HUMAN PAPİLLOMA VİRÜS (HPV) GÜNCEL TEDAVİ VE KORUNMA YÖNTEMLERİ
Year 2017,
Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 189 - 192, 01.07.2017
Ufuk İnce
Muhammed Akar
Nilay Ildız
Abstract
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) İnsan Papilloma Virüsü
olarak bilinmektedir. Yaklaşık 40 türü siğile neden olurken, bazı türleri ise kansere kadar ilerleyebilen hastalık
tablosuna sebep olur ve en fazla rastlanan kanser türü
rahim ağzı kanseridir. HPV’ nin 40'tan fazla çeşidi insanlarda genital bölgeyi enfekte etmekle birlikte bir kısmı
yüksek risk, bir kısmı ise düşük risk grubundadır. Virüs
ile enfekte insanların %40’ı cinsel hayatın ilk iki yılı
içinde enfeksiyonu geçirirler. Kanser öncesi lezyonlar
20-29’ lu yaşlarda pik yaparken, kanser 40- 49’lu yaşlarda pik yapmaktadır. Erken teşhisin önemi tedaviyi
mümkün kılabilmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Günümüzde üç farklı HPV aşısı bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki
2006 yılında uygulanmaya başlayan Gardasil’ dir. Bunu
Cervarix ve Gardasil 9 takip etmiştir. Gardasil ve
Gardasil 9 aşıları hem rahim ağzı kanseri hem de genital
siğilleri önlemeye yönelik iken, Cervarix sadece rahim
ağzı kanserine karşı koruma sağlamaktadır. Rahim ağzı
kanserinin evreleri 1A’dan başlayıp 4B’ye kadar gitmektedir. 1A aşamasından 4B’ye doğru ilerlerken tedavi
zorlaşmakta ve 4B aşamasında sadece palyatif tedavi
uygulanabilmektedir. Siğil tedavisinde ise tekli tedaviler
uygulanabildiği gibi kombine tedaviler de uygulanabilmektedir.
References
- 1. De Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, et al.
Classification of papillomaviruses. J Virol 2004;
324:17-27.
- 2. Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, et al. Sexually
transmitted infections among US women and men:
prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex
Transm Dis 2013; 40(3):187–193.
- 3. Koyuncu E. Taksim Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi
Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Polikliniği’ne Başvuran Hastaların Servikal Sitolojilerinin Servikal Kanser Risk Faktörlerine Göre Analizi–Normal ve
Anormal Sitolojik Sonuçlarda Yüksek Onkojenik
Riskli HPV Prevalansı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Sağlık Bakanlığı Taksim Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Kadın
Hastalıkları ve Doğum Kliniği, İstanbul 2006; ss
27.
- 4. Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, et al. Annual Report
to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009,
featuring the burden and trends in human
papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers and HPV
vaccination coverage levels. J Natl Cancer Inst
2013; 105(3):175-201.
- 5. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiiya M, et al.
Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine:
recommendations of the advisory committee on
immunization practices (ACIP). Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep 2007; 56:1-23.
- 6. Brisson J, Morin C, Fortier M, et al. Risk factors for
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: differences
between low- and high-grade lesions. Am J
Epidemiol 1994; 140:700-710.
- 7. Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, et al. Comparison
of the immunogenicity and safety of Cervarix™
and Gardasil® human papillomavirus (HPV)
cervical cancer vaccines in healthy women aged
18–45 years. Human Vaccines 2009; 5(10):705-
719.
- 8. Petrosky E, Bocchini JA, Hariri S, et al. Use of 9-
valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine:
Updated HPV vaccination recommendations of the
advisory committee on immunization practices.
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64(11):300-304.
- 9. Stokley S, Vogt T, Shefer A. Increasing adolescent
vaccination coverage: the challenges that remain.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011; 165(6):568-570.
- 10. Valentino K, Poronsky CB. Human papillomavirus
infection and vaccination. J Pediat Nurs 2016;
31:155-156.
- 11. Glaxo Smith Kline’s web site. https://
www.gsksource.com/cervarix (16.02.2016)
- 12. Roberts C, Green T, Hess E, et al. Development of a
human papillomavirus competitive luminex
immunoassay for 9 HPV types. Hum Vaccin
Immunother 2014; 10(8):2168-2174
- 13. 17.02.2016. FDA’s official web site. http://
www.fda.gov (17.02.2016)
- 14. Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, et al. Natural
history of genital warts: analysis of the placebo
arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a
quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11,
16, and 18) vaccine. J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 805–
814.
- 15. Myers ER, McCrory DC, Nanda K, et al.
Mathematical model for the natural history of
human papillomavirus infection and cervical
carcinogenesis. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151:1158–
1171.
- 16. Perez CA, Grigsby PW, Nene SM, et al. Effect of
tumor size on the prognosis of carcinoma of the
uterine cervix treated with irradiation alone.
Cancer 1992; 69(11):2796-2806.
- 17. Gotovtseva EP, Kapadia AS, Smolensky MH, et al.
Optimal frequency of imiquimod (aldara) 5%
cream for the treatment of external genital warts
in immunocompetent adults: meta-analysis. Sex
Transm Dis 2008; 35:346–351.
- 18. Tatti S, Swinehart JM, THielert C, et al.
Sinecatechins, a defined gren tea extract, in the
treatment of external anogenital warts: a
randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;
111:1371-1379.
- 19. Kirby P, Dunne A, King DH, Corey L. Double-blind
randomized clinical trial of self-administered
podofilox solution versus vehicle in the treatment
of genital warts. Am J Med 1990; 88(5):465-469.
- 20. Agnieszka K, Riemer AB. The invisible enemy –
how human papillomaviruses avoid recognition
and clearance by the host immune system. Open
Virol J 2012; 6:249–256.
- 21. Juhl ME, Seferovic V, Antonijevic S, et al. Combined
treatment of anogenital HPV infection with
cryodestruction, podophyllin 25% and postablation immunomodulation with sinecatechins
15% ointment – a retrospective analysis. Int J of
STD & AIDS 2016; 27(12):1071-1078.
Human Papilloma Virus (Hpv) Current Treatment and Proteciıon Procedure
Year 2017,
Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 189 - 192, 01.07.2017
Ufuk İnce
Muhammed Akar
Nilay Ildız
Abstract
HPV is a virus is known as Human Papilloma Virus and
approximately 40 types of it can cause warts. Most
observed cancer type is cervical cancer, as some types
can cause more serious illnesses like cancer. More than
40 types of HPV infect genital areas of human and
some of these genital HPV types are in high risk group
and some are in low risk group. Of the patients infected
with HPV, 40% experience the disease in two years
after their first sex experience. While precancer lesions
peak mostly at ages of 20-29 years, cancer peaks at the
ages of 40-49 years. Early diagnose enables the
possibility of treatment. There are three different types
of HPV vaccines at present. First of them is Gardasil,
which was introduced in 2006. The others are Cervarix
and Gardasil 9. Gardasil and Gardasil 9 provide
prophylaxy against both cervical cancer and genital
warts; but Cervarix only provides prophylaxy against
cervical cancer. Cervical cancer stages start from 1A
and go to 4B. As it progresses from stage 1A to 4B,
traetment gets harder. In stage 4B only palliative
treatment is possible. When treating warts, it is
possible to use both single and combined treatments
References
- 1. De Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, et al.
Classification of papillomaviruses. J Virol 2004;
324:17-27.
- 2. Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, et al. Sexually
transmitted infections among US women and men:
prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex
Transm Dis 2013; 40(3):187–193.
- 3. Koyuncu E. Taksim Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi
Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Polikliniği’ne Başvuran Hastaların Servikal Sitolojilerinin Servikal Kanser Risk Faktörlerine Göre Analizi–Normal ve
Anormal Sitolojik Sonuçlarda Yüksek Onkojenik
Riskli HPV Prevalansı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Sağlık Bakanlığı Taksim Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Kadın
Hastalıkları ve Doğum Kliniği, İstanbul 2006; ss
27.
- 4. Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, et al. Annual Report
to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009,
featuring the burden and trends in human
papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers and HPV
vaccination coverage levels. J Natl Cancer Inst
2013; 105(3):175-201.
- 5. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiiya M, et al.
Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine:
recommendations of the advisory committee on
immunization practices (ACIP). Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep 2007; 56:1-23.
- 6. Brisson J, Morin C, Fortier M, et al. Risk factors for
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: differences
between low- and high-grade lesions. Am J
Epidemiol 1994; 140:700-710.
- 7. Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, et al. Comparison
of the immunogenicity and safety of Cervarix™
and Gardasil® human papillomavirus (HPV)
cervical cancer vaccines in healthy women aged
18–45 years. Human Vaccines 2009; 5(10):705-
719.
- 8. Petrosky E, Bocchini JA, Hariri S, et al. Use of 9-
valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine:
Updated HPV vaccination recommendations of the
advisory committee on immunization practices.
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64(11):300-304.
- 9. Stokley S, Vogt T, Shefer A. Increasing adolescent
vaccination coverage: the challenges that remain.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011; 165(6):568-570.
- 10. Valentino K, Poronsky CB. Human papillomavirus
infection and vaccination. J Pediat Nurs 2016;
31:155-156.
- 11. Glaxo Smith Kline’s web site. https://
www.gsksource.com/cervarix (16.02.2016)
- 12. Roberts C, Green T, Hess E, et al. Development of a
human papillomavirus competitive luminex
immunoassay for 9 HPV types. Hum Vaccin
Immunother 2014; 10(8):2168-2174
- 13. 17.02.2016. FDA’s official web site. http://
www.fda.gov (17.02.2016)
- 14. Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, et al. Natural
history of genital warts: analysis of the placebo
arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a
quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11,
16, and 18) vaccine. J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 805–
814.
- 15. Myers ER, McCrory DC, Nanda K, et al.
Mathematical model for the natural history of
human papillomavirus infection and cervical
carcinogenesis. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151:1158–
1171.
- 16. Perez CA, Grigsby PW, Nene SM, et al. Effect of
tumor size on the prognosis of carcinoma of the
uterine cervix treated with irradiation alone.
Cancer 1992; 69(11):2796-2806.
- 17. Gotovtseva EP, Kapadia AS, Smolensky MH, et al.
Optimal frequency of imiquimod (aldara) 5%
cream for the treatment of external genital warts
in immunocompetent adults: meta-analysis. Sex
Transm Dis 2008; 35:346–351.
- 18. Tatti S, Swinehart JM, THielert C, et al.
Sinecatechins, a defined gren tea extract, in the
treatment of external anogenital warts: a
randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;
111:1371-1379.
- 19. Kirby P, Dunne A, King DH, Corey L. Double-blind
randomized clinical trial of self-administered
podofilox solution versus vehicle in the treatment
of genital warts. Am J Med 1990; 88(5):465-469.
- 20. Agnieszka K, Riemer AB. The invisible enemy –
how human papillomaviruses avoid recognition
and clearance by the host immune system. Open
Virol J 2012; 6:249–256.
- 21. Juhl ME, Seferovic V, Antonijevic S, et al. Combined
treatment of anogenital HPV infection with
cryodestruction, podophyllin 25% and postablation immunomodulation with sinecatechins
15% ointment – a retrospective analysis. Int J of
STD & AIDS 2016; 27(12):1071-1078.