PERİODONTAL HASTALIK, ATEROSKLEROZ VE OKSİDATİF STRES İLİŞKİSİ: DERLEME

Year 2020, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 56 - 65, 04.05.2020

Ayşegül Sarı Kamile Erciyas İbrahim Levent Taner

https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.563506

Abstract

Peridontal hastalıklar
dişin destek dokularında enflasyonla ve yıkımla karakterize enfeksiyöz
hastalıklardır. Periodontal hastalığın ilerlemesinde, bakteriyel kolonizasyona
karşı gelişen immünolojik reaksiyonlar önemli rol oynamaktadır. Periodontal
hastalıklar ile kardiovasküler hastalıkların temel etkeni olan ateroskleroz
arasındaki direk nedensel ilişki tam olarak belirlenememesine karşın, her iki
hastalığı ilişkilendiren farklı patolojik mekanizmalar ve ortak risk faktörleri
mevcuttur. Aterosklerotik plakların periodontal patojenlerle enfeksiyonu,
periodontal enflamasyonun kronik sistemik enflamasyon yoluyla aterojenik etki
oluşturması her iki hastalığın olası ilişkisini açıklayan olası mekanizmalardandır.
Serbest radikaller ile koruyucu antioksidan sistem arasındaki dengenin
bozulması sonucu meydana gelen oksidatif stresin, son yıllarda her iki
hastalığın başlaması ve ilerlemesiyle ilişkili enflamatuar bir belirteç olduğu
üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu derlemede periodontal hastalık, ateroskleroz ve
oksidatif stres arasındaki ilişkinin ele alınması amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Periodontal hastalık, ateroskleroz, oksidatif stres

References

• 1. Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet 2005; 366: 1809-20.
• 2. Slots J. Periodontology: past, present, perspectives. Periodontol 2000 2013; 62: 7-19.
• 3. Chapple IL, Matthews JB. The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontol 2000 2007; 43: 160-232.
• 4. Stoner L, Lucero AA, Palmer BR, Jones LM, Young JM, Faulkner J. Inflammatory biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease. Clin Biochem 2013; 46: 1353-71.
• 5. Refsgaard HH, Tsai L, Stadtman ER. Modifications of proteins by polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation products. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 611-6.
• 6. Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S. Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 2003; 8: 54-69.
• 7. Cullinan MP, Seymour GJ. Periodontal disease and systemic illness: will the evidence ever be enough? Periodontol 2000 2013; 62: 271-86.
• 8. Bullon P, Newman HN, Battino M. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and chronic periodontitis: a shared pathology via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction? Periodontol 2000 2014; 64: 139-53.
• 9. Southerland JH, Taylor GW, Moss K, Beck JD, Offenbacher S. Commonality in chronic inflammatory diseases: periodontitis, diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Periodontol 2000 2006; 40: 130-43.
• 10. Navab M, Hama SY, Reddy ST, et al. Oxidized lipids as mediators of coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002; 13: 363-372.
• 11. Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2007; 100: 460-73.
• 12. Baltacioglu E, Yuva P, Aydin G, et al. Lipid peroxidation levels and total oxidant/antioxidant status in serum and saliva from patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Oxidative stress index: a new biomarker for periodontal disease? J Periodontol 2014; 85: 1432-41.
• 13. Aksoy S, Cam N, Gurkan U, et al. Oxidative stress and severity of coronary artery disease in young smokers with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiol J 2012;19:381-386.
• 14. Garcia RI, Henshaw MM, Krall EA. Relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health. Periodontol 2000 2001; 25: 21-36.
• 15. Tang Y, Liu J, Yan Y, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 promotes neutrophil apoptosis in periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients via the p38/MAPK pathway. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97: 13903.
• 16. Escobar-Arregoces F, Latorre-Uriza C, Velosa-Porras J, et al. Inflamatory response in pregnant women with high risk of preterm delivery and its relationship with periodontal disease: a pilot study. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2018; 31: 53-7.
• 17. Cholewa M, Madziarska K, Radwan-Oczko M. The association between periodontal conditions, inflammation, nutritional status and calcium-phosphate metabolism disorders in hemodialysis patients. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26: 20170495.
• 18. Mukherjee A, Jantsch V, Khan R, et al. Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Autoimmunity Due to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Its Resolution With Antibiotic Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2352.
• 19. Cowan LT, Lakshminarayan K, Lutsey PL, et al. Periodontal disease and incident venous thromboembolism: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. J Clin Periodontol 2018.
• 20. D'Aiuto F, Ready D, Tonetti MS. Periodontal disease and C-reactive protein-associated cardiovascular risk. J Periodontal Res 2004; 39: 236-41.
• 21. Lockhart PB, Bolger AF, Papapanou PN, et al. Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease: does the evidence support an independent association?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012; 125: 2520-44.
• 22. Kebschull M, Demmer RT, Papapanou PN. "Gum bug, leave my heart alone!"--epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence linking periodontal infections and atherosclerosis. J Dent Res 2010; 89: 879-902.
• 23. Armitage GC. Periodontal infections and cardiovascular disease--how strong is the association? Oral Dis 2000; 6 :335-50.
• 24. Özer ÖD, B. Periodontitis Kardiyovasküler Hastalığa Neden Olur mu? Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 2005;15:62-70.
• 25. Chiu B. Multiple infections in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Am Heart J 1999; 138: 534-36.
• 26. Seymour GJ, Ford PJ, Cullinan MP, Leishman S, Yamazaki K. Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: 3-10.
• 27. Bale BF, Doneen AL, Vigerust DJ. High-risk periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Postgrad Med J 2017; 93: 215-20.
• 28. Li X, Kolltveit KM, Tronstad L, Olsen I. Systemic diseases caused by oral infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 547-58.
• 29. Bartova J, Sommerova P, Lyuya-Mi Y, et al. Periodontitis as a risk factor of atherosclerosis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014 :636893.
• 30. Kurita-Ochiai T, Yamamoto M. Periodontal pathogens and atherosclerosis: implications of inflammation and oxidative modification of LDL. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 595981.
• 31. Desvarieux M, Demmer RT, Rundek T, et al. Relationship between periodontal disease, tooth loss, and carotid artery plaque: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Stroke 2003; 34: 2120-25.
• 32. Herzberg MC, Weyer MW. Dental plaque, platelets, and cardiovascular diseases. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3: 151-60.
• 33. D'Aiuto F, Orlandi M, Gunsolley JC. Evidence that periodontal treatment improves biomarkers and CVD outcomes. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40: 85-105.
• 34. De Nardin E. The role of inflammatory and immunological mediators in periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. Ann Periodontol 2001; 6: 30-40.
• 35. Seymour RA, Steele JG. Is there a link between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease? Br Dent J 1998; 184: 33-8.
• 36. Bonomini F, Tengattini S, Fabiano A, Bianchi R, Rezzani R. Atherosclerosis and oxidative stress. Histol Histopathol 2008; 23: 381-90.
• 37. Jarnbring F, Somogyi E, Dalton J, Gustafsson A, Klinge B. Quantitative assessment of apoptotic and proliferative gingival keratinocytes in oral and sulcular epithelium in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29: 1065-71.
• 38. Offenbacher S, Madianos PN, Champagne CM, et al. Periodontitis-atherosclerosis syndrome: an expanded model of pathogenesis. J Periodontal Res 1999; 34: 346-52.
• 39. Davies MJ, Gordon JL, Gearing AJ, et al. The expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PECAM, and E-selectin in human atherosclerosis. J Pathol 1993;171: 223-9.
• 40. Canakci CF, Cicek Y, Canakci V. Reactive oxygen species and human inflammatory periodontal diseases. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2005; 70: 619-28.
• 41. Özcan EÖ, A.; Çanakçı, C.F. Periodontal doku yıkımında reaktif oksijen türlerinin rolü. Atatürk Üniviversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 2011; 21: 255-61.
• 42. Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM, Ames BN. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 10771-8.
• 43. Stocker R, Keaney JF, Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 2004; 84: 1381-1478.
• 44. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature 2000; 407: 233-41.
• 45. Rac ME, Safranow K, Rac M, et al. CD36 gene is associated with thickness of atheromatous plaque and ankle-brachial index in patients with early coronary artery disease. Kardiol Pol 2012; 70: 918-23.
• 46. Sawada H, Saito Y, Noguchi N. Enhanced CD36 expression changes the role of Nrf2 activation from anti-atherogenic to pro-atherogenic in apoE-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225: 83-90.
• 47. Ross R. Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-126.
• 48. Cyrus T, Witztum JL, Rader DJ, et al. Disruption of the 12/15-lipoxygenase gene diminishes atherosclerosis in apo E-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 1597-1604.
• 49. Fenster BE, Tsao PS, Rockson SG. Endothelial dysfunction: clinical strategies for treating oxidant stress. Am Heart J 2003; 146: 218-26.
• 50. Inoue T, Node K. Vascular failure: A new clinical entity for vascular disease. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 2121-30.
• 51. Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr 2001; 20: 97-105.
• 52. Soccio M, Toniato E, Evangelista V, Carluccio M, De Caterina R. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk: the role of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase and its genetic variants. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35: 305-14.
• 53. Berk BC. Novel approaches to treat oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2007; 118: 209-14.
• 54. Chen JY, Ye ZX, Wang XF, et al. Nitric oxide bioavailability dysfunction involves in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97: 423-8.
• 55. Woods AA, Linton SM, Davies MJ. Detection of HOCl-mediated protein oxidation products in the extracellular matrix of human atherosclerotic plaques. Biochem J 2003; 370: 729-35.
• 56. Vassalle C, Petrozzi L, Botto N, Andreassi MG, Zucchelli GC. Oxidative stress and its association with coronary artery disease and different atherogenic risk factors. J Intern Med 2004; 256: 308-15.
• 57. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 915-24.
• 58. Wassmann S, Wassmann K, Nickenig G. Modulation of oxidant and antioxidant enzyme expression and function in vascular cells. Hypertension 2004; 44: 381-6.
• 59. Mettraux GR, Gusberti FA, Graf H. Oxygen tension (pO2) in untreated human periodontal pockets. J Periodontol 1984; 55: 516-21.
• 60. Gabig TG, Bearman SI, Babior BM. Effects of oxygen tension and pH on the respiratory burst of human neutrophils. Blood 1979; 53: 1133-1139.
• 61. Sheikhi M, Gustafsson A, Jarstrand C. Cytokine, elastase and oxygen radical release by Fusobacterium nucleatum-activated leukocytes: a possible pathogenic factor in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27: 758-62.
• 62. Sculley DV, Langley-Evans SC. Salivary antioxidants and periodontal disease status. Proc Nutr Soc 2002; 61: 137-43.
• 63. Chapple IL. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24: 287-96.
• 64. Chamulitrat W, Stremmel W, Kawahara T, et al. A constitutive NADPH oxidase-like system containing gp91phox homologs in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122: 1000-9.
• 65. Altman LC, Baker C, Fleckman P, Luchtel D, Oda D. Neutrophil-mediated damage to human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 1992; 27: 70-9.
• 66. Bax BE, Alam AS, Banerji B, et al. Stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption by hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 183: 1153-8.
• 67. Bartold PM, Wiebkin OW, Thonard JC. The effect of oxygen-derived free radicals on gingival proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. J Periodontal Res 1984; 19: 390-400.
• 68. Moseley R, Waddington RJ, Embery G. Degradation of glycosaminoglycans by reactive oxygen species derived from stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1362: 221-31.
• 69. Tamaki N, Tomofuji T, Maruyama T, et al. Relationship between periodontal condition and plasma reactive oxygen metabolites in patients in the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment. J Periodontol 2008; 79: 2136-42.
• 70. Brock GR, Butterworth CJ, Matthews JB, Chapple IL. Local and systemic total antioxidant capacity in periodontitis and health. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31: 515-21.
• 71. Chapple IL, Brock GR, Milward MR, Ling N, Matthews JB. Compromised GCF total antioxidant capacity in periodontitis: cause or effect? J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34: 103-10.
• 72. Masi S, Salpea KD, Li K, et al. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and telomere length in patients with periodontitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50: 730-5.
• 73. Chang YC, Hu CC, Lii CK, Tai KW, Yang SH, Chou MY. Cytotoxicity and arecoline mechanisms in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2001;5: 51-6.