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Otitis eksternalı köpeklerden izole edilen Pseudomonas aeruginosa suşlarının antibiyotik direnç profilleri

Year 2021, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 118 - 123, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.986820

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, köpeklerin otitis vakalarından sıklıkla izole edilen bir patojendir ve çoğu antibiyotiğe karşı birçok içsel ve edinilmiş direnç mekanizmasına sahip, çoklu antibiyotik direnci geliştirme kabiliyeti olduğu bilinen bir bakteridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, otitis eksterna semptomları gösteren köpeklerden izole edilen P. aeruginosa suşlarının antibiyotik direnç profillerinin belirlenmesidir. 170 kulak sürüntüsü örneğinden toplam 43 (%26.70) P. aeruginosa suşu izole edildi ve bu suşların tümü disk difüzyon duyarlılık testine tabi tutuldu. İzole edilen P. aeruginosa suşlarının direnç profilleri trimetoprim sülfametoksazole %100, doksisikline %93,02, neomisine %79,06, oksitetrasikline %58,13, enrofloksasine %34,88, tobramisine %25,58, gentamisine %20,93, siprofloksasine %13,95, amikasine %4,30, polimiksin B’ye %4.65 şeklinde bulundu. Ayrıca toplam 17 (% 39.53) P. aeruginosa suşunda çoklu antibiyotik direnci saptandı. Sonuç olarak köpeklerin otitis eksterna vakalarından en sık izole edilen Gram-negatif bakterinin P. aeruginosa olduğu ve bu izolatların farklı gruplardan antibiyotiklere yüksek direnç gösterdiği anlaşıldı.

References

  • Arais LR, Barbosa AV, Carvalho CA, Cerqueira AM. (2016) Antimicrobial resistance, integron carriage, and gyrA and gyrB mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dogs with otitis externa and pyoderma in Brazil. Vet Dermatol. 27(2), 113-7e31. DOI: 10.1111/vde.12290.
  • Bajwa J. (2019) Canine otitis externa - Treatment and complications. Can Vet J. 60(1), 97-99.
  • Blanco JL, Guedeja-Marron J, Blanco I, Garcia ME. (2000) Optimum incubation conditions for the isolation of yeasts from canine otitis externa. J Vet Med Ser B. 47(8), 599-605. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00390.
  • Borum AE, Cecen G, Demir G, Cetin C, Senturk S. (2014) Determination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Isolated from Otitis Externa with Dogs. Kocatepe Vet J. 7(1), 27-31. DOI: 10.5578/kvj.7337
  • Bourély C, Cazeau G, Jarrige N et al. (2019) Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from dogs with otitis. Epidemiol Infect. 147, e121, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818003278
  • Bugden DL. (2013) Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from dogs with otitis externa in Australia. Aust Vet J. 91(1-2), 43-46. DOI: 10.1111/avj.1200
  • Chan WY, Khazandi M, Hickey EE, Page SW, Trott DJ, Hill PB. (2019) In vitro antimicrobial activity of seven adjuvants against common pathogens associated with canine otitis externa. Vet Dermatol. 30, 133-e38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12712
  • CLSI. (2018) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Test for Bacteria Isolated from Animals; Approved Standard Document 4th ed. CLSI supplement VET08.
  • CLSI. (2019) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 29th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA ABD.
  • Cole LK. (2004) Otoscopic evaluation of the ear canal. Vet Clin North Am - Small Anim Pract. 34(2), 397-410. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.10.004.
  • Davis JL, Foster DM, Papich MG. (2007) Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 30(6), 564-71. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00914.x.
  • Dos Santos JP, Júnior ÁF, Locce CC, Brasão SC, Bittar ER, Bittar JFF. (2019) Effectiveness of tobramycin and ciprofloxacin against bacterial isolates in canine otitis externa in Uberaba, Minas Gerais. Cienc Anim Bras. 20, 8-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1089-6891v20e-52164
  • Ekincioglu P, Percin D. (2013) Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Health Sciences). 22(2), 141-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5505/abantmedj.2015.38981
  • Eliasi UL, Sebola D, Oguttu JW, Qekwana DN. (2020) Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine clinical cases at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 22; 91(0), e1-e6. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v91i0.2052.
  • Fernández L, Álvarez-ortega C, Wiegand I. et al. (2013) Characterization of the Polymyxin B Resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57(1), 110-119. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01583-12
  • Ghannoum MA, Isham NC. (2009) Clinical Mycology. 2nd ed., 375–384. Dermatophytes and dermatophytoses.
  • Graham-Mize CA, Rosser EJ. (2004) Comparison of microbial isolates and susceptibility patterns from the external ear canal of dogs with otitis externa. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 40(2), 102-108. DOI: 10.5326/0400102
  • Hancock REW. (1998) Resistance Mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Nonfermentative Gram‐Negative Bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 27(1), 93-S99. DOI: 10.1086/514909.
  • Hariharan H, Coles M, Poole D, Lund L, Page R. (2006) Update on antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from canine and feline otitis externa. Can Vet J. 47(3), 253-255.
  • Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST, (1994) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Ninth Edition). Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore.
  • Korbelik J, Singh A, Rousseau J, Weese JS. (2019) Characterization of the otic bacterial microbiota in dogs with otitis externa compared to healthy individuals. Veterinary Dermatology. 30(3), 228-e70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12734
  • Lee GY, Lee HH, Hwang SY, Hong J, Lyoo KS, Yang SJ. (2019) Carriage of Staphylococcus schleiferi from canine otitis externa: antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence factors associated with skin infection. J Vet Sci. 20(2): e6. DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e6.
  • Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB et al. (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18(3), 268-81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x.
  • Martino De L, Nocera FP, Mallardo K et al. (2016) An update on microbiological causes of canine otitis externa in Campania Region, Italy. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 6(5), 384-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.11.012
  • Mekić S, Matanović K, Šeol B. (2011) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from dogs with otitis externa. Vet Rec. 169(5), 125. DOI: 10.1136/vr.d2393
  • Morris DO, Davis MF, Palmeiro BS, O’Shea K, Rankin SC. (2017) Molecular and epidemiological characterization of canine Pseudomonas otitis using a prospective case-control study design. Vet Dermatol. 28(1), 118-e25. DOI: 10.1111/vde.12347
  • Ozturk D, Pehlivanoglu F, Turutoglu H, Sirin YS, Sababoglu E. (2016) Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms from dogs with otitis externa. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 32(2), 84-88. DOI: 10.1111/avj.12007
  • Pang Z, Raudonis R, Glick BR, Lin TJ, Cheng Z. (2019) Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnology Advances. 37(1), 177–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013
  • Paterson S. (2016) Discovering the causes of otitis externa. In Practice. 38, 7-11. DOI: 10.1136/inp.i470
  • Penna B, Thomé S, Martins R, Martins G, Lilenbaum W. (2011) In vitro Antimicrobial Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Canine Otitis Externa in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol. 42, 1434-1436. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838220110004000027
  • Petrov V, Mihaylov G, Tsachev I, Zhelev G, Marutsov P, Koev K. (2013) Otitis externa in dogs: Microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility. Rev Med Vet (Toulouse). 164(1), 18-22.
  • Poole K. (2005) Aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49(2), 479-87. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.49.2.479-487.2005.
  • Pye C. (2018) Pseudomonas otitis externa in dogs. Dermatologie Vétérinaire. 59, 1231-1234. PMID: 30410185. PMCID: PMC6190182.
  • Pye CC, Yu AA, Weese JS. (2013) Evaluation of biofilm production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from canine ears and the impact of biofilm on antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro. Vet Dermatol. 24(4), 1-6. DOI: 10.1111/vde.12040
  • Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey B, Carter GR. (1994) Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. 237-242. London: Wolfe/Mosby.
  • Rubin J, Walker RD, Blickenstaff K, Bodeis-Jones S, Zhao S. (2008) Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine infections. Vet Microbiol. 131(1-2), 164-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.018
  • Schick AE, Angus JC, Coyner KS. (2007) Variability of laboratory identification and antibiotic susceptibility reporting of Pseudomonas spp. isolates from dogs with chronic otitis externa. Vet Dermatol. 18(2), 120-126. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00581.x
  • Shaw S. (2016) Pathogens in otitis externa: Diagnostic techniques to identify secondary causes of ear disease. In Practice. 38, 12–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.i461
  • Tam VH, Schilling AN, Vo G et al. (2005) Pharmacodynamics of Polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49(9), 3624-3630. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.49.9.3624-3630.2005
  • Turkyilmaz S. (2008) Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs with otitis externa. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci. 32(1), 37-42
  • Wildermuth BE, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS, Boord MJ. (2007) Susceptibility of Pseudomonas isolates from the ears and skin of dogs to enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 43(6), 337–341. DOI: 10.5326/0430337
  • Yapicier OS, Sababoglu E, Kaya M, Ozturk D, Pehlivanoglu F, Turutoglu H. (2018) Fungal agents isolated from dogs with otitis externa. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Vet Fakültesi Derg. 3(2), 121-124. DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.463762

Antibiotic resistance profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs with otitis externa

Year 2021, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 118 - 123, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.986820

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pathogen that is frequently isolated from otitis cases in dogs, known to have high intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to resist most antibiotics, and the ability to develop multiple antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs with otitis externa symptoms. Totally 43 (26.70%) P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from 170 ear swab samples and all these strains were subjected to disk diffusion susceptibility testing and the resistance profiles of the strains were found to be as follows; 100% to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, 93.02% to doxycycline, 79.06% to neomycin, 58.13% to oxytetracycline, 34.88% to enrofloxacin, 25.58% to tobramycin, 20.93% to gentamicin, 13.95% to ciprofloxacin, 9.30% to amikacin, 4.65% to polymyxin B. Furthermore, multiple antibiotic resistance was detected in a total of 17 (39.53%) P. aeruginosa strains. As a result, it was understood that the most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated from otitis externa cases of dogs was P. aeruginosa and these isolates have shown high resistance to antibiotics from many antibiotic groups.

References

  • Arais LR, Barbosa AV, Carvalho CA, Cerqueira AM. (2016) Antimicrobial resistance, integron carriage, and gyrA and gyrB mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dogs with otitis externa and pyoderma in Brazil. Vet Dermatol. 27(2), 113-7e31. DOI: 10.1111/vde.12290.
  • Bajwa J. (2019) Canine otitis externa - Treatment and complications. Can Vet J. 60(1), 97-99.
  • Blanco JL, Guedeja-Marron J, Blanco I, Garcia ME. (2000) Optimum incubation conditions for the isolation of yeasts from canine otitis externa. J Vet Med Ser B. 47(8), 599-605. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00390.
  • Borum AE, Cecen G, Demir G, Cetin C, Senturk S. (2014) Determination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Isolated from Otitis Externa with Dogs. Kocatepe Vet J. 7(1), 27-31. DOI: 10.5578/kvj.7337
  • Bourély C, Cazeau G, Jarrige N et al. (2019) Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from dogs with otitis. Epidemiol Infect. 147, e121, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818003278
  • Bugden DL. (2013) Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from dogs with otitis externa in Australia. Aust Vet J. 91(1-2), 43-46. DOI: 10.1111/avj.1200
  • Chan WY, Khazandi M, Hickey EE, Page SW, Trott DJ, Hill PB. (2019) In vitro antimicrobial activity of seven adjuvants against common pathogens associated with canine otitis externa. Vet Dermatol. 30, 133-e38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12712
  • CLSI. (2018) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Test for Bacteria Isolated from Animals; Approved Standard Document 4th ed. CLSI supplement VET08.
  • CLSI. (2019) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 29th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA ABD.
  • Cole LK. (2004) Otoscopic evaluation of the ear canal. Vet Clin North Am - Small Anim Pract. 34(2), 397-410. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.10.004.
  • Davis JL, Foster DM, Papich MG. (2007) Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 30(6), 564-71. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00914.x.
  • Dos Santos JP, Júnior ÁF, Locce CC, Brasão SC, Bittar ER, Bittar JFF. (2019) Effectiveness of tobramycin and ciprofloxacin against bacterial isolates in canine otitis externa in Uberaba, Minas Gerais. Cienc Anim Bras. 20, 8-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1089-6891v20e-52164
  • Ekincioglu P, Percin D. (2013) Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Health Sciences). 22(2), 141-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5505/abantmedj.2015.38981
  • Eliasi UL, Sebola D, Oguttu JW, Qekwana DN. (2020) Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine clinical cases at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 22; 91(0), e1-e6. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v91i0.2052.
  • Fernández L, Álvarez-ortega C, Wiegand I. et al. (2013) Characterization of the Polymyxin B Resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57(1), 110-119. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01583-12
  • Ghannoum MA, Isham NC. (2009) Clinical Mycology. 2nd ed., 375–384. Dermatophytes and dermatophytoses.
  • Graham-Mize CA, Rosser EJ. (2004) Comparison of microbial isolates and susceptibility patterns from the external ear canal of dogs with otitis externa. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 40(2), 102-108. DOI: 10.5326/0400102
  • Hancock REW. (1998) Resistance Mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Nonfermentative Gram‐Negative Bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 27(1), 93-S99. DOI: 10.1086/514909.
  • Hariharan H, Coles M, Poole D, Lund L, Page R. (2006) Update on antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from canine and feline otitis externa. Can Vet J. 47(3), 253-255.
  • Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST, (1994) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Ninth Edition). Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore.
  • Korbelik J, Singh A, Rousseau J, Weese JS. (2019) Characterization of the otic bacterial microbiota in dogs with otitis externa compared to healthy individuals. Veterinary Dermatology. 30(3), 228-e70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12734
  • Lee GY, Lee HH, Hwang SY, Hong J, Lyoo KS, Yang SJ. (2019) Carriage of Staphylococcus schleiferi from canine otitis externa: antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence factors associated with skin infection. J Vet Sci. 20(2): e6. DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e6.
  • Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB et al. (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18(3), 268-81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x.
  • Martino De L, Nocera FP, Mallardo K et al. (2016) An update on microbiological causes of canine otitis externa in Campania Region, Italy. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 6(5), 384-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.11.012
  • Mekić S, Matanović K, Šeol B. (2011) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from dogs with otitis externa. Vet Rec. 169(5), 125. DOI: 10.1136/vr.d2393
  • Morris DO, Davis MF, Palmeiro BS, O’Shea K, Rankin SC. (2017) Molecular and epidemiological characterization of canine Pseudomonas otitis using a prospective case-control study design. Vet Dermatol. 28(1), 118-e25. DOI: 10.1111/vde.12347
  • Ozturk D, Pehlivanoglu F, Turutoglu H, Sirin YS, Sababoglu E. (2016) Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms from dogs with otitis externa. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 32(2), 84-88. DOI: 10.1111/avj.12007
  • Pang Z, Raudonis R, Glick BR, Lin TJ, Cheng Z. (2019) Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnology Advances. 37(1), 177–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013
  • Paterson S. (2016) Discovering the causes of otitis externa. In Practice. 38, 7-11. DOI: 10.1136/inp.i470
  • Penna B, Thomé S, Martins R, Martins G, Lilenbaum W. (2011) In vitro Antimicrobial Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Canine Otitis Externa in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol. 42, 1434-1436. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838220110004000027
  • Petrov V, Mihaylov G, Tsachev I, Zhelev G, Marutsov P, Koev K. (2013) Otitis externa in dogs: Microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility. Rev Med Vet (Toulouse). 164(1), 18-22.
  • Poole K. (2005) Aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49(2), 479-87. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.49.2.479-487.2005.
  • Pye C. (2018) Pseudomonas otitis externa in dogs. Dermatologie Vétérinaire. 59, 1231-1234. PMID: 30410185. PMCID: PMC6190182.
  • Pye CC, Yu AA, Weese JS. (2013) Evaluation of biofilm production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from canine ears and the impact of biofilm on antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro. Vet Dermatol. 24(4), 1-6. DOI: 10.1111/vde.12040
  • Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey B, Carter GR. (1994) Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. 237-242. London: Wolfe/Mosby.
  • Rubin J, Walker RD, Blickenstaff K, Bodeis-Jones S, Zhao S. (2008) Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine infections. Vet Microbiol. 131(1-2), 164-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.018
  • Schick AE, Angus JC, Coyner KS. (2007) Variability of laboratory identification and antibiotic susceptibility reporting of Pseudomonas spp. isolates from dogs with chronic otitis externa. Vet Dermatol. 18(2), 120-126. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00581.x
  • Shaw S. (2016) Pathogens in otitis externa: Diagnostic techniques to identify secondary causes of ear disease. In Practice. 38, 12–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.i461
  • Tam VH, Schilling AN, Vo G et al. (2005) Pharmacodynamics of Polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49(9), 3624-3630. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.49.9.3624-3630.2005
  • Turkyilmaz S. (2008) Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs with otitis externa. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci. 32(1), 37-42
  • Wildermuth BE, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS, Boord MJ. (2007) Susceptibility of Pseudomonas isolates from the ears and skin of dogs to enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 43(6), 337–341. DOI: 10.5326/0430337
  • Yapicier OS, Sababoglu E, Kaya M, Ozturk D, Pehlivanoglu F, Turutoglu H. (2018) Fungal agents isolated from dogs with otitis externa. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Vet Fakültesi Derg. 3(2), 121-124. DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.463762
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Tansu Bıçakcıoğlu 0000-0002-0381-5243

Şimal Yörük 0000-0002-1531-5609

Hamit Kaan Müştak 0000-0002-3694-1959

Early Pub Date December 30, 2021
Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date August 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 32 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bıçakcıoğlu, T., Yörük, Ş., & Müştak, H. K. (2021). Antibiotic resistance profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs with otitis externa. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 32(2), 118-123. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.986820

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