JEAN VALJEAN’S DILEMMA AND UTILITARIAN ETHICS

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 90, 151 - 166, 15.05.2017

Fatma Dore

Öz

This work is an evaluation, through the criterion of utilitarian ethics, of the resolution

of an intense moral dilemma in Victor Hugo’s 1862 masterpiece, Les Misérables. The

dilemma is faced by the main protagonist Jean Valjean. Valjean, a former convict, has

redeemed his life and has become mayor of a French city under an assumed name. Years

later, he learns that someone else has been erroneously arrested as him, and Valjean is

faced with the choice of letting this man be convicted and sent to a horrible punishment

in the galleys, or revealing his identity and facing reimprisonment himself in order to

save him. In doing the latter, he acts according to the demands of deontological ethics,

for which the author of the novel explicitly commends him. Nevertheless, this work avers

that in making the latter choice, Valjean, in terms of utilitarian ethics, acts immorally.

It affirms this by showing, through the writings of Jeremy Bentham, that in morally

evaluating an action in utilitarian ethical terms, the happiness and unhappiness caused

to everyone affected by his act must be quantified and balanced against each other.

Due to the effect that the loss of their benevolent mayor has on other characters, the

saving of one individual cannot be seen to be productive of the greatest good. This work

then examines possible objections to this evaluation and through writers on ethics and

Bentham himself, shows that these objections do not invalidate the central argument of

the work.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Moral Philosophy, French Literature, Jeremy Bentham

Kaynakça

• Bentham, Jeremy. (1828) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Volume 1. London: W. Pickering.
• Carritt, E.F. (1999) “Criticisms of Utilitarianism”. Contained in: Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings. (Eds.) John Perry and Michael Bratman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp.503-5
• Grossman, Katherine M. (1994) Figuring Transcendence in Les Misérables. Illinois: Southern Illinois University.
• Guttmann, Davies. (2014) The 50 Most Influential Books of All Time. Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand, 2014.
• Hampsher-Monk, Iain. (1992) A History of Modern Political Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
• Hugo, Victor. (1994) Les Misérables. Volume 1. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. Kant, Immanuel. (2011) “On a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns”. Retrieved from http://bgillette.com/wp content/uploads/2011/08/ KANTsupposedRightToLie.pdf
• MacIntyre, Alasdair. (2002) A Short History of Ethics. London: Routledge.
• Mackie, J.L. (1990) Ethics. London: Penguin Books.
• Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith. (1983) Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics. London: Routledge.