Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Yerel Elma Genotiplerinin Genetik Çeşitliliğinin Morfolojik, Fitokimyasal ve Bireysel Fenolik Bileşik Özellikleri Kullanılarak Karakterizasyonu

Abstract

Elma, ılıman iklim bölgelerinde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen bir meyve türüdür. Elverişli ekolojik koşulları sayesinde Türkiye'nin her bölgesinde elma yetiştirilebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Kuzey Anadolu'da (Trabzon) doğal olarak yetişen yerel elma çeşitlerinin morfolojik, fitokimyasal ve bireysel fenolik bileşik özelliklerine dayanarak genetik çeşitliliğini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Elmalarda meyve kalitesi kriterlerinde şu varyasyonlar gözlemlenmiştir: meyve ağırlığı 89,28 g (Yomra Elması) ile 167,00 g (Ekşi Elma) arasında; meyve sertliği 6,80 kg/cm² (Kış Tatlısı) ile 9,28 kg/cm² (Ekşi Elma) arasında; pH değerleri 3,69 (Ekşi Elma) ile 4,70 (Süt Elması) arasında; toplam çözünmüş katı madde (TSS) %10,63 (Ekşi Elma) ile %13,23 (Kış Tatlısı) arasında; ve toplam asitlik (TA) %0,27 (Süt Elması ve Şeker Elması) ile %1,62 (Ekşi Elma) arasında değişmiştir. Çalışmadaki elma çeşitlerinde rutin, gallik asit, kateşin, klorojenik asit, epikateşin ve floridzin dahil olmak üzere yüksek düzeyde bireysel fenolik bileşikler sergilendi. Rutin içeriği 14,76 mg/kg (Yomra Elmaması) ila 45,66 mg/kg (Şeker Elmaması) arasında değişmektedir; gallik asit içeriği 56,55 mg/kg'dan (Yomra Elmaması) 101,69 mg/kg'a (Süt Elmaması); kateşin içeriği 41,50 mg/kg'dan (Yomra Elmaması) 202,08 mg/kg'a (Şeker Elmaması); klorojenik asit içeriği 63,70 mg/kg'dan (Yomra Elmaması) 361,49 mg/kg'a (Süt Elmaması); epikateşin içeriği 16,35 mg/kg'dan (Şeker Elmas) 189,71 mg/kg'a (Kış Tatlısı); ve floridzin içeriği 3,29 mg/kg'dan (Süt Elma) 30,58 mg/kg'a (Ekşi Elma) kadar değişmektedir. Çalışma, bölgedeki elma çeşitlerinin geniş bir varyasyon gösterdiği sonucuna varmıştır. Bu bulgular, gelecekte ıslah çalışmaları yürütecek araştırmacılar için değerli bilgiler sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

• Elma genetik materyali
• Isı haritası
• Malus domestica
• fenolik bileşikler
• PCA

Characterization of Genetic Diversity of Local Apple Genotypes in the Black Sea Region by Using Morphological, Phytochemical and Individual Phenolic Compound Characteristics

Abstract

Apple is a fruit species widely cultivated in temperate climate regions. Thanks to its favorable ecological conditions, apples can be grown in every region of Türkiye. The study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of local apple varieties naturally grown in Northern Anatolia (Trabzon) based on their morphological, phytochemical, and individual phenolic compound characteristics. The fruit quality criteria in apples showed variation as follows: fruit weight ranged from 89.28 g (Yomra Elması) to 167.00 g (Ekşi Elma); fruit firmness from 6.80 kg/cm² (Kış Tatlısı) to 9.28 kg/cm² (Ekşi Elma); pH values from 3.69 (Ekşi Elma) to 4.70 (Süt Elması); TSS from 10.63% (Ekşi Elma) to 13.23% (Kış Tatlısı); and TA from 0.27% (Süt Elması and Şeker Elması) to 1.62% (Ekşi Elma). The apple varieties in the study exhibited high levels of individual phenolic compounds, including rutin, gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and phloridzin. The rutin content ranged from 14.76 mg/kg (Yomra Elması) to 45.66 mg/kg (Şeker Elması); gallic acid content from 56.55 mg/kg (Yomra Elması) to 101.69 mg/kg (Süt Elması); catechin content from 41.50 mg/kg (Yomra Elması) to 202.08 mg/kg (Şeker Elması); chlorogenic acid content from 63.70 mg/kg (Yomra Elması) to 361.49 mg/kg (Süt Elması); epicatechin content from 16.35 mg/kg (Şeker Elması) to 189.71 mg/kg (Kış Tatlısı); and phloridzin content from 3.29 mg/kg (Süt Elması) to 30.58 mg/kg (Ekşi Elma). The study concluded that apple varieties in the region exhibit wide variation. These findings will provide valuable insights for researchers conducting future breeding studies.

Keywords

• Apple germplasma
• Heatmap
• Malus domestica
• phenolic compounds
• PCA

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