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EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON NITRIC OXIDE, INTERLEUKIN-10 LEVELS, CASPASE-6 ACTIVITY AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN HORSES

Year 2022, , 204 - 209, 11.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1039027

Abstract

In this study, the effects of exercise on some biochemical parameters as well as nitric oxide (NO), one of the oxidative stress indicators, interleukin-10 (IL-10), one of the main inflammatory cytokines, and caspase-6 activity, one of the apoptosis markers, were determined in 20 Thoroughbred horses. For this purpose, horses were exercised once a day between 11:00 and 13:00for 10 days. Blood samples were taken from the v. jugularis of the animals before and after exercise, and in the serum obtained aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) enzyme activities, glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin urea, and creatinine, in plasma NO, IL-10 levels and caspase-6 activities were determined. Exercise did not affect serum AST, LDH, CK, plasma caspase-6 activities, IL-10, and serum albumin levels. However, depending on the exercise; although it is between reference values; a decrease in serum glucose levels, an increase in total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, and plasma NO levels were detected. As a result; it was concluded that the biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, cytokine, and apoptosis markers examined in racehorses may vary depending on the duration, type, and intensity of exercise.

Supporting Institution

ERÜ BAP

Project Number

TYL-2021-11025

References

  • 1. Aslan R. Atlarda Antrenman. In: Recep Aslan (ed.), Spor Atları.Kümbet Yayınları, Afyonkarahisar 2016; ss 74-89.
  • 2. Güzelbekteş H, Ok M, Şen İ, Coşkun A. Atlarda uzun süreli fiziksel egzersizin hematolojik ve bazı biyokimyasal parametreler üzerinde etkisi. Vet Bil Derg 2006; 22(1-2):27-30.
  • 3. Burlikowska K, Boguslawska-Tryk M, Szymeczko R, Pıotrowska A. Haematological and biochemical blood parameters in horses used fors port and recreation. J Cent Europ Agric 2015; 16(4):370-382.
  • 4. Kocaman E, Fidancı UR. Arap atlarında egzersizin lipid profili üzerine etkisi. Harran Uni Vet Fak Derg 2016; 5(2):120-123.
  • 5. Oruç E, Kısadere İ, Kadıralieva N, Sur E. Kırgizistan Bişkek yöresi Konkur (engel) atlarında yarış öncesi ve sonrası bazı hematolojik, biyokimyasal analizler ile ANAE profili ve nazal eksfolyasyonun karşılaştırılması. Manas J Agr Vet Life Sci 2017; 7(1):12-20.
  • 6. Karla K, Vrbanac Z, Gotic J, et al. Changes in biochemical parameters in horses during 40 km and 80 km endurance races. Acta Vet Beograd 2019; 69(1):73-87.
  • 7. Pourmohammed R, Mohri M, Aeifi H, Sardarı K. Effect of exercise on some minerals, metabolites and enzyme activities in the serum of trained Arabian horses. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2019; 43:791-799.
  • 8. Liburt NR, Adams AA, Betancourt A, Horohov DW, Mckeever KH. Exercise-induced increases in inflammatory cytokines in muscle and blood of horse. Equine Vet J 2010; 42(38):280-288.
  • 9. Liburt NR, McKeever KH, Streltsova JM, et al. Effects of ginger and cranberry extract on the physiological response to exercise and markers of inflammation in horses. Comp Exerc Physiol 2010; 6(4):157-169.
  • 10. Avenatti RC, Mckeever KH, Horohov DW, Malinowki K. Effects of age and exercise on inflammatory cytokines, HSP70 and HSP 90 gene expression and protein content in Standartbred horses. Comp Exer Physiol 2018; 14(1):27-46.
  • 11. Lee HG, Choi JY, Park JW, et al. Effects of exercise on myokine gene expression in horse skeletal muscle. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 2019; 32(3):350-356.
  • 12. Kirschvink N, Moffarts B, Lekeux P. The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horse. The Vet J 2008; 177(2):178-191.
  • 13. Macnicol JL, Lindinger MI, Pearson W. A time-course evaluation of inflammmatory and oxidative markers floowing high-intensity exercise in horses: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol 2018; 124(4):860-865.
  • 14. Wencel H, Lutnicki K, Rowicka A, Debek B, Bryl M. Effort of varying intensity as a factor influencing the variability of selected biochemical blood parameters of jumping horses. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2012; 56:225-229.
  • 15. Ono T, Inoue Y, Hisaeda K, et al. Effect of seasons and sex on the physical, hematological, and blood biochemical parameters of Noma horses. J Equine Sci 2021; 32(1):21-25.
  • 16. Kaneko JJ. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. (4th ed.). Academic Press Inc, New York 1989; pp 1-932.
  • 17. Tiftik AM. Klinik Biyokimya. Mimoza Yayınları, Konya 1996; ss 1-413.
  • 18. Karagül H, Fidancı UR, Altıntaş A, Sel T. Klinik Biyokimya. Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara 2000; ss 1-430.
  • 19. Gomes CLN, Alves AM, Filho JDR, et al. Physiological and biochemical responses and hydration status in equines after two barrel racing courses. Brazil J Vet Res 2020;40(12):992-1001.
  • 20. Champe PC, Harvey RA. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews; Biochemistry. (2nd Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business, Philadelphia 2011; pp 1-534.
  • 21. Pösö R, Hyyppä S. Metabolic and hormonal changes after exercise in relation to muscle glycogen concentrations. Equine Vet J 1999;30:332-336.
  • 22. Votion D. Metabolic responses to exercise and training. In: Hinchcliff K, Kaneps AJ, Geor RJ (Eds), Equine Sports Medical and Surgery. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia2014; pp 747-767.
  • 23. Yılmaz E, Gül M. Atlarda glisemik indeks ve insülin direnci. Atatürk Üniv Vet Bil Derg 2019; 14(2):229‐237.
  • 24. Hartlova H, Rehak D, Sedmikova M, Mendlik J, Kralova J. Effect of extruded fodder on biochemical and haematological parameters of Standardbred horses under training conditions. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2010;34(4):365-372.
  • 25. Sribhen C, Sitthichaiyakul A, Kongpiromchean Y, Kasetsart KSJ. Influence of Training Exercise on Clinical Plasma Chemistry Parameters and Cardiac Markers in Race Horses. Nat Sci 2007; 41:478-483.
  • 26. Massanyi M, Marko H, Kovacik A, et al. The effect of induced training on selected equine blood plasma indicators on treadmill trained horses. Vet Med 2020; 65(12):528-536.
  • 27. Takasu M, Nagatani N, Tozaki T, et al. Hematological and Biochemical reference values for the endangered kiso horse. J Equine Sci 2013; 24(4):75-78.
  • 28. Miller-Graber PA, Lawrence LM, Foreman JH, et al. Dietary protein level and energy metabolism during treadmill exercise in horses. J Nutr 1991; 121(9):1462-1469.
  • 29. PösöAR, Sooeri T, Oksanen HE. The effect of exercise on blood parameters in standardbred and finnish-bred horses. Acta Vet Scand 1983;24(2):170-184.
  • 30. Pérez R, García M, Cabezas I, et al. Actividad física cambios cardiovasculares bioquímicos del caballo chileno a la competencia de rodeo. Arch Med Vet 1997; 29(2):221-234.
  • 31. Li G, Lee P, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Long term intensive exercise training leads to a high plasma malate/lactate dehydrogenase (M/L) ratio and increased level of lipid mobilization in horses. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:149-155.
  • 32. Djokovic S, Markovic L, Djermanovic V, Trailovic R.Indicators of exhaustion and stress markers in endurance horses. Med Weter 2021;77(7):331-336.
  • 33. Lacerda L, Campos R, Sperb M, et al. Hematologic and biochemical parameters in three high performance horse breeds from Southern Brazil. Arch Vet Sci 2006; 11(2):40-44.
  • 34. Toribio R. Essentials of equine renal and urinary tract physiology. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 2008; 23(3):533-561.
  • 35. Demirtas B. Physical, haematological and biochemical responses of Arabian horses to jereed (Javelin Swarm) competition. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2018; 24(2):219-226.
  • 36. Padilha FGF, Dimache LAG, Almeida FQ, Ferreira MR. Blood biochemical parameters of Brazilian sport horses under training in tropical climate. Rev Brasil Zootec 2017; 46(8):678-682.
  • 37. Altıner A, Atalay H, Bilal T. Serbest radikaller ve stres ile ilişkisi. Balıkesir Sağ Bil Derg 2018; 7(1):51-55.
  • 38. Williams CA. Antioxidant supplementation to the exersing horse. R Bras Zootec 2010; 39:145-150.
  • 39. Taş M, Kıyıcı F, Akyüz M, Kishalı NF. Farklı türdeki egzersizlerin nitrik oksit üzerine akut ve kronik etkileri. Türk Spor ve Egzersiz Derg 2011; 13(1):26-30.
  • 40. Reid MB. Free radicals and muscle fatigue: Of ROS, canaries, and the IOC. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:169-179.
  • 41. Alberghina D, Piccionea G, Amorinib AM, et al. Body temperature and plasma nitric oxide metabolites in response to standardized exercise test in the athletic horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2015; 35(9):709-713.
  • 42. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Aska PB, Czopowicz M, et al. Anti-inflammatory state in Arabian horses introduced to the endurance training. Animals 2019; 9(9):616.

ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ

Year 2022, , 204 - 209, 11.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1039027

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, 20 adet Safkan İngiliz atlarında egzersizin bazı biyokimyasal parametrelerin yanında oksidatif stres göstergelerinden nitrik oksit (NO), temel inflamatuvar sitokinlerden interlöykin-10 (IL-10) düzeyleri ve apoptoz belirteçlerinden kaspaz-6 aktivitesi üzerindeki etkileri belirlendi. Bu amaçla atlar, 10 günlük süre boyunca 11:00 ve 13:00 saatleri arasında günde bir kez egzersize tabi tutuldu. Egzersiz öncesi ve sonrası hayvanların v. jugularisinden kanları alınıp, elde edilen serumlarda aspartat amino transferaz (AST), laktat dehidrojenaz (LDH), kreatin kinaz (CK) enzim aktiviteleri ile glikoz, toplam kolesterol, trigliserid, albümin, üre ve kreatinin, plazmalarda NO, IL-10 düzeyleri ile kaspaz-6 aktiviteleri belirlendi. Egzersiz; serum AST, LDH, CK, plazma kaspaz-6 aktiviteleri ile IL-10 ve serum albümin düzeylerini etkilemedi. Bununla birlikte egzersize bağlı olarak, her ne kadar referans değerler arasında olmakla birlikte, serum glikoz düzeylerinde düşme, toplam kolesterol, trigliserid, üre, kreatinin ve plazma NO düzeylerinde ise yükselme saptandı. Sonuç olarak; yarış atlarında incelenen biyokimyasal parametreler, oksidatif stres, sitokin ve apoptoz belirteçlerinin egzersiz süresi, türü ve yoğunluğuna bağlı olarak değişebileceği kanaatine varıldı.

Project Number

TYL-2021-11025

References

  • 1. Aslan R. Atlarda Antrenman. In: Recep Aslan (ed.), Spor Atları.Kümbet Yayınları, Afyonkarahisar 2016; ss 74-89.
  • 2. Güzelbekteş H, Ok M, Şen İ, Coşkun A. Atlarda uzun süreli fiziksel egzersizin hematolojik ve bazı biyokimyasal parametreler üzerinde etkisi. Vet Bil Derg 2006; 22(1-2):27-30.
  • 3. Burlikowska K, Boguslawska-Tryk M, Szymeczko R, Pıotrowska A. Haematological and biochemical blood parameters in horses used fors port and recreation. J Cent Europ Agric 2015; 16(4):370-382.
  • 4. Kocaman E, Fidancı UR. Arap atlarında egzersizin lipid profili üzerine etkisi. Harran Uni Vet Fak Derg 2016; 5(2):120-123.
  • 5. Oruç E, Kısadere İ, Kadıralieva N, Sur E. Kırgizistan Bişkek yöresi Konkur (engel) atlarında yarış öncesi ve sonrası bazı hematolojik, biyokimyasal analizler ile ANAE profili ve nazal eksfolyasyonun karşılaştırılması. Manas J Agr Vet Life Sci 2017; 7(1):12-20.
  • 6. Karla K, Vrbanac Z, Gotic J, et al. Changes in biochemical parameters in horses during 40 km and 80 km endurance races. Acta Vet Beograd 2019; 69(1):73-87.
  • 7. Pourmohammed R, Mohri M, Aeifi H, Sardarı K. Effect of exercise on some minerals, metabolites and enzyme activities in the serum of trained Arabian horses. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2019; 43:791-799.
  • 8. Liburt NR, Adams AA, Betancourt A, Horohov DW, Mckeever KH. Exercise-induced increases in inflammatory cytokines in muscle and blood of horse. Equine Vet J 2010; 42(38):280-288.
  • 9. Liburt NR, McKeever KH, Streltsova JM, et al. Effects of ginger and cranberry extract on the physiological response to exercise and markers of inflammation in horses. Comp Exerc Physiol 2010; 6(4):157-169.
  • 10. Avenatti RC, Mckeever KH, Horohov DW, Malinowki K. Effects of age and exercise on inflammatory cytokines, HSP70 and HSP 90 gene expression and protein content in Standartbred horses. Comp Exer Physiol 2018; 14(1):27-46.
  • 11. Lee HG, Choi JY, Park JW, et al. Effects of exercise on myokine gene expression in horse skeletal muscle. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 2019; 32(3):350-356.
  • 12. Kirschvink N, Moffarts B, Lekeux P. The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horse. The Vet J 2008; 177(2):178-191.
  • 13. Macnicol JL, Lindinger MI, Pearson W. A time-course evaluation of inflammmatory and oxidative markers floowing high-intensity exercise in horses: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol 2018; 124(4):860-865.
  • 14. Wencel H, Lutnicki K, Rowicka A, Debek B, Bryl M. Effort of varying intensity as a factor influencing the variability of selected biochemical blood parameters of jumping horses. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2012; 56:225-229.
  • 15. Ono T, Inoue Y, Hisaeda K, et al. Effect of seasons and sex on the physical, hematological, and blood biochemical parameters of Noma horses. J Equine Sci 2021; 32(1):21-25.
  • 16. Kaneko JJ. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. (4th ed.). Academic Press Inc, New York 1989; pp 1-932.
  • 17. Tiftik AM. Klinik Biyokimya. Mimoza Yayınları, Konya 1996; ss 1-413.
  • 18. Karagül H, Fidancı UR, Altıntaş A, Sel T. Klinik Biyokimya. Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara 2000; ss 1-430.
  • 19. Gomes CLN, Alves AM, Filho JDR, et al. Physiological and biochemical responses and hydration status in equines after two barrel racing courses. Brazil J Vet Res 2020;40(12):992-1001.
  • 20. Champe PC, Harvey RA. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews; Biochemistry. (2nd Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business, Philadelphia 2011; pp 1-534.
  • 21. Pösö R, Hyyppä S. Metabolic and hormonal changes after exercise in relation to muscle glycogen concentrations. Equine Vet J 1999;30:332-336.
  • 22. Votion D. Metabolic responses to exercise and training. In: Hinchcliff K, Kaneps AJ, Geor RJ (Eds), Equine Sports Medical and Surgery. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia2014; pp 747-767.
  • 23. Yılmaz E, Gül M. Atlarda glisemik indeks ve insülin direnci. Atatürk Üniv Vet Bil Derg 2019; 14(2):229‐237.
  • 24. Hartlova H, Rehak D, Sedmikova M, Mendlik J, Kralova J. Effect of extruded fodder on biochemical and haematological parameters of Standardbred horses under training conditions. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2010;34(4):365-372.
  • 25. Sribhen C, Sitthichaiyakul A, Kongpiromchean Y, Kasetsart KSJ. Influence of Training Exercise on Clinical Plasma Chemistry Parameters and Cardiac Markers in Race Horses. Nat Sci 2007; 41:478-483.
  • 26. Massanyi M, Marko H, Kovacik A, et al. The effect of induced training on selected equine blood plasma indicators on treadmill trained horses. Vet Med 2020; 65(12):528-536.
  • 27. Takasu M, Nagatani N, Tozaki T, et al. Hematological and Biochemical reference values for the endangered kiso horse. J Equine Sci 2013; 24(4):75-78.
  • 28. Miller-Graber PA, Lawrence LM, Foreman JH, et al. Dietary protein level and energy metabolism during treadmill exercise in horses. J Nutr 1991; 121(9):1462-1469.
  • 29. PösöAR, Sooeri T, Oksanen HE. The effect of exercise on blood parameters in standardbred and finnish-bred horses. Acta Vet Scand 1983;24(2):170-184.
  • 30. Pérez R, García M, Cabezas I, et al. Actividad física cambios cardiovasculares bioquímicos del caballo chileno a la competencia de rodeo. Arch Med Vet 1997; 29(2):221-234.
  • 31. Li G, Lee P, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Long term intensive exercise training leads to a high plasma malate/lactate dehydrogenase (M/L) ratio and increased level of lipid mobilization in horses. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:149-155.
  • 32. Djokovic S, Markovic L, Djermanovic V, Trailovic R.Indicators of exhaustion and stress markers in endurance horses. Med Weter 2021;77(7):331-336.
  • 33. Lacerda L, Campos R, Sperb M, et al. Hematologic and biochemical parameters in three high performance horse breeds from Southern Brazil. Arch Vet Sci 2006; 11(2):40-44.
  • 34. Toribio R. Essentials of equine renal and urinary tract physiology. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 2008; 23(3):533-561.
  • 35. Demirtas B. Physical, haematological and biochemical responses of Arabian horses to jereed (Javelin Swarm) competition. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2018; 24(2):219-226.
  • 36. Padilha FGF, Dimache LAG, Almeida FQ, Ferreira MR. Blood biochemical parameters of Brazilian sport horses under training in tropical climate. Rev Brasil Zootec 2017; 46(8):678-682.
  • 37. Altıner A, Atalay H, Bilal T. Serbest radikaller ve stres ile ilişkisi. Balıkesir Sağ Bil Derg 2018; 7(1):51-55.
  • 38. Williams CA. Antioxidant supplementation to the exersing horse. R Bras Zootec 2010; 39:145-150.
  • 39. Taş M, Kıyıcı F, Akyüz M, Kishalı NF. Farklı türdeki egzersizlerin nitrik oksit üzerine akut ve kronik etkileri. Türk Spor ve Egzersiz Derg 2011; 13(1):26-30.
  • 40. Reid MB. Free radicals and muscle fatigue: Of ROS, canaries, and the IOC. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:169-179.
  • 41. Alberghina D, Piccionea G, Amorinib AM, et al. Body temperature and plasma nitric oxide metabolites in response to standardized exercise test in the athletic horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2015; 35(9):709-713.
  • 42. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Aska PB, Czopowicz M, et al. Anti-inflammatory state in Arabian horses introduced to the endurance training. Animals 2019; 9(9):616.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Reports
Authors

Mehmet Demirel This is me 0000-0002-0865-2877

Meryem Eren 0000-0003-1339-0493

Meryem Şentürk 0000-0002-3763-8310

Project Number TYL-2021-11025
Publication Date August 11, 2022
Submission Date December 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Demirel, M., Eren, M., & Şentürk, M. (2022). ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(2), 204-209. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1039027
AMA Demirel M, Eren M, Şentürk M. ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ. JHS. August 2022;31(2):204-209. doi:10.34108/eujhs.1039027
Chicago Demirel, Mehmet, Meryem Eren, and Meryem Şentürk. “ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31, no. 2 (August 2022): 204-9. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1039027.
EndNote Demirel M, Eren M, Şentürk M (August 1, 2022) ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31 2 204–209.
IEEE M. Demirel, M. Eren, and M. Şentürk, “ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ”, JHS, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 204–209, 2022, doi: 10.34108/eujhs.1039027.
ISNAD Demirel, Mehmet et al. “ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31/2 (August 2022), 204-209. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1039027.
JAMA Demirel M, Eren M, Şentürk M. ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ. JHS. 2022;31:204–209.
MLA Demirel, Mehmet et al. “ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 2, 2022, pp. 204-9, doi:10.34108/eujhs.1039027.
Vancouver Demirel M, Eren M, Şentürk M. ATLARDA EGZERSİZİN NİTRİK OKSİT, İNTERLÖYKİN-10 DÜZEYLERİ VE KASPAZ-6 AKTİVİTESİ İLE BAZI BİYOKİMYASAL PARAMETRELERE ETKİSİ. JHS. 2022;31(2):204-9.