PALEOLİTİK ÇAĞDA MEZARLAR ve ÖLÜM KAVRAMI

Year 2016, Volume: 22 Issue: 87, 173 - 194, 01.08.2016

Murat Karakoç

Abstract

Tarih öncesi devirlerde ölüm kavramı ve mezar uygulamalarının en erken ne zaman

başladığı ve ölülerini gömen ilk insanların bunu hangi amaçlarla yaptıkları tartışmalı bir

konudur. Paleolitik Çağ’da yaşamış insanların sembolik dünyalarıyla ilişkilendirilen ve

mezar olarak tanımlanan buluntu alanları bu anlamda en çok dikkat çeken materyallerdir.

Bu tür buluntu alanları Afrika, Asya ve Avrupa kıtalarında yer alan yerleşim yerlerinde

en azından 100,000 yıl öncesinden bilinmektedir. Çalışmamız bu yerleşim alanlarında

mezar olarak tanımlanmış buluntuları ve bunlarla ilişkili görünen diğer verileri eldeki

bilgiler ışığında değerlendirmek ve bunların açıklanmasında gerekli olan bazı önemli

süreçleri özetlemeyi amaçlar. Simgesel düşünce, din ve ritüel uygulamalarla da

açıklanmaya çalışılan paleolitik mezarları ve içlerinden çıkan buluntular, bu zamanlarda

yaşamış insanların soyut ve manevi dünyalarıyla ilgili birtakım ipuçları da vermektedir.

Bu durum ‘simgesel düşünce’, ‘öteki dünya’ veya ‘din’ anlayışının çok erken zamanlarda

başlamış olabileceğine işaret eder. ‘Yamyamlık’, ‘kafatası kültü’ ve mezarlarda aşı

boyası gibi bulgulardan yola çıkılarak açıklanmaya çalışılan ‘yeniden doğuş umudu’

veya ‘ruh anlayışı’ gibi ortaya atılan daha pek çok kavram konunun önemini ortaya

koyar. En erken mezar olarak tanımlanan bulgularla Orta Paleolitik (Mousterian)

dönemde karşılaşılmakta ve Üst Paleolitik dönemde (Gravettian ve Magdelenian

evrelerde) bunların çok daha karmaşık bir hal almaya başladıkları görülmektedir. Bu

bağlamda çalışmamızın kronolojik sınırlaması Paleolitik Çağ olarak belirlenmiştir. Orta

Paleolitik döneme tarihlenen anatomik açıdan modern görünümlü Homo sapiens ve

Homo neandertalensis ile ayrıca Üst Paleolitik dönemin sonlarına tarihlenen ve mezar

olarak tanımlanan Homo sapiens buluntu alanları çalışmamız kapsamında ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Paleolitik, mezarlar, ölüm kavramı

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