DETERMINATION OF THE UNIVERSITY EMPLOYEES’ MONEY BELIEFS AND DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES

Abstract

The importance of psychological issues is increasing day by day in financial studies. When the subject is the human factor, a lot of unknowns arise. For this reason, the study of human perceptions and the attitudes of individuals constitutes an important research area in money related research. The purpose of this study, attitudes towards money of university employees in Turkey and the uncovering of belief. In this way, the research; it is believed to be helpful in using money, managing and achieving financial goals. In the study, a questionnaire was applied to the academic and administrative staff of universities in the Western Black Sea Region. Separate analyses were applied for both groups (Academic and Administrative staff) and the results were compared. Factor analysis was used to determine the validity of the scale used in Turkey. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the number of factors for both groups consisted of 4 factors as in the original study. In addition, the relations between the demographic characteristics and the factors were examined and the results regarding the status of academic and administrative staff were revealed. Various comments are given on the obtained results.

Keywords

• money belief
• money script
• money belief scale
• The Psychology of Money

ÜNİVERSİTE ÇALIŞANLARININ PARA İNANIŞLARININ VE DEMOGRAFİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Abstract

Finansal çalışmalarda psikolojik konuların önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Konu insan faktörü olduğu zaman çok sayıda bilinmez ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu sebeple, parayla ilgili araştırmalarda insan algılarının ve bireylerin tutumunun incelenmesi önemli bir araştırma alanı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki üniversite çalışanlarının paraya karşı tutumları ve inanışlarının ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Bu sayede araştırmanın; parayı kullanma, yönetme ve finansal hedefleri gerçekleştirme konularında yardımcı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada, Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde bulunan üniversitelerin akademik ve idari personellerine anket uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her iki grup için (Akademik ve İdari personel) ayrı ayrı analizler uygulanmış ve sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Kullanılan Ölçeğin Türkiye’de geçerliliğini belirlemek için faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Analiz sonucunda her iki grup için faktör sayısının orijinal çalışmada olduğu gibi 4 faktörden oluştuğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu faktörler; “Paradan kaçınma”, “Paraya tapınma”, “Paranın statü sembolü olması” ve “Parayla ilgili ihtiyatlı olunması” olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Ayrıca, demografik özellikler ve faktörler arasındaki ilişkiler incelenerek akademik ve idari personelin durumuyla ilgili sonuçlar ortaya koyulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar üzerinden çeşitli yorumlara yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

• Para İnanışı
• Para Senaryosu
• Para İnanış Ölçeği
• Para Psikolojisi

References

1. AKIN, A. and KAHRAMAN, A. (2015), Ergen Para Tutumu Ölçeği Türkçe Formu: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlilik Çalışması, Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 267-271.
2. ARIFIN, A. Z. (2018), Influence Factors Toward Financial Satisfaction with Financial Behavior as Intervening Variable on Jakarta Area Workforce”, European Research Studies Journal, 21(1), 90-103.
3. BEGINA, M., HICKINGBOTTOM, J., LUTTRULL, E., MCCOY, M., & KLONTZ, B. (2018). Identify and Understand Clients’ Money Scripts: A Framework for Using the KMSI-R. Journal of Financial Planning, 31(3), 46–55.
4. BEUTLER, I. F. and GUDMUNSON, C. (2012), New Adolescent Money Attitude Scales: Entitlement and Conscientiousness, Journal of Financial Counselling and Planning, 23(2), 18-31.
5. BRITT, S. L., KLONTZ, B., TIBBETTS, R., LEITZ, L. (2015), The Financial Health of Mental Health Professionals, 6(1), 17-32, Journal of Financial Therapy, http://dx.doi.org./10.4148/1944-9771.1076.
6. CAMPBELL, M. A. B. (2007), A Phenomenological Study of Family Influence on Millennial College Students’ Money Beliefs and Behaviors, Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 15839, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15839.
7. CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M. (1999), If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?, American Psychological Association, 54(10), 821-827 .https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5ee/db420521102f2dae6d011e147be4d36e198d.pdf
8. DEW, J., BRITT, S. and HUSTON, S. (2012), Examining the Relationship between Financial Issues And Divorce, Family Relations, 61, 615-628, DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00715.x.

9. DIENER, E. and SELIGMAN, M.E.P. (2004), Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1-31.
10. DIENER, Ed and DIENER, R. B. (2002), Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being?, Social Indicators Research, 57, 119-169.
11. DILWORTH, J., CHENOWETH, L. and ENGELBRECHT, J. (2000), A Qualitative Study of the Money Goals of College Students and Their Parents, Financial Counselling and Planning, 11(2), 33-42.
12. ENGELBERG, E. and SJÖBERG, L. (2006), Money Attitudes and Emotional Intelligence, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(8), 2027-2047.
13. FALAHATI, L. and PAIM, L. (2011), A Comparative Study in Money Attitude Among University Students: A Gendered View, Journal of American Science, 7(6), 1144-1148.
14. FURNHAM, A. (1984). Many Sides of the Coin: The Psychology of Money Usage. Personality and Individual Differences. 5(5), 501-509.
15. FURNHAM, A., STUMM, S. V. and MILNER, R. (2014), MoneyGrams: Recalled Childhood Memories about Money and Adult Money Pathology, Journal of Financial Therapy, 5(1), 40-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1059.
16. GASIOROWSKA, A. (2014), The Relationship between Objective and Subjective Wealth Is Moderated by Financial Control and Mediated By Money Anxiety, Journal of Economic Psychology, 43, 64-74, DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2014.04.007.
17. GASIOROWSKA, A. (2015), The Impact of Money Attitudes on the Relationship between Income and Financial Satisfaction, Polish Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 197-208, DOI: 10.1515/ppb—2015-0026.
18. GOODTHERAPHY (2019), “Money and Financial Issues”, https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/issues/money-and-financial-issues, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.01.2020).
19. GÖNEN, E. and ÖZMETE E. (2007), Finansal Refah: Finansal Yönetim Sürecinden Duyulan Tatmin, Finansal Davranışlar İle Öz-saygı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, Aile ve Toplum, Cilt: 3(11), 57-69.
20. GUTTER, M. S. and COPUR, Z. (2011), Financial Behaviours and Financial Well-Being of College Students: Evidence from a National Survey, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32, 669-714, DOI: 10.1007/s10834-011-9255-2.
21. GÜNEŞ, D. (2016), Türkiye’de Ekonomik Aktivitenin Finansal Strese Duyarlılığı, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi, Ankara.
22. KAHNEMAN, D. and DEATON, A. (2010), High Income Improves Evaluation of life but not Emotional Well-being, Proceedings of National Academy of Science, 107(38), 16489-16493. Retrieved from www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1011492107.
23. KASSER, T. and AUVIA, A. (2002), Materialistic Values and Well-Being in Business Students, European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 137-146, DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.85.
24. KLONTZ, B. T., BRITT, S. L., MENTZER, J. and KLONTZ T. (2011), Money Beliefs and Financial Behaviours: Development of the Klontz Money Script Inventory, Journal of Financial Therapy, 2(1), https://doi.org/10.4148/jft.v2i.451.
25. KLONTZ, B. T., BIVENS, A., KLONTZ, P.T., WADA, J. and KAHLER, R. (2008), The Treatment of Disordered Money Behaviours: Results of an Open Clinical Trial, Psychological Services, 5(3), 295-308. DOI: 10.1037/1541-1559.5.3.295.
26. KLONTZ, B., BRITT LUTTER, S. ARCHULATE, K. and KLONTZ, T. (2012), Disordered Money Behaviors: Development of the Klontz Money Behaviour Inventory, Journal of Financial Therapy, 3(1), 17-42, DOI: 10.4148/jt.v3i1.1485.
27. KLONTZ, B. T. (2012), How Clients’ Money Scripts Predict Their Financial Behaviours, Journal of Financial Planning, 25, 33-43.
28. KOWALCZYK, A. and CHUDZIAN, J. (2015), Money Attıtudes vs Economic Socialization in Poland, Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 18(1), 11-18, DOI: 10.15414/raae.2012.18.01.11-18
29. LAY, A. and FURNHAM, A. (2018), A New Money Attitudes Questionnaire, European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35, 813-822, http://dx.xoi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000474.
30. LEA, S. E. G. and WEBLEY, P. (2006), Money as Tool, Money as Drug: The Biological Psychology of a Strong Incentive, Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 29, 161-209.
31. LI, D. and JIANG, Y. , An, S., SHEN, Z., JIN, W. (2009), The Influence of Money Attitudes on Young Chinese Consumers’ Compulsive Buying, Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible, 10(2), 98-109, DOI: 10.1108/17473610910964688.
32. NORVILITIS, J. M. and MACLEAN, M. G. (2010), The Role of Parents in College Students’ Financial Behaviors and Attitudes, Journal of Economic Psychology, 31, 55-63, DOI: 10.1016/JOEP.2009.10.003.
33. PRICE, R. H., CHIO, J. and VINOKUR A. (2002), Links in the Chain of Adversity Following Job Loss: How Financial Strain and Loss of Personal Control Lead to Depression, Impaired Functioning, and Poor Health, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(4), 302-312. DOI: 10.1037///1076-8998.7.4.302.
34. ROBERTS, J. A. and JONES, E. (2001), Money Attitudes, Credit Card Use, and Compulsive Buying Among American College Students, The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35(2), 213-240, Copyright 2001 by The American Council on Consumer Interests.
35. ROBERTS, J. A. and SEPULVEDA M., C. J., (1999), Demographics and Money Attitudes: A Test of Yamauchi&Templer’s (1982) Money Attitude Scale in Mexico, Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 19-35.
36. SIMKIV, M. (2013), “Money Attitude of Ukrainian Young People: Socio-Demographic Aspect”, Journal of Education Culture and Society, 2, 36-45, DOI: 10.15503/jecs20132-36-45.
37. SPANN, S. (2018), Are Your Money Beliefs Holding You Back?, https://www.forbes.com/sites/financialfinesse/2018/01/14/are-your-money-beliefs-holding-you-back/#629790eb79bd, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.01.2020).
38. SÜER, Ö., BAKLACI, H. F., and KOCAER, E. (2017), Para Tutumunun Kariyer Hedefleri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma, Ege Akademik Bakış, 17(4), 527-537, Doi: 10.21121/eab.2017431301.
39. TALAEI, A. and KWANTES, C. T. (2016), Money Attitudes among Iranians: A test of Yamauchi and Templer’s Money Attitudes Scale, Papers From The International Association For Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences”, https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_papers/189/, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.02.2020)
40. TANEJA, R. M. (2012), Money Attıtude-An Abridgement, Researchers world Journal of Arts, Science&Commerce, 3(3), 94
41. TANG, T. Li-Ping (1992), The Meaning of Money Revisited, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 197-202.
42. TANG, T. Li-Ping and CHIU, R. (2003), Income, Money Ethic, Pay Satisfaction, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior: Is The Love Money the Root of Evil for Hong Kong Employees? Journal of Business Ethics, 46, 13-30, DOI: 10.1023/A:1024731611490
43. TANG, T. Li-Ping, LUNA-AROCAS, R., SUTARSO, T., Tang, D. S.H. (2004), Does the Love of Money Moderate and Mediate the Income-Pay Satisfaction Relationship? Journal of Managerial Psychology. 19(2), 111-135. Doi: 10.1108/02683940410526091.
44. TAYLOR, C. D., KLONTZ, B. and BRITT, S. L. (2015), Reliability and Convergent Validity of the Klontz Money Script Inventory-Revised (KMSI-R), Journal of Financial Therapy, 6(2), 1-13. Doi: 10.4148/1944-9771.1100.
45. WASIK, J. F. (2019), Why You Need Financial Wellness, https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnwasik/2019/10/11/why-you-need-financial-wellness/#2594f72255d6, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.01.2020).
46. WILHELM, M. S., VARCOE, K. and FRIDRICH, A. H. (1993), Financial Satisfaction and Assessment of Financial Progress: Importance of Money Attitudes, Financial Counselling and Planning, 4, 181-199.
47. YAMAUCHI, K. T. and TEMPLER, D. I. (1982), The Development of a Money Attitude Scale, Journal of Personality Assessment, 46(5), 522-528.
48. ZHANG, L. (2009), An Exchange Theory of Money and Self-Esteem in Decision Making, Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 66-76, DOI: 10.1037/a0014225.
49. ZHOU, X., VOHS, K. D. and BAUMEISTER, R. F. (2009), The Symbolic Power of Money: Reminders of Money Alter Social Distress and Physical Pain, Psychological Science, 20(6), 700-706.