A RESEARCH ON THE VIRAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES COMPLEX IN THE CATTLE OF SAMSUN REGION IN TERMS OF CLINICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL AND ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to research the presence of viral respiratory system diseases which are very common in Samsun and to analyze the relationship between these diseases and hematological, blood gases and acute phase proteins. For this purpose, 404 cattle older than nine months, which were not vaccinated with the Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Para influenza -3Virus (PI-3), and Bovine Respiratory Synctial Virus (BRSV) viruses, were used. Of the 404 cattle used in the study, 200 were included in the disease group and 204 cattle, which clinically did not show any diseases symptoms, were included in the healthy group. The antibody seroprevalance rates of the disease group cattle against IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI-3 viruses were found to be 44.5%, 55.5%, 93.5%, 87% respectively. 4 of the cattle in the disease group did not develop antibody against any of the aforementioned viruses. The antigen ELISA rates of the disease group cattle against IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI-3 viruses were found to be 0.5%, 0%, 1%, 1.5% respectively. The antibody seroprevalance rates of the healthy group cattle against IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI-3 viruses were found to be 48.5%, 64.2%, 91.6%, 90.6% respectively. 2 of the cattle in the healthy group did not develop antibody against any of the aforementioned viruses and none of the antigen ELISA test results of the healthy group cattle was positive. When the pH, pCO2, pO2 and O2SAT values in blood gas analyses were compared, statistically significant differences were not found between the two groups. There were statistically significant differences only in terms of actual bicarbonate (HCO3) (P<0.01), base excess (BE) (P<0.05) and total CO2 (P<0.01) values. Of the hematological parameters, only (P<0.01), WBC (P<0.01) and Monocyte (P<0.05) values of the disease group cattle were significantly higher than those of the healthy group cattle. When the red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct) values and lymphocytes and granulocyte percentages of the two groups were compared, statistically significant differences were not found between the two groups. While acute phase proteins Haptoglobin (Hp) (P<0.01), Serum Amyloid A (SAA) (P<0.001), C Reactive Protein (CRP) (P<0.01) and Fibrinogen (Fb) (P<0.01) concentrations were found to be statistically higher in the disease group cattle, negative acute phase protein Albumin concentration (P<0.01) was found to be significantly lower. As a result, it was concluded that the serologic test results for the viral elements in cattle were similar to the results of the previous studies in our country, it was also concluded that viral respiratory system diseases showed changes on blood gases and hematological parameters in animals and especially increased acute phase protein levels significantly. 

Keywords

• Acute phase protein
• blood gases
• bovine
• clinical
• hematological

SAMSUN YÖRESİNDEKİ SIĞIRLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM SİSTEMİ HASTALIKLARI KOMPLEKSİNİN KLİNİK, HEMATOLOJİK VE AKUT FAZ PROTEİNLERİ YÖNÜNDEN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Samsun yöresinde sık görülen viral solunum sistemi hastalıklarının varlığı ve hematolojik, kan gazları ve akut faz proteinlerle ilişkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Bu amaçla çalışmada InfectiousBovineRhinotracheitis (IBR), BovineViralDiarrhea (BVD), Parainfluenza -3Virus (PI-3) ve BovineRespiratorySynctialVirus(BRSV) virüslerle aşılanmamış, yaşları dokuz aydan büyük olan 200 adeti hasta ve 204 adeti ise sağlıklı olan toplam 404 adet sığır kullanıldı. Hastalık grubundaki sığırların (n= 200) IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV virüsüne karşı oluşturulan antikor seroprevalansı oranları sırasıyla % 44.5, % 55.5, % 93.5, % 87 olarak tespit edildi. Hastalık grubundaki 4 sığırda söz konusu virüslerin hiçbirine karşı antikor oluşmadığı belirlendi. Hastalık grubundaki sığırların IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI-3 virüsüne karşı oluşan antijen ELISA oranları sırasıyla, % 0.5, % 0, % 1, % 1.5 olarak tespit edildi. Sağlıklı grubundaki sığırların (n= 204) IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI-3 virüsüne karşı oluşan antikor seroprevalansı oranları sırasıyla % 48.5, % 64.2, % 91.6, % 90.6 olarak belirlendi. Sağlıklı grubundaki 2 sığırda söz konusu virüslerin hiçbirine karşı antikor oluşmadığı ve sağlıklı grubundaki sığırların hiçbirinde antijen ELISA testinin pozitif sonuç vermediği tespit edildi. Kan gazları analizlerinde pH, pCO2, pO2 ve O2SAT değerleri karşılaştırıldığında her iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar tespit edilemedi. Sadece aktüel bikarbonat (HCO3) (P<0.01), baz fazlalığı değerleri (P<0.05) ve total CO2 (P<0.001) değerleri yönünden istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar bulundu. Hematolojik parametrelerden sadece PLT (P<0.01), WBC (P<0.01) ve monosit (P<0.05) değerleri hasta hayvanlarda sağlıklı olanlara göre istatistiksel olarak önemli derecede yüksek bulundu. Her iki grubun eritrosit (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb) ve hematokrit (Hct) değerleri ile lenfosit ve granülosit %’lerikarşılaştırıldığında gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıkların bulunmadığı tespit edildi. Hasta grubundaki hayvanlarda akut faz proteinlerinden Haptoglobin (Hp) (P<0.01), Serum Amiloid A (SAA) (P<0.01), C Reaktif Protein (CRP) (P<0.01) ve Fibrinojen (Fb) (P<0.01) konsantrasyonları sağlıklılara göre istatistiksel olarak yüksek bulunurken, negatif akut faz protein olarak değerlendirilen albümin konsantrasyonu (P<0.01) ise sağlıklılara göre önemli derecede düşük bulundu. Sonuç olarak sığırlarda viral etkenlere yönelik olarak elde edilen serolojik test sonuçlarının ülkemizde daha önce yapılmış olan çalışma sonuçlarına benzer olduğu, viral kökenli solunum sistemi hastalıklarının hayvanlarda kan gazları ve hematolojik parametreleri üzerinde değişimler gösterdiği ve özellikle akut faz protein düzeylerini önemli ölçüde arttırdığı tespit edildi.

Keywords

• Akut Faz Proteinleri
• Hematolojik
• Kan Gazları
• Klinik
• Sığır

References

1. 1.Gül Y. Geviş Getiren Hayvanların İç Hastalıkları. Medipres Yayıncılık, Malatya. 2006; s 189-238.
2. 2.Virtala, A.M.K, Mechor, G.D., Grohn, Y.T., Erb, H.N., Dubovi, E.J.: Epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of respiratory tract disease in diary heifers during the first three months of life. J.A.V.M.A. 1996; 208(12): 2035.
3. 3.Ellis J, Waldner C, Gow S, Jackson M. Relationship of the extent of pulmonary lesions to the partial pressure of oxygen and the lactate concentration in arterial blood in calves experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Can J Vet Res 2013; 77(33):205-210.
4. 4.Houe H. Epidemiologicial features and econimical importance of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections. Vet Microbiol 1999; 64(2):89-107.
5. 5.Moerman A, Straver PJ, De Jong MCM, et al. Clinical consequences of a bovine virus diarrhoea virüs infection in a dairy herd: A longitudinal study. Vet Q 1994; 16:115-119.
6. 6.Erhan M, Onar B, Tanzer F. Parainfluenza-3 virusunun koyun ve sığırlardan izolasyonu ve bu virusa karşı aynı hayvanların kan serumlarında hemaglütinasyon inhibisyon testiyle antikor taranması. Pendik Vet Kont Araş Enst Derg 1973; 4(2): 67-76.
7. 7.Murphy FA, Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek M, Studdert MJ. Herpesviridae. In: Veterinary Virology. 3rd (ed.). Murphy FA, Gibbs EP, Studdert MJ, Horzinek MC (Eds.). Academic Press, San Dieg. 1999; pp 301-326, 426-428.
8. 8.McGuirk SM, Peek SF. Timely diagnosis of dairy calf respiratory disease using a standardized scoring system. Anim Health Res Rev 2014; 15(2):145-147.

9. 9.Šoltésová H, Nagy O, Tóthová C, et al. Blood gases, acid-base status and plasma lactate concentrations in calves with respiratory diseases. Acta Vet 2015; 65(1):111-124.
10. 10.Eckersall PD. Recent advances and future prospects for the use of acute phase proteins as marker of disease in animals. Revue Med Vet 2000; 151:577-584.
11. 11.Godson DL, Campos M, Attah-Poku SK et al. Serum haptoglobin as an indicator of the acute phase response in bovine respiratory disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 51: 292-299.
12. 12.Gruys E, Obwolo MJ, Toussaint M. Diagnostic significance of the major acute phase proteins in veterinary clinical chemistry: A Review. Vet Bull 1994; 64:1009-1018.
13. 13.Gruys E, Toussaint MJM, Upragarin N et al. Acute phase reactants, challenge in the near future of animal production and veterinary medicine. J Zhejiang Univ Sci 2005a; 10: 941-947.
14. 14.Gruys E, Toussaint MJM, Niewald TA. Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. J Zhejiang Univ Sci 2005b: 11:1045-1056.
15. 15.Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegard PMH. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Vet Res 2004; 35(2):163-187.
16. 16.Thorsen J, Henderson JP. Survey for antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) and parainfluenza 3 (PI3) in moose sera. J Wildl Dis 1971; 7(2):93-95.
17. 17.Erhan M, Onar B, Csontos L, Hopkins IG. Serological survey on some virus and bedsonia diseases of cattle, sheep and horse. Pendik Vet Kont Araşt Enst Derg 1971; 4(2):55-58.
18. 18.Yeşilbağ K, Güngör B. Seroprevalance of bovine respiratory viruses in North-western Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 40(1):55-60.
19. 19.Duman R, Yavru S, Kale M Avcı O. Seroprevalence of viral upper respiratory infections in dairy cattle. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2009; 15(4):539-542.
20. 20.Suzan VM, Onuma M, Aguilar RE, Murakami Y. Prevalance of bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3, bovine rotavirus, bovine viral diarrhea, bovine adeno virus-7, bovine leukemia virus and bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle in mexico. Jap J Vet Res 1983; 31(3-4):125-132.
21. 21.Gürtürk S, Finci E, Burgu İ. Yurdumuz sığırlarında enfeksiyöz rhinotracheitis (IBR) üzerinde araştırmalar. AÜ Vet Fak Derg 1974; 21(1-2):34-46.
22. 22.Burgu İ, Akça Y. Gelemen Devlet Üretme Çiftliği Sığırlarında bazı viral enfeksiyonlara karşı serolojik araştırmalar. AÜ Vet Fak Derg 1982; 29(3-4):506-512.
23. 23.Yılmaz F. Elazığ ve çevresindeki sığırlarda infeksiyöz bovine rhinotracheitis-infeksiyöz pustuler vulvovaginitis’in (IBR-IPV) serolojik olarak araştırılması. Fırat Üniv Sağ Bil Derg 1994; 8:70-75.
24. 24.Yıldırım Y, Burgu İ. Kuzeydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki sığırlarda Mavi Dil (BT), IBR, PI-3, EBL ve BVD enfeksiyonlarının seroprevalansı. AÜ Vet Fak Derg 2005; 52: 113-117.
25. 25.Okur Gümüşova S, Yazıcı Z, Albayrak H, Çakıroğlu D. Seroprevalence of bovine respiratory diseases. Acta Vet Beog 2007; 57(1):11-16.
26. 26.Yıldırım Y, Burgu İ, Farajı Majarashın AR. Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi sınır illerinde bulunan sığırlarda viral solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarının seroprevalansı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2009, 15(4):601-606.
27. 27.Yazıcı Z, Okur Gümüşova S, Albayrak H. Serological profile of some viral infections in unvaccinated cattle in Turkey. Medycyna Wet 2007; 63(2):187-189.
28. 28.Mahin L, Weilemans G, Shimi A. Prevalence of antibodies to bovin herpesvirus 1 (IBR-IPV), bovine virus diarrhoea, bovine respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza 3, adeno A and adeno B viruses in indigenous and imported Moroccan cattle. Ann Rech Vet 1985; 16(3):279-283.
29. 29.Özer E, Duman R. Study of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle. J Anim Vet Adv 2011; 10(12):1557-1560.
30. 30.Graham DA, Mschane J, Mawhinney KA et al. Evalution of a single dilution ELISA system for detection of seroconversion to BVD virus, BRSV, PI-3 virus and IBR virus: Comparison with testing by virus neutralization and HI. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998; 10(1):43-48.
31. 31.Burgu İ, Alkan F, Yeşilbağ K. Türkiye’de sığırlarda Persiste BVD virus enfeksiyonu. A Ü Vet Fak Derg 1999; 46:169-177.
32. 32.Alkan F, Özkul A, Karaoğlu MT ve ark. Sığırlarda viral nedenli solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarının seroepidemiyolojisi. AÜ Vet Fak Derg 1997; 44(1):73-80.
33. 33.Afzal H, Gürtürk S. Parainfluenza-3 virus isolated from Turkish cattle. Pakistan J Sci 1976; 28:67-74.
34. 34.Burgu İ, Toker A, Akça Y Alkan F. A Seroepidemiolojic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in Turkey. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1990; 97:88-89.
35. 35.Gökce G, Çitil M, Güneş V, Atalan G. Effect of time delay and storage temperature on blood gas and acid-base values of bovine venous blood. Res Vet Sci 2004; 76(2): 121-127.
36. 36.Turgut K. Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvar Teşhis. Bahçıvanlar Basım Sanayi A.Ş, Konya. 2000; s 17-110, 390-409, 489-504.
37. 37.Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 6th Edition. Academic press. London. 2008; pp 135-157.
38. 38.Roussel AJ, Whitney MS, Cole DJ. Interpreting a bovine serum chemistry profile: Part: 1. Vet Med 1997; 92: 551-558.
39. 39.Martin SW, Lumsden JH. The relationship of hematology and serum biochemistry parameters to treatment for respiratory disease and weight gain in Ontario feedlot calves. Can J Vet Res 1987; 51:499-505.
40. 40.Rypula K. The effects of experimental infection with bovine diarrhoea virus (BVD-V) on lymphocyte subpopulation in the peripheral blood of pigs.Pol J Vet Sci 2003; 6(3):189- 193.
41. 41.Alsemgeest SPM, Lambooy IE, Wierenga HK, et al. Influence of physical stres on the plasma concentration of SAA (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) in calves. Vet Quart 1995; 17:9-12.
42. 42.Niewold TA, Toussaint MJM, Gruys E. Monitoring health by acute phase proteins Animal Welfare and Acute Phase Proteins. Proceed. 4th European Colloquium on Acute Phase Proteins. Segovia, Spain, Sept 25-26, 2003; pp 57-67.
43. 43.Orro T, Jacobsen S, Lepage JP, et al. Temporal changes in serum concentrations of acute phase proteins in newborn dairy calves. Vet J 2008; 176(2):182-187.
44. 44.Coşkun A, Şen I. The importance in clinical diagnosis of acute phase protein in calves that experimentally lipopolisaccharide induced endotoxemia. XXV. World Buiatric Congres, Budapest, Hungary. 2008; pp 231.
45. 45.Kushner I, Mackiewicza A. The Acute Phase Response: An overview. In: Acute Phase Proteins. Mackiewicza A, Kushner I, Baumann H (Eds.). CRC Press, Incorporated, Boca Raton, Florida. 1993; pp 255-271.
46. 46.Eckersall PD, Conner JG. Bovine and canine acute phase proteins. Vet Res Com1998;12(2-3):169-178.
47. 47.Ganheim C, Hulten C, Carlsson U, et al. The acute phase response in calves experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and/or Manheimia haemolytica. J Vet Med Serie-B 2003; 50:183-190.
48. 48.Chan JPW, Chu CC, Fung HP.Serum haptoglobin concentration in cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2004;66:43-46.
49. 49.Çitil M. Puerperal infeksiyonlu ve abomasum deplasmanlı ineklerde serum amiloid A ve haptoglobin düzeyleri. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2003; 9(2):147-151.
50. 50.Heegard PMH, Godson DL, Toussaint MJM, et al. The acute phase response of haptoglobin and serum amyloid-A in cattle undergoing experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 77:151-159.
51. 51.Murata H, Shimada N, Yoshioka M. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: An overwiew. Vet J 2004; 168(1):28-40.
52. 52.Regessa F, Noakes DE. Acute phase protein response of ewes and the release of PGFM in relation to uterine involution and the presence of intrauterine bacteria. Vet Rec 1999; 144:502-509.
53. 53.Skinner JG, Brown RAL, Roberts L. Bovine haptoglobin response in clinically defined field conditions. Vet Rec 1991; 128:147-149.
54. 54.Ulutaş B, Tan T, Alkım Ulutaş P, Bayramlı G. Haptaglobulin and serum amiloid A responses in cattle persistenly infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Acta Sci Vet 2011; 39(3):973.
55. 55.Horadagoda NU, Knox KMG, Gibbs HA, et al. Acute phase proteins in cattle: Discrimination between acute and chronic inflamation. Vet Rec 1999; 144:437-441.
56. 56.Pyorala S: Indicators of inflammation in the diagnosis of mastitis. Vet Res 2003; 34:565-578.
57. 57.Lee WC, Hsiao HC, Wu YL, et al. Serum C-reactive protein in dairy herds. Canad J Vet Res 2003; 67(2):102-107.
58. 58.Bozukluhan K. Retikuloperitonitis travmatika(RPT)’lı sığırlarda bazı akut faz proteinleri, klinik biyokimya ve hematolojik parametrelerin araştırılması. Kafkas Üniv Sağ Bil Enst, Doktora tezi. Kars. 2008.
59. 59.Walker JL, Clarke CR, Lessley BA, Hague CM. Effect of P. Haemolytica infection on α1- acid glycoprotein and serum and subcutaneous tissue chamber fluid of calves. Res Vet Sci 1994, 56(2):158-163.
60. 60.Talkhan OFA, Salama SEM, Kholy MME, et al. Bacterial agent of respiratory manifestation in cattle and associated Biochemical alterations inmMenoufiea Governorate. Nature Sci 2009; 7:26-30.
61. 61.Arslan V, Maden M, Ok M, Başoğlu A. Sığır hastalıklarının teşhis ve prognozunda kan proteinleri ve glutaraldehit testinin önemi. Doğa Tr J Vet Anim Sci 1993; 17:73-79.
62. 62.Hirvonen J. Acute phase response in dairy cattle. PhD Thesis. University of Helsinki. 2000; pp 9-38.
63. 63.Schroedl W, Jaekel L, Krueger M. C-reaktive protein and antibacterial activity in blood plasma of colostrum-fed calves and the effect of lactulose. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:3313-3320.