Kesme Çiçek Yetiştiriciliğinde Bitki Gelişimini Teşvik Eden Rizobakterilerin Büyüme, Çiçeklenme ve Çiçek Kalitesine Etkileri

Abstract

Kesme çiçek yetiştiriciliğinde verim ve ticari kalite; bitki gelişimi, çiçeklenme zamanı, çiçek sayısı, çiçek çapı ve çiçek sapı özellikleri gibi birçok ölçüt tarafından belirlenmektedir. Mineral gübrelerin yoğun kullanımı ve düşük besin kullanım etkinliği, üretim maliyetlerini artırabilmekte, besin elementi kayıplarına ve çevresel sorunlara neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle bitki gelişimini destekleyen, besin kullanım etkinliğini artıran ve çevresel etkileri azaltan biyolojik uygulamalara yönelik ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Bitki gelişimini teşvik eden rizobakteriler (PGPR), fitohormon üretimi, biyolojik azot fiksasyonu, fosforun çözünür hâle getirilmesi, siderofor üretimi, ACC deaminaz aktivitesi ve kök gelişiminin uyarılması gibi mekanizmalar aracılığıyla bitki büyümesini ve mineral beslenmeyi iyileştirebilmektedir. Bu derlemede, kesme çiçek yetiştiriciliğinde PGPR uygulamalarının vejetatif gelişme, mineral beslenme, çiçeklenme ve çiçek kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri mevcut araştırma bulguları ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, uygun PGPR suşlarının bitki boyu, yaprak gelişimi, kök ve sürgün biyokütlesi, besin elementi alımı, tomurcuk ve çiçek sayısı, çiçek çapı ile çiçek sapı uzunluğu ve kalınlığı gibi özellikleri iyileştirebildiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, etkilerin bakteri suşu, bitki türü ve çeşidi, uygulama yöntemi, yetiştirme ortamı ve gübreleme düzeyine bağlı olarak değiştiği; vejetatif gelişmedeki artışın her zaman çiçeklenme ve çiçek kalitesine aynı ölçüde yansımadığı görülmektedir. Mevcut kanıtlar, PGPR’nin mineral gübrelerin tam ikamesinden çok, besin kullanım etkinliğini ve ticari çiçek kalitesini destekleyebilecek tamamlayıcı bir biyolojik araç olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Ticari kullanımın yaygınlaştırılması için bitki–suş uyumunun belirlenmesine, uygulama yöntemlerinin optimize edilmesine ve ticari üretim koşullarında standartlaştırılmış araştırmaların yürütülmesine gereksinim vardır.

Keywords

• Biyogübre
• çiçek kalitesi
• çiçeklenme
• kesme çiçek
• mikrobiyal biyostimülant
• PGPR

Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth, Flowering, and Flower Quality in Cut Flower Production

Abstract

Yield and commercial quality in cut flower production are determined by several traits, including plant growth, flowering time, flower number, flower diameter, and flower stem characteristics. Intensive mineral fertilizer use and low nutrient-use efficiency may increase production costs and contribute to nutrient losses and environmental problems. Therefore, interest in biological approaches that promote plant growth, improve nutrient-use efficiency, and reduce environmental impacts is increasing. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve plant growth and mineral nutrition through mechanisms such as phytohormone production, biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, ACC deaminase activity, and stimulation of root development. This review evaluates the effects of PGPR applications on vegetative growth, mineral nutrition, flowering, and flower quality in cut flower production based on available research findings. The evidence indicates that suitable PGPR strains can improve plant height, leaf development, root and shoot biomass, nutrient uptake, bud and flower number, flower diameter, and flower stem length and thickness. However, these effects vary with bacterial strain, plant species and cultivar, application method, growing medium, and fertilization level, and enhanced vegetative growth does not always result in a comparable improvement in flowering and flower quality. Current evidence suggests that PGPR should be considered not as a complete substitute for mineral fertilizers, but as a complementary biological tool that can support nutrient-use efficiency and commercial flower quality. Wider commercial use requires the identification of plant–strain compatibility, optimization of application methods, and standardized studies under commercial production conditions.

Keywords

• Biofertilizer
• cut flower
• flower quality
• flowering
• microbial biostimulant
• PGPR

References

1. Ali, S., & Moon, Y.-S. (2025). Advances in PGPR-mediated plant-pathogen control for food security and ecosystem stability. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, 94(5), 1419–1451. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2025.064284
2. Alkaç, O. S., Belgüzar, S., Öndeş, E., Okatar, F., & Kayaaslan, Z. (2022). Farklı kök bakterisi ve mikoriza uygulamalarının yıldız çiçeği (Dahlia variabilis) fidelerinin büyüme ve gelişimine etkileri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1092636
3. Alzate Zuluaga, M. Y., Fattorini, R., Cesco, S., & Pii, Y. (2024). Plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere for smarter and more sustainable crop fertilization: The case of PGPR-based biofertilizers. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1440978. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1440978
4. Bhalla, R., Shiva Kumar, M. H., & Jain, R. (2007). Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth and flowering in standard carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus Linn.). Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 10(4), 229–234.
5. Chen, H., Bullock, D. A., Jr., Alonso, J. M., & Stepanova, A. N. (2022). To fight or to grow: The balancing role of ethylene in plant abiotic stress responses. Plants, 11(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010033
6. Chen, H., Zhao, S., Zhang, K., Zhao, J., Jiang, J., Chen, F., & Fang, W. (2018). Evaluation of soil-applied chemical fungicide and biofungicide for control of the Fusarium wilt of chrysanthemum and their effects on rhizosphere soil microbiota. Agriculture, 8(12), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8120184
7. Cipriano, M. A. P., & Freitas, S. S. (2018). Effect of Pseudomonas putida on chrysanthemum growth under greenhouse and field conditions. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(6), 302–310. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2017.12839
8. Damodaran, T., Rai, R. B., Jha, S. K., Kannan, R., Pandey, B. K., Sah, V., … Sharma, D. K. (2014). Rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria for induction of salt tolerance in gladiolus grown in sodic soils. Journal of Plant Interactions, 9(1), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2013.873958

9. Deb, C. R., & Tatung, M. (2024). Siderophore producing bacteria as biocontrol agent against phytopathogens for a better environment: A review. South African Journal of Botany, 165, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.12.031
10. Duijff, B. J., Bakker, P. A. H. M., & Schippers, B. (1994). Suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas putida WCS358 at different levels of disease incidence and iron availability. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 4(3), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159409355336
11. Duijff, B. J., Erkelens, A., Bakker, P. A. H. M., & Schippers, B. (1995). Influence of pH on suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r. Journal of Phytopathology, 143(4), 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1995.tb00602.x
12. Duijff, B. J., Meijer, J. W., Bakker, P. A. H. M., & Schippers, B. (1993). Siderophore-mediated competition for iron and induced resistance in the suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 99(5–6), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01974309
13. Ehsanimehr, N., Hosseinifarahi, M., Abdipour, M., Eshghi, S., & Jamali, B. (2024). Improving postharvest quality and vase life of cut rose flowers by pre-harvest foliar co-applications of γ-aminobutyric acid and calcium chloride. Scientific Reports, 14, 14520. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64021-8
14. Fanai, A., Bohia, B., Lalremruati, F., Lalhriatpuii, N., Lalrokimi, Lalmuanpuii, R., … Zothanpuia. (2024). Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB)-induced plant adaptations to stresses: An updated review. PeerJ, 12, e17882. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17882
15. Gadagi, R. S., Krishnaraj, P. U., Kulkarni, J. H., & Sa, T. (2004). The effect of combined Azospirillum inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer on plant growth promotion and yield response of the blanket flower Gaillardia pulchella. Scientia Horticulturae, 100(1–4), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2003.10.002
16. Giri, B., & Beura, S. (2021). Impact of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on post harvest life of cut flowers of hybrid gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii B.) cv. Shimmer. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 43(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/JEAI/2021/v43i230639
17. Gómez-Godínez, L. J., Aguirre-Noyola, J. L., Martínez-Romero, E., Arteaga-Garibay, R. I., Ireta-Moreno, J., & Ruvalcaba-Gómez, J. M. (2023). A look at plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Plants, 12(8), 1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081668
18. Gómez-Navor, T., Gómez-Merino, F. C., Almaraz-Suárez, J. J., Carballo-Sánchez, M. P., García-Albarado, J. C., & Trejo-Téllez, L. I. (2026). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria favor vegetative development and optimize nutrient uptake in lisianthus. Horticulturae, 12(3), 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030350
19. Hanif, M. S., Tayyab, M., Baillo, E. H., Islam, M. M., Islam, W., & Li, X. (2024). Plant microbiome technology for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1500260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1500260
20. Hanudin, Budiarto, K., & Marwoto, B. (2017). Application of PGPR and antagonist fungi-based biofungicide for white rust disease control and its economyc analysis in chrysanthemum production. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 39(3), 266–278. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v39i3.1326
21. Honma, M., & Shimomura, T. (1978). Metabolism of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 42(10), 1825–1831. https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1978.10863261
22. Huang, R., Feng, H., Xu, Z., Zhang, N., Liu, Y., Shao, J., … Zhang, R. (2022). Identification of adhesins in plant beneficial rhizobacteria Bacillus velezensis SQR9 and their effect on root colonization. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 35(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-09-21-0234-R
23. International Association of Horticultural Producers. (2025). Crucial global data released—International statistics flowers and plants 2025. https://aiph.org/latest-news/crucial-global-data-released-international-statistics-flowers-and-plants-2025/. Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2026
24. Jaén-Contreras, D., Arévalo-Galarza, M. de L., Ramírez-Guzman, M. E., Cadena-Iñiguez, J., & Hernández-Vázquez, M. V. (2022). Quality of floral stems of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Raf.) inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and Glomus intraradices. Ornamental Horticulture, 28(4), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v28i4.2498
25. Jeyaseelan, A., Murugesan, K., Thayanithi, S., & Palanisamy, S. B. (2024). A review of the impact of herbicides and insecticides on the microbial communities. Environmental Research, 245, 118020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.118020
26. Karagüzel, Ü. Ö. (2026). Integrative osmotic–antioxidant mechanisms in salinity-stressed Gerbera jamesonii treated with proline–IAA and PGPR. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1733697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1733697
27. Karagüzel, Ü. Ö., Erkut, E., Islam, S., & Yildiz, A. (2025). Unravelling the role of indigenous PGPB in corm development and mineral acquisition of Freesia hybrida: A multivariate perspective. Folia Horticulturae, 37(3), 417–432. https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2025-0027
28. Khawula, S., Daniel, A. I., Nyawo, N., Ndlazi, K., Sibiya, S., Ntshalintshali, S., … Nkomo, M. (2025). Optimizing plant resilience with growth-promoting rhizobacteria under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Plant Stress, 17, 100949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2025.100949
29. Mahmood, T., Moosa, A., Zulfiqar, F., Alharthy, O. M., Hadadi, F., Alhelaify, S. S., … Alhajouj, S. A. (2025). Bacillus velezensis JM11 and Bacillus pumilus CPCF54 ameliorate cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Gladiolus grandiflorus cut flower. Current Microbiology, 82, 167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-025-04151-y
30. Naik, S., Chapin, L. J., Nordstedt, N. P., Wu, G., & Jones, M. L. (2026). Pseudomonas soli C10A8 overcomes iron deficiency in French marigold via a siderophore rich exometabolome. Microbiological Research, 312, 128631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2026.128631
31. Olanrewaju, O. S., Glick, B. R., & Babalola, O. O. (2017). Mechanisms of action of plant growth promoting bacteria. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33, 197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-017-2364-9
32. Pantoja-Guerra, M., Valero-Valero, N., & Ramírez, C. A. (2023). Total auxin level in the soil–plant system as a modulating factor for the effectiveness of PGPR inocula: A review. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 10, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-022-00370-8
33. Parya, C. (2017). Effect of integrated plant nutrient system for gerbera flower production under protected cultivation. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 19(2), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2017.v19i02.25
34. Patten, C. L., & Glick, B. R. (2002). Role of Pseudomonas putida indoleacetic acid in development of the host plant root system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(8), 3795–3801. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.8.3795-3801.2002
35. Pérez-Montaño, F., Aparicio, N., Arenas, F., Arjona, J. M., Camacho, M., Fernández-García, N., … Reguera, M. (2025). Emerging crops and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB): A synergistic approach to climate-resilient agriculture. Microbiome, 13, 228. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-025-02225-4
36. Proietti, S., Scariot, V., De Pascale, S., & Paradiso, R. (2022). Flowering mechanisms and environmental stimuli for flower transition: Bases for production scheduling in greenhouse floriculture. Plants, 11(3), 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030432
37. Quijia-Pillajo, J., Naik, S., Chapin, L. J., Owen, J. S., Jr., & Jones, M. L. (2026). Calcium phosphate-solubilizing bacteria promote growth and alleviate phosphorus deficiency in French marigold with minimal impact on the rhizosphere microbiome. Environmental Microbiome, 21, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-025-00844-w
38. Ramyabharathi, S. A., Sankari Meena, K., Rajendran, L., Karthikeyan, G., Jonathan, E. I., & Raguchander, T. (2018). Biocontrol of wilt-nematode complex infecting gerbera by Bacillus subtilis under protected cultivation. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 28, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0027-2
39. Ramyabharathi, S. A., Sankari Meena, K., Rajendran, L., Raguchander, T., & Jonathan, E. I. (2020). Potential of a rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilis (Bbv 57) on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gerberae and Meloidogyne incognita infecting gerbera grown in protected cultivation. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 158, 615–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02087-6
40. Selvaraj, T., & Ambalavanan, S. (2013). Induction of defense-related enzymes in anthurium by application of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2(12), 661–670.
41. Shah, S., Li, J., Moffatt, B. A., & Glick, B. R. (1998). Isolation and characterization of ACC deaminase genes from two different plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 44(9), 833–843. https://doi.org/10.1139/w98-074
42. Swaine, M., Bergna, A., Oyserman, B., Vasileiadis, S., Karas, P. A., Screpanti, C., & Karpouzas, D. G. (2025). Impact of pesticides on soil health: Identification of key soil microbial indicators for ecotoxicological assessment strategies through meta-analysis. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 101(6), fiaf052. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaf052
43. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2025). Süs bitkileri üretim istatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr. Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2026
44. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (1994). UNECE standard H-1 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of cut flowers (AGRI/WP.1/46). https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trade/agr/standard/flowers/flower_e/h1flower.pdf
45. Van Peer, R., & Schippers, B. (1992). Lipopolysaccharides of plant-growth promoting Pseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r induce resistance in carnation to Fusarium wilt. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 98, 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01996325
46. Van Peer, R., Niemann, G. J., & Schippers, B. (1991). Induced resistance and phytoalexin accumulation in biological control of Fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r. Phytopathology, 81, 728–734. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-81-728
47. Verdonk, J. C., van Ieperen, W., Carvalho, D. R. A., van Geest, G., & Schouten, R. E. (2023). Effect of preharvest conditions on cut-flower quality. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1281456. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1281456 Villagran, E., Rocha, G. A. O., Mojica, L., Flores-Velasquez, J., Aguilar, C. E., Gomez, L., … Numa, S. (2024). Scientific analysis of cut flowers: A review of the main technical issues developed. Ornamental Horticulture, 30, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v30.e242699
48. Wang, M., & Xu, Z. (2026). PGPR-mediated enhancement of soil nutrients, rhizosphere microbial ecology, and plant growth: A review. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, 12, 95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-026-00966-0
49. Wang, Y., Fang, X., Zhou, Y., Liao, Y., Zhang, Z., Deng, B., … Zhao, S. (2024). Transcriptome analysis of growth and quality response of chrysanthemum to co-inoculation with Bacillus velezensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scientia Horticulturae, 326, 112722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112722
50. World Bank. (n.d.). Turkey fresh cut flowers and buds exports by country, 2024 (HS 060310). World Integrated Trade Solution. https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/TUR/year/2024/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/060310. Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2026
51. Xing, Y., Xie, Y., & Wang, X. (2025). Enhancing soil health through balanced fertilization: A pathway to sustainable agriculture and food security. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1536524. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1536524 Yıldız Taşkesen, E., Çığ, A., & Türkoğlu, N. (2024). Effects of PGPB inoculations on plant growth and quality of spray carnation cultivation in greenhouse. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(4), 668–684. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1339822
52. Yılmaz, G., Tarhanacı, B., Belgüzar, S., Kayaaslan, Z., & Yıldız, K. (2023). Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the vase life of gerbera flowers. Turkish Journal of Food and Agriculture Sciences, 5(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.53663/turjfas.1266719
53. Zhang, H., Zheng, D., Hu, C., Cheng, W., Lei, P., Xu, H., & Gao, N. (2023). Certain tomato root exudates induced by Pseudomonas stutzeri NRCB010 enhance its rhizosphere colonization capability. Metabolites, 13(5), 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050664
54. Zhang, P., Zhou, J., He, D., Yang, Y., Lu, Z., Yang, C., ... Wang, J. (2024). From flourish to nourish: Cultivating soil health for sustainable floriculture. Plants, 13(21), 3055. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213055