AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NDE KOŞULLULUK İLKESİNİN İŞLEVSİZLİĞİ: 15 TEMMUZ SONRASI TÜRKİYE-AB İLİŞKİLERİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 503 - 516, 07.12.2017

Ekrem Yaşar Akçay

Öz

II. Dünya
Savaşı'ndan sonra ortaya çıkan Avrupa Birliği, kurumsal yapısı ve faaliyetleri
ile sui generis yapısına sahiptir. Avrupa Birliği, üçüncü ülkelerle olan
ilişkilerin diğer kuruluşlardan farklı olduğunu göstermiştir. Üçüncü ülkelerle
ilgili olarak son sözü söyleme hakkına sahip olan AB, takdir yetkisine sahiptir
ve bu devletlerin ilişkilerini nasıl sürdüreceklerine kendisi karar
vermektedir. Diğer yandan AB, ilişkileri geliştirmek ve derinleştirmek için
üçüncü ülkelerden ve aday ülkelerden bazı yükümlülükleri yerine getirmesini
ister. Bu yükümlülükler üçüncü ülkeler tarafından yerine getirilmediğinde AB,
ülkelere yardımların azaltılması veya kesilmesi gibi cezai usulleri
uygulamaktadır. Bununla birlikte yükümlülükler yerine getirildiğinde, ülkeye
aday ülke statüsü verilmesi ve müzakere sürecinin başlatılması gibi ödül usulleri
uygulanmaktadır. 31 Temmuz 1959'da başlayan ve 12 Eylül 1963'te Ankara
Anlaşması ile hukuki zemine oturan Türkiye-AB ilişkilerinde AB, Türkiye hakkındaki
kararlarında son sözü söyleme hakkını saklamıştır. Bu, Ankara Anlaşması'nın 28.
Maddesinde görülmektedir. AB, Türk yetkililer tarafından Türkiye’nin yapması
gereken yükümlülükler yerine getirildiğini Türkiye’yi ödüllendirmekte (adaylık
statüsü verilmesi, yükümlülükler yerine getirilmediğinde ise (müzakere
başlıklarını askıya alma) cezalar vermiştir. Dahası Ayrıca, Türkiye'nin AB'ye
tam üyelik için yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmesi şart koşulmuştur. Ancak 15
Temmuz 2016'da Türkiye'deki askeri darbe girişimi sonrasında iki taraf arasındaki
ilişkiler kötüye gitmiş ve Türkiye AB yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmede
başarısız olmuştur. Üstelik Türkiye, AB'den kopmaya başlamış ve ilişkileri sonlardırma
gibi söylemler ortaya çıkmıştır. Böyle bir durum, AB koşulluluk ilkesinin
zayıfladığını ve işlevsiz hale geldiğini göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye, Koşulluluk, İşlevsizlik, Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği

NON-FUNCTIONALITY OF THE CONDITIONALY PRINCIPLE IN THE EU: ANALYSIS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF TURKEY-EU RELATIONS AFTER JULY 15 JULY

Öz

The European
Union, which emerged after World War II, has a sui generis structure with its
institutional structure and activities. The European Union has also shown that
relations with third countries are different from other organizations. The EU,
which holds the right to say the final word in relation to the third countries,
has its own right to appreciate, and it decides itself how such states will
continue their relations. On the other hand, the EU asks to fulfill some
obligations from third countries and candidate countries to develop and deepen
relations. When these obligations are not fulfilled by third countries, the EU
implements criminal procedures such as reducing or cutting aid to countries.
However when the obligations are fulfilled, it applies reward method such as
granting the candidate country status to the countries and starting the
negotiation process. In the Turkey-EU relations which started on July 31, 1959,
established legal basic with Ankara Agreement on 12 September 1963, the EU hid
itself the right to say the last word in its decisions about Turkey. This can
be seen in Article 28 of the Ankara Agreement. The EU imposed the penalties for
Turkey's obligations in relation to Turkey when it was fulfilled by the
authorities in Turkey (giving the candidate status), and when it was not
fulfilled (the suspension of the negotiation chapters). Moreover, it is
stipulated that Turkey fulfills its obligations in order to become a full
member of the EU. But after the military coup attempt in Turkey on 15 July
2016, the relations between the two sides have been deteriorated and Turkey has
failed to fulfill the obligations of the EU. However, Turkey has begun to
withdraw from the EU and discourses such as terminating relations have come to
light. Such a situation shows that the conditionality principle of the EU has
weakened and it has begun to become non-functional.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union, Turkey, Conditionality, Non-Functionality, Turkey and European Union

Kaynakça

• Alemdar, Z. (2016). Three Scenarios for Turkey-EU Relations after July 15 th, http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/three-scenarios-for-turkey-eu-relations-after-july-15th-_4144.html, (05.12.2016). Aslan, O. (2016). The July 15 th failed coup attempt in Turkey: Causes, Consequences and Implicaitons in Comparative Perpective, http://sharqforum.org/2016/07/31/the-july-15th-failed-coup-attempt-in-turkey/ , (04.12.2016). BBC. (2016). Turkey attempted coup: EU says measures unacceptable, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36861154, (07.12.2016). Butler, D. and Pamuk, H. (2016). Turkey rejects Europe's 'red line' on press freedom after detentions, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-idUSKBN12W3NK , (15.12.2016). Cagaptay, S. and Jeffrey, J. F. (2016). Inside Turkey’s Failed Coup: What Happened?, Why?, What Next?, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/inside-turkeys-failed-coup-what-happened-why-what-next, (10.12.2016). Dalay, G. (2016). The 15 th Failed Coup Attempt in Turkey: Structural Roots, http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2016/08/15th-failed-coup-attempt-turkey-structural-roots-160830082818169.html, (07.12.2016). EUObserver. (2016a). Turkey still open to EU despite differences, https://euobserver.com/tickers/136089, (11.12.2016). Euractiv. (2016a). Turkish FM: EU failed the test after the coup attempt, https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/turkish-fm-eu-failed-the-test-after-the-coup-attempt/ , (10.12.2016). Euractiv. (2016b). Dutch join push for EU-Turkey accession talks freze, https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/dutch-join-push-for-eu-turkey-accession-talks-freeze/, (04.12.2016). Euractiv. (2017). Erdogan says Turkey could hold referendum on EU membership bid, https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/erdogan-says-turkey-could-hold-referendum-on-eu-membership-bid/, (12.06.2017). European Commission. (2006). Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2006 – 2007 Including annexed special report on the EU's capacity to integrate new members. Brussels. European Commission. (2016a). Joint statement by High Representative/Vice-President, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/07/18-fac-turkey-conclusions/, (08.12.2016). Federica Mogherini and Commissioner for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations Johannes Hahn on the situation in Turkey, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-16-2555_en.htm, (14.12.2016). European Commission. (2016b). Third Report on the Progress made in the implementation of the EU-Turkey Statement, Brussels. European Commission. (2016c). Statement by the President of the European Commission, the President of the European Council, and the EU High Representative on behalf of the EU Member States present at the ASEM Summit on the situation in Turkey, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-16-2554_en.htm, (12.12.2016). European Commission. (2016d), Implementing the EU-Turkey Statement – Questions and Answers, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4321_en.htm, (16.12.2016). European Commission. (2017). The Treaty Of Rome. https://ec.europa.eu/romania/sites/romania/files/tratatul_de_la_roma.pdf, (29.09.2017) European Council on Foreign Relations. (2016a). Turkey after July 15: The View from Ankara, http://www.ecfr.eu/article/Turkey_after_July_15_The_view_from_Ankara_7088, (09.12.2016). European Council on Foreign Relations. (2016b). EU-Turkey relations after July 15: Turning the page, http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_eu_turkey_relations_after_july_15_turning_the_page7124, (07.12.2016). European Parliament. (1993). Conclusion of Precidency, European Council in Copenhagen, 21-22 June 1993. Copenhagen. European Parliament. (2016a). Turkey: handling of aftermath of coup attempt is a crucial test, say MEPs, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20160830IPR40513/turkey-handling-of-aftermath-of-coup-attempt-is-a-crucial-test-say-meps, (12.12.2016). European Parliament. (2016b). “European Parliament resolution on EU-Turkey relations”, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B8-2016-1276&language=EN, (25.11.2016). European Parliament. (2016c). European Parliament resolution on EU-Turkey relations, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B8-2016-1276&language=EN, (25.11.2016). European Parliament. (2017). Rapport fait au nom de la commission politique de l’Assemblée parlementaire européenne sur les aspects politiques et institutionnels de l'adhésion ou de l'association à la Communauté par M. Willi Birkelbach, Rapporteur (19 décembre 1961). https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/report_by_willi_birkelbach_on_the_political_and_institutional_aspects_of_accession_to_or_association_with_the_community_19_december_1961-en-2d53201e-09db-43ee-9f80-552812d39c03.html, (29.09.2017). Gotev, G. (2017). Commission urges ‘different type of relations’ with Turkey, https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/commission-urges-different-type-of-relations-with-turkey/, (12.06.2017). Grabbe, H. (2002). EU conditionality and the acquis communautaire. International Political Science Review. 23, 249-268. Idiz, S. (2016). EU tries to mend fences with Turkey following attempted coup, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/turkey-european-union-tries-mend-fences.html, (15.12.2016). IKV. (2017). Koşulluluk İlkesi Nedir?. http://www.ikv.org.tr/ikv_dergi/ikv_temmuz_agustos_2013/html/files/assets/basic-html/page50.html, (29.09.2017). International Federation of Journalists. (2016). New wave of repression targeting daily Cumhuriyet in Turkey. http://www.ifj.org/nc/news-single-view/backpid/1/article/new-wave-of-repression-targeting-daily-cumhuriyet-in-turkey/, (13.12.2016). Kirisci, K. and Laub, Z. (2016) Turkey’s Prospects After the Coup Attempt. https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/turkeys-prospects-after-the-coup-attempt/, (13.12.2016). Lecha, E. S. (2016). The International Impact of the Failed Coup in Turkey. Opinion, 425, 1-3. Maniokas, K. (2000). Methodology of the EU Enlargement: A Critical Appraisal. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review. 5, 48-62. Maresceau, M. (2003). Pre-accession. Cremona, M.(der.), The Enlargement of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mayhew, A. (1998). Recreating Europe: The European Union’s Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nielsen, N. (2016). EU rejects calls for 'freeze' in Turkey talks. https://euobserver.com/foreign/136261, (14.12.2016). Penev, D. (2016). Does Turkey really want visa liberalization?. https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/opinion/does-turkey-really-want-visa-liberalization/, (11.12.2016). Perez, A. M. (2015). Coercive Diplomacy in the 21 st Century: A New Framework for the Carrot and Stick. University of Miami, International Studies Dissertation, Miami. Pierini, M. (2017). Dealing With Turkey’s Absolute Ruler, http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=68692, (12.06.2017) Poyrazlar, E. (2016). Türkiye AB'yle ipleri koparırsa ne olur?. http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2016/05/160523_turkiye_ab_kopma, (06.01.2016). Preston, C. (1997). Enlargement and Integration in the European Union. London: Routledge Press. Sedelmeier, U. (1994). The EU’s Association Policy Towards Central and Eastern Europe: Political and Economic Rationales in Conflict. Sussex European Institute Working Report. 7, 1-56. Smith, E. K. (2003). EU Membership Conditionaliy. Cremona, M.(der.). The Enlargement of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Smith, K. E. (2004). The Use of Political Conditionality in the EU’s Relation with Third Countries: How Effective?. European Union Affairs Review. 3, 253-274. T aylor, P. (1996). The European Union in the 1990s. Oxford: Oxford University Press Vincenti, D. (2016). Turkey to back out of EU migrant deal if no visa-free travel. https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/turkey-to-back-out-of-eu-migrant-deal-if-no-visa-free-travel/, (11.12.2016). Vytiska, H. (2016). Austrian foreign minister moves away from Ankara towards Moscow. https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/austrian-foreign-minister-moves-away-from-erdogan-towards-putin/, (14.12.2016). Weber, S. (1995). European Union Conditionality. Eichengreen, B. (der.). Politics and Institutions in an Integrated Europe. Berlin: Springer Verlag.