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Tavuk Karkaslarında Enterococcus Spp. Prevalansı ile Vankomisin Dirençliliği ve Slime Faktör Üretme Yeteneklerinin Araştırılması

Year 2011, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 54 - 60, 29.12.2011

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Samsun İli’nde tüketime sunulan tavuk karkaslarındaki Enterococcus spp.’nin prevalansı, vankomisin dirençliliği ve slime faktör oluşturma yeteneklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Bu amaçla, Slanetz ve Bartley besiyerinde direkt kültür tekniği ile 123 adet tavuk karkası analiz edildi. Bu örneklerin 41’inden (%33.3) izole edilen toplam 92 adet suş fenotipik olarak Enterococcus spp. olarak identifiye edildi. Tüm Enterococcus spp. izolatları, tuf genini hedefleyen PCR ile cins düzeyinde doğrulandı. Bu izolatların E.faecalis veya E.faecium olup olmadığını ve vankomisin dirençliliklerini belirlemek üzere, ddl ve van (van A, B, C1/2, D, E ve G) genlerinin amplifikasyonuna dayalı multipleks PCR gerçekleştirildi. Suşlardan 39 (%42.4) adedi E.faecalis olarak doğrulanırken, hiç bir suş E.faecium olarak identifiye edilmedi. Geri kalan 53 (%57.6) izolat ise E.faecalis ve E.faecium dışındaki Enterokok türleri olarak değerlendirildi. van A, B, C1/2, D, E ve G genleri, hiçbir izolatta belirlenmedi. Slime faktör üretimini belirlemek üzere Kongo Kırmızısı içeren Agar yöntemi kullanıldı ve hiçbir izolatta slime faktör üretimi belirlenmedi. Sonuç olarak, Samsun İli’nde tavuk karkaslarından izole edilen E.faecalis izolatlarının, vankomisin dirençliliği ve slime factor oluşturmaları yönünden halk sağlığı için potansiyel bir risk oluşturmadığı görülmüştür.

References

  • Anonym, T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, published in the official gazette date: 9.07.1999/14428.
  • Bager F, Madsen M, Christensen J, Aarestrup FM, (1997). Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Prev Vet Med. 31, 95-112.
  • Bager F, Aarestrup FM, Madsen M, Wegener HC, (1999). Glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from broilers and pigs following discontinued use of avoparcin. Microb Drug Resist. 5, 53–56.
  • Bates J, Jordens JZ, Selkon JB, (1993). Evidence for an animal origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (letter). Lancet. 342, 490-1.
  • Bates J, Jordens JZ, Griffiths DT, (1994). Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man. J Antimicrob Chemoth. 20,191–196.
  • Chingwaru W, Mpuchane SF, Gashe BA, (2003). Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from milk, beef, and chicken and their antibiotic resistance. J Food Protect. 66, 931–936.
  • Çelik S, (2001) Virulence factors of Enterococci isolated from animal sources. PhD Thesis, Ankara University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara.
  • Çiftci A, Fındık A, İca T, Bas B, Onuk EE, Güngördü S, (2009). Slime production and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from arthritis in chickens. J Vet Med. 71, 849–853
  • Depardieu F, Perichon B, Courvalin P, (2004). Detection of the van alphabet and identification of enterococci and staphylococci at the species level by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 5857-5860.
  • Del Grosso M, Caprioli A, Chinzari P, Fontana MC, Pezzotti G, Manfrin A, Giannatale ED, Goffredo E, Pantosti A, (2000). Detection and characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm animals and raw meat products in Italy. Microb Drug Resist. 6, 313–318.
  • Devriese LA, Ieven M, Goosens H, Vandamme P, Pot B, Hommez J, Haesebrouck F, (1996). Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 40, 2285–2287.
  • Donelli G, Paoletti C, Baldassarri L, Guaglianone E, Di Rosa R, Magi G, Spinaci C, Facinelli B, (2004). Sex pheromone response, clumping, and slime production in Enterococcal Strains isolated from occluded biliary stents. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 3419-3427.
  • Dworniczek E, Wojciech U, Sobieszczanska B, Seniuk A, (2005). Virulence of enterococcus isolates collected in Lower Silesia (Poland). Scand J Infect Dis. 37, 630-636.
  • Eaton TJ, Gasson MJ, (2001). Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates. Appl Environ Microb. 67, 1628–1635.
  • Facklam RR, Carvalho MDS, Teixeira LM, (2002). History, taxonomy, biochemical characteristics, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of enterococci. In: GilmoreMS, editor. The enterococci: pathogenesis, molecular biology, and antibiotic resistance. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology. p. 1–39.
  • Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT, (1989). New method for detecting slime production by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol. 42, 872-874.
  • Giraffa G, (2002). Enterococci from foods. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 26, 163–171.
  • Gomes BC, Esteves CT, Palazzo CV, Darini ALC, Felis GE, Sechi LA, Franco BDGM, Martinis ECP, (2008). Prevalence and chatracterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Brazilian foods. Food Microbiol. 25, 668-675.
  • Kasımoğlu-Doğru A, Gencay YE, Ayaz ND, (2010). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterococcus species in chicken at slaughter level; absence of vanA and vanB genes in E. faecalis and E. Faecium. Res Vet Sci. 2, 153-158
  • Ke D, Picard FJ, Martineau F, Ménard C, Roy PH, Ouellette M, Bergeron MG, (1999). Development of a PCR assay for rapid detection of enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 37, 3497-3503.
  • Klare I, Heier H, Claus H, Witte W, (1995). VanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 125, 165-72.
  • Klare I, Badstubner D, Konstabel C, Bohme G, Claus H, Witte W, (1999). Decreased incidence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from poultry meat and from fecal samples of humans in the community after discontinuation of avoparcin usage in animal husbandry. Microb Drug Resist. 5, 45– 52.
  • Klare I, Konstabel C, Badstübner D, Werner G, Witte W, (2003). Occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistances in Enterococcus faecium. Int J Food Microbiol. 88, 269– 290.
  • Kumar CG, Anand SK, (1998). Significance of microbial biofilms in food industry: a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 42, 9–27.
  • Lauderdale TL, McDonald LC, Shiau YR, Chen PC, Wang HY, Lai JF, Ho M, (2002). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from humans and retail chickens in Taiwan with unique VanB phenotype-vanA genotype incongruence. Antimicrob Agents Ch. 46, 525–527.
  • Leclerq R, Dutka-Malen S, Duval J, Courvalin P, (1992). Vancomycin resistance gene vanC is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 36, 2005-2008.
  • Lemcke R, Bülte M, (2000). Occurrence of the vancomycin-resistant genes vanA, vanB, vanC1, vanC2 and vanC3 in Enterococcus strains isolated from poultry and pork. Int J Food Microbiol. 60, 185–194.
  • Pantosti A, DelGrosso M, Tagliabue S, Nacri A, Caprioli A, (1999). Decreased of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in poultry meat after avoparcin ban. Lancet. 354, 741–742.
  • Quintiliani RJr, Evers S, Courvalin P, (1993). The vanB gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci. J Infect Dis. 167,1220-1223.
  • Silbergeld EK, Graham J, Price LB, (2008). Industrial Food Animal Production, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Human Health. Annu Rev Publ Health. 29, 151-169.
  • Slanetz LW, Bartley CH, (1957). Numbers of enterococci in water, sewage, and feces determined by the membrane filter technique with an improved medium. J Bact. 74, 591-595.
  • Toledo-Arana A, Valle J, Solano C, Arrızubieta MJ, Cucarella C, Lamata M, Amorena B, Leiva J, Penadès JR, Lasa I, (2001). The enterococcal surface protein, Esp, is involved in Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microb. 67, 4538-4545.
  • Uttley AHC, Collins CH, Naidoo J, George RC, (1988). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet. l, 57-58.
  • Ünal N, Dilik Z, Yıldırım M, (2010). Isolation of a vanA positive Enterococcus faecium from commercial broiler farms in Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 16, 127-129.
  • Van den Braak A, Van Belkum A, Van Keulen M, Vliegenthart J, Verbrugh HA, Endz HP, (1998). Molecular characterizations of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospitalised patients and poultry in the Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol. 36, 1927-1932.
  • Vural T, Sekercioglu AO, Ögünç D, Gültekin M, Çolak D, Yesilipek A, Kocagöz S, Ünal S, Mutlu G, (1998). Vankomisine dirençli Enterococcus casselifavus susu. Ankem Dergisi. l2, 113.
  • Wegener HC, (2003). Antibiotics in animal feed and their role in resistance development. Curr Opin Microbiol. 6, 439–445.
  • Wegener HC, Aarestrup FM, Jensen LB, Hammerum AM, Bager F, (1999). Use of antimicrobial growth promoters in food animals and Enterococcus faecium resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial drugs in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 5, 329-336.

The Investigation of Prevalence, Vancomycine Resistance and Slime Factor Production of Enterococci Isolated from Chicken Carcasses

Year 2011, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 54 - 60, 29.12.2011

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, vancomycin resistance and slime factor production of Enterococcus spp. in chicken carcasses consumed in Samsun province, north of the Turkey. For this purpose, 123 chicken carcasses were analyzed by direct culture technique on Slanetz and Bartley Medium and, a total of 92 Enterococci spp. were isolated from 41 (33.3%) out of the 123 samples and identified phenotypically. All enterococci isolates were confirmed at the genus level by a single PCR targeted tuf gene using Enterococcus specific primers. To identify these enterococci as either being E.faecalis or E.faecium and to detect vancomycin resistance, a multiplex PCR based on the amplification of ddl and van (van A, B, C1/2, D, E and G) genes were performed. While 39 (42.4%) and none of these isolates were identified as E.faecalis and E.faecium, respectively, and the remaining 53 isolates (57.6%) were identified as Enterococcus spp. except from E.faecalis and E.faecium. vanA, vanB, C1/2, vanD, vanE, vanG genes were not detected in any of the isolates by this multiplex PCR. To detect slime factor production, Congo Red Agar Method was used and slime factor production was not detected in any of the isolates. In conclusion, E.faecalis isolates from chicken carcasses in Samsun Province of Turkey do not constitute a potential risk to the public health for vancomycin resistance and slime factor production.

References

  • Anonym, T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, published in the official gazette date: 9.07.1999/14428.
  • Bager F, Madsen M, Christensen J, Aarestrup FM, (1997). Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Prev Vet Med. 31, 95-112.
  • Bager F, Aarestrup FM, Madsen M, Wegener HC, (1999). Glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from broilers and pigs following discontinued use of avoparcin. Microb Drug Resist. 5, 53–56.
  • Bates J, Jordens JZ, Selkon JB, (1993). Evidence for an animal origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (letter). Lancet. 342, 490-1.
  • Bates J, Jordens JZ, Griffiths DT, (1994). Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man. J Antimicrob Chemoth. 20,191–196.
  • Chingwaru W, Mpuchane SF, Gashe BA, (2003). Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from milk, beef, and chicken and their antibiotic resistance. J Food Protect. 66, 931–936.
  • Çelik S, (2001) Virulence factors of Enterococci isolated from animal sources. PhD Thesis, Ankara University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara.
  • Çiftci A, Fındık A, İca T, Bas B, Onuk EE, Güngördü S, (2009). Slime production and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from arthritis in chickens. J Vet Med. 71, 849–853
  • Depardieu F, Perichon B, Courvalin P, (2004). Detection of the van alphabet and identification of enterococci and staphylococci at the species level by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 5857-5860.
  • Del Grosso M, Caprioli A, Chinzari P, Fontana MC, Pezzotti G, Manfrin A, Giannatale ED, Goffredo E, Pantosti A, (2000). Detection and characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm animals and raw meat products in Italy. Microb Drug Resist. 6, 313–318.
  • Devriese LA, Ieven M, Goosens H, Vandamme P, Pot B, Hommez J, Haesebrouck F, (1996). Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 40, 2285–2287.
  • Donelli G, Paoletti C, Baldassarri L, Guaglianone E, Di Rosa R, Magi G, Spinaci C, Facinelli B, (2004). Sex pheromone response, clumping, and slime production in Enterococcal Strains isolated from occluded biliary stents. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 3419-3427.
  • Dworniczek E, Wojciech U, Sobieszczanska B, Seniuk A, (2005). Virulence of enterococcus isolates collected in Lower Silesia (Poland). Scand J Infect Dis. 37, 630-636.
  • Eaton TJ, Gasson MJ, (2001). Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates. Appl Environ Microb. 67, 1628–1635.
  • Facklam RR, Carvalho MDS, Teixeira LM, (2002). History, taxonomy, biochemical characteristics, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of enterococci. In: GilmoreMS, editor. The enterococci: pathogenesis, molecular biology, and antibiotic resistance. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology. p. 1–39.
  • Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT, (1989). New method for detecting slime production by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol. 42, 872-874.
  • Giraffa G, (2002). Enterococci from foods. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 26, 163–171.
  • Gomes BC, Esteves CT, Palazzo CV, Darini ALC, Felis GE, Sechi LA, Franco BDGM, Martinis ECP, (2008). Prevalence and chatracterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Brazilian foods. Food Microbiol. 25, 668-675.
  • Kasımoğlu-Doğru A, Gencay YE, Ayaz ND, (2010). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterococcus species in chicken at slaughter level; absence of vanA and vanB genes in E. faecalis and E. Faecium. Res Vet Sci. 2, 153-158
  • Ke D, Picard FJ, Martineau F, Ménard C, Roy PH, Ouellette M, Bergeron MG, (1999). Development of a PCR assay for rapid detection of enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 37, 3497-3503.
  • Klare I, Heier H, Claus H, Witte W, (1995). VanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 125, 165-72.
  • Klare I, Badstubner D, Konstabel C, Bohme G, Claus H, Witte W, (1999). Decreased incidence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from poultry meat and from fecal samples of humans in the community after discontinuation of avoparcin usage in animal husbandry. Microb Drug Resist. 5, 45– 52.
  • Klare I, Konstabel C, Badstübner D, Werner G, Witte W, (2003). Occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistances in Enterococcus faecium. Int J Food Microbiol. 88, 269– 290.
  • Kumar CG, Anand SK, (1998). Significance of microbial biofilms in food industry: a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 42, 9–27.
  • Lauderdale TL, McDonald LC, Shiau YR, Chen PC, Wang HY, Lai JF, Ho M, (2002). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from humans and retail chickens in Taiwan with unique VanB phenotype-vanA genotype incongruence. Antimicrob Agents Ch. 46, 525–527.
  • Leclerq R, Dutka-Malen S, Duval J, Courvalin P, (1992). Vancomycin resistance gene vanC is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 36, 2005-2008.
  • Lemcke R, Bülte M, (2000). Occurrence of the vancomycin-resistant genes vanA, vanB, vanC1, vanC2 and vanC3 in Enterococcus strains isolated from poultry and pork. Int J Food Microbiol. 60, 185–194.
  • Pantosti A, DelGrosso M, Tagliabue S, Nacri A, Caprioli A, (1999). Decreased of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in poultry meat after avoparcin ban. Lancet. 354, 741–742.
  • Quintiliani RJr, Evers S, Courvalin P, (1993). The vanB gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci. J Infect Dis. 167,1220-1223.
  • Silbergeld EK, Graham J, Price LB, (2008). Industrial Food Animal Production, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Human Health. Annu Rev Publ Health. 29, 151-169.
  • Slanetz LW, Bartley CH, (1957). Numbers of enterococci in water, sewage, and feces determined by the membrane filter technique with an improved medium. J Bact. 74, 591-595.
  • Toledo-Arana A, Valle J, Solano C, Arrızubieta MJ, Cucarella C, Lamata M, Amorena B, Leiva J, Penadès JR, Lasa I, (2001). The enterococcal surface protein, Esp, is involved in Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microb. 67, 4538-4545.
  • Uttley AHC, Collins CH, Naidoo J, George RC, (1988). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet. l, 57-58.
  • Ünal N, Dilik Z, Yıldırım M, (2010). Isolation of a vanA positive Enterococcus faecium from commercial broiler farms in Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 16, 127-129.
  • Van den Braak A, Van Belkum A, Van Keulen M, Vliegenthart J, Verbrugh HA, Endz HP, (1998). Molecular characterizations of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospitalised patients and poultry in the Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol. 36, 1927-1932.
  • Vural T, Sekercioglu AO, Ögünç D, Gültekin M, Çolak D, Yesilipek A, Kocagöz S, Ünal S, Mutlu G, (1998). Vankomisine dirençli Enterococcus casselifavus susu. Ankem Dergisi. l2, 113.
  • Wegener HC, (2003). Antibiotics in animal feed and their role in resistance development. Curr Opin Microbiol. 6, 439–445.
  • Wegener HC, Aarestrup FM, Jensen LB, Hammerum AM, Bager F, (1999). Use of antimicrobial growth promoters in food animals and Enterococcus faecium resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial drugs in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 5, 329-336.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Belgin Sırıken This is me

Arzu Fındık This is me

Gökhan İnat This is me

Özgür Çadırcı This is me

Tahsin Onur Kevenk This is me

Publication Date December 29, 2011
Submission Date December 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 22 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sırıken, B., Fındık, A., İnat, G., Çadırcı, Ö., et al. (2011). Tavuk Karkaslarında Enterococcus Spp. Prevalansı ile Vankomisin Dirençliliği ve Slime Faktör Üretme Yeteneklerinin Araştırılması. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 22(2), 54-60.

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