Indicators Research, 55 (3): 329–352.
  • Blanchflower, G. D. ve Oswald, J. A. (2004). “Well-Being Over Time in Britain and the USA”, Journal of Public Economics, 88 (7-8): 1359–1386.
  • Boes, S. ve Winkelman, R. (2010). “The Effect of Income on General Life Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction”, Social Indicators Research, 95 (1): 111–128.
  • Bülbül, Ş. ve Giray, S. (2011). “Sosyodemografik Özellikler ile Mutluluk Algısı Arasındaki Đlişki Yapısının Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, özel sayı, 113-123.
  • Büyükdüvenci, S. (1993). “Aristoteles'te Mutluluk Kavramı”, Felsefe Dünyası, 9: 41–45.
  • Cenkseven, F. ve Akbaş, T. (2007). “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Öznel ve Psikolojik Đyi Olmalarını Yordayan Değişkenlerin Đncelenmesi”, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 27 (Mart): 43-65.
  • Christoph, B. ve Noll H-H.(2003).“Subjective Well-Being in the European Union during the 90s”, Social Indicators Research, 64 (3): 521–546.
  • Clark, E. A. ve Oswald, J. A. (1994). “Unhappiness and Unemployment”, Economic Journal, 104 (May): 648-659.
  • Conceição, P. ve Bandura, R. (2008). “Measuring Subjective Well-Being: A summary Review of the Literature”, UNDP, New York. Erişim Tarihi:12.03.2012 http://www.undp.org/developmentstudies/docs/subjective_wellbeing_conceicao_bandura.pdf DeNeve, M. K. ve Cooper, H. (1998). “The Happy Personality: A Meta-Analysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective Well-Being”, Psychological Bulletin, 124 (2): 1972
  • Diener, E. (1984). “Subjective Well-Being”, Psychological Bulletin, 75(3):542–575.
  • Diener, E. (1994). “Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities”, Social Indicators Research, 31 (2): 103–157.
  • Diener, E. (2000). “Subjective Well-Being, the Science of Happiness and a Proposal for a National Index”, American Psychologist, 55 (1): 34 – 39.
  • Diener, E. (2006). “Guidelines for National Indicators of Subjective Well–Being and IllBeing”, Journal of Happiness Studies, 7 (4): 397- 404.
  • Diener, E. ve Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). “Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being? A Literature Review and Guide to Needed Research”, Social Indicators Research, 57 (2): 119–169.
  • Diener, E. ve Diener, C. (1996). “Most People Are Happy”, Psychological Science, 7(3): 181–185.
  • Diener, E. ve Diener, M. (1995). “Cross-cultural Correlates of Life-Satisfaction and SelfEsteem”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4): 653-663.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, A. R., Larsen, J. R. ve Griffin, S. (1985). “The Satisfaction With Life Scale”, Journal of Personality Assessment, 49 (1): 71–75.
  • Diener, E., Gohm, L. C., Suh, E. ve Oishi, S. (2000). “Similarity of the Relations between Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being across Cultures”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31 (4): 419-436.
  • Diener, E., Kesebir, P. ve Lucas, R. (2008). “Benefits of Accounts of Well-Being-for Societies and for Psychological Science”, Applied Psychology, 57 (1): 37-53.
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S. ve Lucas, E. R. (2003). “Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well–Being Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life”, Annual Review of Psychology, 54: 403–425.
  • Diener, E. ve Ryan, K. (2009). “Subjective Well-Being: A General Overview”, South African Journal of Psychology, 39 (4): 391–406.
  • Diener, E., Sandvik, E.. ve Pavot, W. (1991). “Happiness is the Frequency, not the Intensity, of Positive versus Negative Affect”. F. Strack, M. Argyle ve N. Schwarz, (Edt.), Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (119-139). London: Pergamon.
  • Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L. ve Diener, M. (1993). “The Relationship between Income and Subjective Well-Being: Relative or Absolute?”, Social Indicators Research, 28 (3): 195-223.
  • Diener, E. ve Suh, M. E. (1997). Focus on Emotion and Adult Development. K.Warner Schaie ve Powell Lawton (Edt.), Subjective Well-Being and Age: An International Analysis, Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, (17: 304-324).
  • Diener, E., Suh, M. E., Lucas, E. R. ve Smith, H. (1999). “Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress”, Psychological Bulletin, 125 (2): 276–302.
  • Diener, E., Suh, M. E. ve Oishi, S. (1997). “Recent Findings on Subjective Well-Being”, Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(1): 25–41.
  • Dost, M. T. (2010). “An Examination of Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Students Attending to Universities in South Africa and Turkey”, Eğitim ve BilimEducation and Science, 35 (158): 75-89.
  • Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E. ve Gencoz, T. (2010). “Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish University Students, Correctional Officers, and Elderly Adults”, Social Indicators Research, 99(3): 413-429.
  • Frijters, P., Haisken-DeNew, J. ve Shields, A. M. (2004). “Investigating the Pattern and Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Germany Following Reunification”, Journal of Human Resources, 39 (3): 649-674.
  • Fugl-Meyer, R. A., Melin, R., Fugl-Meyer, S. K. (2002). “Life Satisfaction in 18- to 64-YearOld Swedes: in Relation to Gender, Age, Partner and Immigrant Status”, Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 34 (5): 239–246.
  • Gaygisiz, E. (2010). “Economic and Cultural Correlates of Subjective Well-Being in Countries Using Data From The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Oecd)”, Psychological Reports, 106 (3): 949-963.
  • Gitmez, S. A. ve Morçöl, G. (1994). “Socio-Economic Status and Life Satisfaction in Turkey”, Social Indicators Research, 31 (1): 77-98.
  • Grant, S., Langan-Fox, J. ve Anglim, J. (2009). “The Big Five Traits as Predictors of Subjective and Psychological Well-Being”, Psychological Reports, 105 (1): 205–231. Gomez, V., Krings, F., Bangerter, A. ve Grob, A. (2009). “The Influence of Personality and Life Events on Subjective Well-Being from a Life Span Perspective”, Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 345–354.
  • Haller, M. ve Hadler, M. (2006). “How Social Relations and Structures Can Produce Happiness and Unhappiness: An International Comparative Analysis”. Social Indicators Research, 75 (2):169–216.
  • Haring-Hidore, M., Stock, A. W. ve Okun, A. M. (1984). “A Research Synthesis of Gender and Social Class as Correlates of Subjective Well-Being”, Human Relations, 37 (8): 645-65
  • Haring-Hidore, M., Stock, A. W., Okun, A. M. ve Witter, A. R. (1985). “Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being: A Research Synthesis”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47 (4): 947-953.
  • Hayo, Bernd ve Seifert, Wolfgang (2003). “Subjective Economic Well-Being in Eastern Europe”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 24 (3): 329–348.
  • Ho-Cha, K. (2003). “Subjective Well-Being Among College Students”, Social Indicators Research, 62-63 (1-3): 455-477.
  • Keng, H. Ah ve Hooi, S. Wang (1995). “Assessing Quality of Life in Singapore: An Exploratory Study”, Social Indicators Research, 35 (1): 71–91.
  • Kousha, Mahnaz ve Mohseni, Navid (2000). “Are Iranians Happy? A Comparative Study between Iran and the United States”, Social Indicators Research, 52 (3): 259–289.
  • LaBarbera, A. Priscilla ve Gurhan, Zeynep (1997). “The Role of Materialism, Religiosity, and Demographics in Subjective Well-Being”, Psychology and Marketing, 14 (1): 71–97. Lee, R. G., Seccombe, K. ve Shehan, L. C. (1991). “Marital Status and Personal Happiness: An Analysis of Trend Data”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53 (4): 839-844.
  • Libran, C. E. (2006). “Personality Dimensions and Subjective Well-Being”, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9 (1): 38 – 44.
  • Michalos, C. A. (2008). “Education, Happiness and Well-Being”, Social Indicators Research, 87 (3): 347-366.
  • Michalos, C. A., Thommasen, V. H., Anderson, N., Read R. ve Zumbo, D. B. (2005). “Determinants of Health and the Quality of Life in the Bella Coola Valley”, Social Indicators Research, 72 (1): 1–50.
  • Mullis, J. R. (1992). “Measures of Economic Well-Being as Predictors of Psychological WellBeing”, Social Indicators Research, 26 (2): 119–135.
  • Myers, G. D. ve Diener, E. (1995). “Who Is Happy?”, Psychological Science, 6 (1): 10–19.
  • Oktik, N. (2004). Huzurevinde Yaşam ve Yaşam Kalitesi (Muğla Örneği) Muğla Üniversitesi Yayınları: 52.
  • Oswald, J. A. (1997). “Happiness and Economic Performance”, Economic Journal, 107(5): 1815–1831.
  • Quevedo, J. M. R. ve Abella C. M. (2011). “Well-Being and Personality: Facet-Level Analyses”, Personality and Individual Differences, 50 (2): 206-211.
  • Scheier, F. M. ve Carver, S. C. (1985). “Optimism, Coping, and Health: Assessment and Implications of Generalized Outcome Expectancies”, Health Psychology, 4 (3): 219– 2
  • Scoppa, V. ve Michele, P. (2008). “An Empirical Study of Happiness in Italy”, B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 8 (1) (Contributions), Article 15.
  • Selim, S. (2008). “Life Satisfaction and Happiness in Turkey”, Social Indicators Research, 88 (3): 531–562.
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There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayça Kangal This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2013
Submission Date September 10, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 12 Issue: 44

Cite

APA Kangal, A. (2013). MUTLULUK ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME VE TÜRK HANEHALKI İÇİN BAZI SONUÇLAR. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(44), 214-233.

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