Abstract
Trade openness is an
essential component of economic growth, and the relationship between trade
openness and energy consumption has been an important topic of discussion among
academics and researchers. The purpose of this study
is to deal with the symmetric and asymmetric causality between Turkey's trade
openness and energy consumption. For this purpose, using
Turkey's annual data for the period between 1980-2015 years, the causality relationship
between trade openness and energy consumption was analyzed by symmetrical
Toda-Yamamoto causality test and asymmetric Hatemi-J causality test. It
was determined that there is bi-directional causality relationship both from
trade openness to energy consumption and from energy consumption to trade
openness according to the symmetric Toda-Yamamoto causality test. According to
the results of the Hatemi-J asymmetric causality test, no asymmetric causality
relationship between the trade openness and energy consumption has been
determined. By promoting industrialization, trade openness will be able to affect
economic growth and economic growth will result in an increase in energy
demand. Due to the expansion of trade openness, the increased in the number of
technological products will be able to contribute to the country's energy
efficiency policies by encouraging the production and use of lower-cost energy.
References
- Aizenman J. (2004). Financial Opening and Development: Evidence and Policy Controversies. American Economic Review, 94(2), 65-70.
- Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389.
- Breitung, J., & Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for short-and long-run causality: A frequency-domain approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132(2), 363-378.
- Cole, M. A., (2006). Does trade liberalization increase energy use? Economics Letters, 92, 108-112.
- Dedeoğlu, D., Kaya, H., (2013). Energy use, exports, imports and GDP: New evidence from the OECD countries. Energy Policy, 57, 469-476
- Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431.
- Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1992). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root.
- Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M., Arouri, M., & Teulon, F. (2014). The role of natural gas consumption and trade in Tunisia's output. Energy Policy, 66, 677-684.
- Ghani, G. M. (2012). Does trade liberalization effect energy consumption?. Energy Policy, 43, 285-290.
- Gövdere, B., & Can, M. (2016). Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi, Dışa Açıklık, Finansal Gelişme, Sabit Sermaye Yatırımları Ve Dış Ticaretin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 209-228.
- Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
- Hafner, Christian M., and Helmut Herwartz. 2006. “A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Causality in Variance.” Economics Letters, 93(1): 137-141.
- Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999.
- Hossain, S. (2014). Multivariate granger causality between economic growth, electricity consumption, exports and remittance for the panel of three SAARC countries. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 8(1).
- Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric Causality Tests with an Application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.
- Jena, P. R. and Grote, U. (2008). Growth-trade-environment nexus in India. Economics Bulletin, 17, 1-17. Narayan, P.K. and Smyth, R., (2009). Multivariate Granger causality between electricity consumption, exports and GDP: evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries. Energy Policy, 37, 229-236.
- Kyophilavong, P., Shahbaz, M., Anwar, S., & Masood, S. (2015). The energy-growth nexus in Thailand: Does trade openness boost up energy consumption?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46, 265-274.
- Nasreen, S., & Anwar, S. (2014). Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries. Energy Policy, 69, 82-91.
- Saçık, S. Y. (2009). Büyümenin Bir Kaynağı Olarak Ticari Dışa Açıklık. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(18), 273-294.
- Sadorsky, P., (2011). Trade and energy consumption in the Middle East. Energy Economics 33, 739-749.
- Sadorsky, P., (2012). Energy consumption, output and trade in South America. Energy Economics, 34, 476-488.
- Shahbaz, M., Khan, S., & Tahir, M. I. (2013). The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis. Energy economics, 40, 8-21.
- Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ling, C. H., & Sbia, R. (2014). Causality between trade openness and energy consumption: What causes what in high, middle and low income countries. Energy Policy, 70, 126-143.
- Shahzad, S. J. H., Kumar, R. R., Zakaria, M., & Hurr, M. (2017). Carbon emission, energy consumption, trade openness and financial development in Pakistan: A revisit. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 185-192.
- Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M., & Hamdi, H. (2014). A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191-197.
- Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
- Utkulu, U., & Kahyaoğlu, H. (2005). Ticari ve Finansal Dışa Açıklık Türkiye de Büyümeyi Ne Yönde Etkiledi? (No. 2005/13). Discussion Paper, Turkish Economic Association.
- Yaşar, N.(2016). Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Veri Analizi, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
TİCARİ DIŞA AÇIKLIK İLE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ ARASINDAKİ SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK NEDENSELLİK İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ
Abstract
Ticari açıklık,
ekonomik büyümenin temel bir bileşeni olup ticari açıklık ve enerji tüketimi
arasındaki ilişki, akademisyenler ve araştırmacılar arasında önemli bir
tartışma konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin ticari açıklığı ile
enerji tüketimi arasındaki simetrik ve asimetrik nedensellik ilişkisini ele
almaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye’nin 1980-2015 yılları arasındaki döneme
ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak, ticari dışa açıklık ile enerji tüketimi
arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi Toda-Yamamoto simetrik Nedensellik testi ve
Hatemi-J asimetrik nedensellik testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan simetrik
Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testine göre, hem ticari dışa açıklıktan enerji
tüketimine hem de enerji tüketiminden ticari açıklığa çift yönlü nedensellik
ilişkisinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Hatemi-J asimetrik nedensellik testi
sonuçlarına göre ise, ticari dışa açıklık ile enerji tüketimi arasında herhangi
bir asimetrik nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir. Ticari açıklık,
sanayileşmeyi teşvik ederek, ekonomik büyümeyi de etkileyebilecek ve ekonomik
büyüme de beraberinde enerji talebinde artışı ortaya çıkaracaktır. Ticari
açıklığın genişlemesi sayesinde teknolojik ürün sayısının artması, daha düşük
maliyetli enerji üretimini ve kullanımını özendirerek ülke enerji verimlilik
politikalarına katkı sağlayabilecektir.
References
- Aizenman J. (2004). Financial Opening and Development: Evidence and Policy Controversies. American Economic Review, 94(2), 65-70.
- Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389.
- Breitung, J., & Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for short-and long-run causality: A frequency-domain approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132(2), 363-378.
- Cole, M. A., (2006). Does trade liberalization increase energy use? Economics Letters, 92, 108-112.
- Dedeoğlu, D., Kaya, H., (2013). Energy use, exports, imports and GDP: New evidence from the OECD countries. Energy Policy, 57, 469-476
- Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431.
- Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1992). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root.
- Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M., Arouri, M., & Teulon, F. (2014). The role of natural gas consumption and trade in Tunisia's output. Energy Policy, 66, 677-684.
- Ghani, G. M. (2012). Does trade liberalization effect energy consumption?. Energy Policy, 43, 285-290.
- Gövdere, B., & Can, M. (2016). Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi, Dışa Açıklık, Finansal Gelişme, Sabit Sermaye Yatırımları Ve Dış Ticaretin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 209-228.
- Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
- Hafner, Christian M., and Helmut Herwartz. 2006. “A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Causality in Variance.” Economics Letters, 93(1): 137-141.
- Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999.
- Hossain, S. (2014). Multivariate granger causality between economic growth, electricity consumption, exports and remittance for the panel of three SAARC countries. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 8(1).
- Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric Causality Tests with an Application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.
- Jena, P. R. and Grote, U. (2008). Growth-trade-environment nexus in India. Economics Bulletin, 17, 1-17. Narayan, P.K. and Smyth, R., (2009). Multivariate Granger causality between electricity consumption, exports and GDP: evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries. Energy Policy, 37, 229-236.
- Kyophilavong, P., Shahbaz, M., Anwar, S., & Masood, S. (2015). The energy-growth nexus in Thailand: Does trade openness boost up energy consumption?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46, 265-274.
- Nasreen, S., & Anwar, S. (2014). Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries. Energy Policy, 69, 82-91.
- Saçık, S. Y. (2009). Büyümenin Bir Kaynağı Olarak Ticari Dışa Açıklık. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(18), 273-294.
- Sadorsky, P., (2011). Trade and energy consumption in the Middle East. Energy Economics 33, 739-749.
- Sadorsky, P., (2012). Energy consumption, output and trade in South America. Energy Economics, 34, 476-488.
- Shahbaz, M., Khan, S., & Tahir, M. I. (2013). The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis. Energy economics, 40, 8-21.
- Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ling, C. H., & Sbia, R. (2014). Causality between trade openness and energy consumption: What causes what in high, middle and low income countries. Energy Policy, 70, 126-143.
- Shahzad, S. J. H., Kumar, R. R., Zakaria, M., & Hurr, M. (2017). Carbon emission, energy consumption, trade openness and financial development in Pakistan: A revisit. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 185-192.
- Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M., & Hamdi, H. (2014). A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191-197.
- Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
- Utkulu, U., & Kahyaoğlu, H. (2005). Ticari ve Finansal Dışa Açıklık Türkiye de Büyümeyi Ne Yönde Etkiledi? (No. 2005/13). Discussion Paper, Turkish Economic Association.
- Yaşar, N.(2016). Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Veri Analizi, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | October 31, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 3 Issue: 6 |
