COVID-19 PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE SOSYAL MEDYADA KENDİNİ İFADE ETME DÜZEYİ VE BOYUTLARI

Year 2022, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 711 - 724, 24.05.2022

Şükrü Balcı , Yavuz Demir

https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1079138

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya ağlarında kendini ifade etme düzeyi ve boyutları incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Selçuk Üniversitesi’nde eğitim gören 417 öğrenciyle yüz yüze anket tekniği uygulanarak bir saha araştırması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Karantina-kısıtlama günlerinde yalnızlaşan bireyler, sosyal medya ağlarını daha sık kullanmaya ve vakit geçirmeye başlamıştır. Buna bağlı olarak bu ağlarda kendini ifade etme davranışları değişmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanım sürelerinde artış tespit edilmiştir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya ağlarında vakit geçirdiği sürenin artışı, kendini ifade etme davranışlarına da yansımıştır. Katılımcıların sosyal medya ağlarında ortanın üzerinde kendini ifade etme davranışları sergilediği belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyete göre kendini ifade etme davranışlarını belirlemek için yapılan Betimleyici istatistik sonuçlarına göre kadınların erkeklere göre, sosyal medyada kendini ifade etme düzeyi daha yüksektir. Katılımcıların sosyal medya ağlarında kendini ifade etme davranışlarını ve alt boyutlarını tespit etmek için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmış ve kendini ifade etme davranışlarını temsil eden 5 alt boyut tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar sırasıyla; Miktar, Niyet, Dürüstlük, Olumluluk ve Kontrol’dür.

Keywords

Sosyal medya, COVID-19, pandemi, kendini ifade etme

Level and Dimensions of Self-Disclosure in Social Media During the Covıd-19 Pandemic Process

Abstract

In this study, the level and dimensions of university students' self-expression in SMN (social media networks) during the COVID-19 pandemic were examined. In this context, a field study was carried out by applying face-to-face survey technique with 417 students studying at Selcuk University. Individuals who became lonely during quarantine-restriction days started to use SMA more frequently use and spend time. Accordingly, self-expression behaviors have changed in these networks. As a result of the study, an increase was found in the duration of SMA use of university students. The increase in the amount of time university students spend on SMA is also reflected in their self-expression behaviors. The average level of self-expression of the participants in SMA was determined as 72.18, and it was determined that they exhibited self-expression behaviors above the average. According to the descriptive statistical results made to determine the self-expression behaviors according to gender, the level of self-expression in social media is higher for women than for men. Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted to determine the participants' self-expression behaviors and sub-dimensions in social media networks, and 5 sub-dimensions representing self-expression behaviors were determined. These are respectively; Quantity, Intention, Honesty, Positivity, and Control.

Keywords

social media, COVID-19, pandemic, self-disclosure

References

• Al-Qahtani, A. M., Elgzar, W. T., and I. A.Heba (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Psycho-Social Consequences During the Social Distancing Period Among Najran City Population. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(2), 280-286.
• Balani, S., and De Choudhury, M. (2015). Detecting and Characterizing Mental Health Related Self-Disclosure in Social Media.
• Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1373-1378.
• Balcı, Ş. ve Arsal Gölcü, A. (2020). Sosyal Medyada Kendini Açma: Öz Saygı, Güven ve Algılanan Faydanın Etkinliği Üzerine Bir İnceleme. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(27), 116-149.
• Balcı, Ş. ve Baloğlu, E. (2018). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ile Depresyon Arasındaki İlişki: Üniversite Gençliği Üzerine Bir Saha Araştırması. Galatasaray İletişim Dergisi, 29, 209-233.
• Balcı, Ş. ve Demir, Y. (2018). Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ile Mutluluk Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişki: Üniversite Gençliği Üzerine Bir İnceleme. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 339-354.
• Balcı, Şükrü, Gölcü, A. ve Arsal Gölcü, A. (2019). Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ile Kendini Gizleme ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasında Bir Bağlantı Var mı? Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 173-190.
• Bazarova, N. N. and Choi, Y. H. (2014). Self-Disclosure in Social Media: Extending the Functional Approach to Disclosure Motivations and Characteristics on Social Network Sites. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 635-657.
• Berry, N. Bucci, S. and Lobban, F. (2017). Use of the Internet and Mobile Phones for Self-Management of Severe Mental Health Problems: Qualitative Study of Staff Views. JMIR Ment Health. 4(4): e52. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.8311
• Boursier, V. Gioia, F. Musetti, A. and Schimmenti, A. (2020). Facing Loneliness and Anxiety During The COVID-19 Isolation: The Role of Excessive Social Media Use in A Sample of Italian Adults. Front. Psychiatry, 11:586222. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586222.
• Brailovskaia, J. Cosci, F., Mansueto, G., and Margraf, J. (2021). The Relationship Between Social Media Use, Stress Symptoms and Burden Caused by Coronavirus (Covid-19) In Germany And Italy: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Investigation. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 3, 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100067
• Brailovskaia,, J. and Margraf, J. (2021). The Relationship Between Burden Caused by Coronavirus (Covid-19), Addictive Social Media Use, Sense of Control and Anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 119, 106720.
• Chan, A. K., Nickson, C. P., Rudolph, J. W., Lee, A., and Joynt, G. M. (2020). Social media for rapid knowledge dissemination: early experience from the COVID‐19 pandemic. Anaesthesia.
• Chen, B. and Marcus, J. (2012). Students’ Self-Presentation on Facebook: An Examination of Personality and Self-Construal Factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2091-2099.
• Choi, Y. H. and Bazarova, N. N. (2015). Self-Disclosure Characteristics and Motivations in Social Media: Extending the Functional Model to Multiple Social Network Sites. Human Communication Research, 41(4), 480-500.
• Çokluk, Ö. Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Davis, K. (2012). Friendship 2.0: Adolescents’ Experiences of Belonging and Self-Disclosure Online. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1527–1536.
• Dehon, C., Weems, C. F., Stickle, T. R., Costa, N. M. and Berman, S. L. (2005). A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of The Factorial Invariance of Anxiety Sensitivity in Adolescents and Young Adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 799-810.
• Drouin, M. McDaniel, B. T. Pater, J. and Toscos, T. (2020). How Parents and Their Children Used Social Media and Technology at The Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associations with Anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(11), 727-736.
• Eden, A. L. Johnson, B. K. Reinecke, L. and Grady, S. M. (2020). Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being. Front Psychol, 11:577639. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577639.
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (Third Edition). London: SAGE Publications.
• First, J. M. Shin, H., Ranjit, Y. S. and Houston, J. B. (2021). COVID-19 Stress and Depression: Examining Social Media, Traditional Media, and Interpersonal Communication. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(2), 101-115.
• Garje, G. V. Inamdar, A. and Mahajan, H. (2016). Stress Detection and Sentiment Prediction: A Survey. Internation Journal of Engineering Applied Science and Technology, 1(2), 32-34.
• Geirdal, A. Ø. Ruffolo, M. Leung, J. Thygesen, H. Price, D. Bonsaksen, T. and Schoultz, M. (2021). Mental Health, Quality of Life, Wellbeing, Loneliness and Use of Social Media İn A Time of Social Distancing During The COVID-19 Outbreak. A Cross-Country Comparative Study. Journal of Mental Health, 30(2), 148-155.
• González-Padilla, D. A. and Tortolero-Blanco, L. (2020). Social Media Influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International braz j urol 46, 120-124, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.S121.
• Him, D. H. Cabosky, J. and Meyer, M. (2020). Snapchat vs. Instagram: Social Network Sites and Self-Disclosure Differences Before and After Use. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 9(2), 306-318.
• Hong, W. Liu, R. D. Ding, Y. Fu, X., Zhen, R., and Sheng, X. (2021). Social Media Exposure and College Students' Mental Health During the Outbreak of Covid-19: The Mediating Role of Rumination and The Moderating Role Of Mindfulness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 282-287.
• Hooper, D. Coughlan, J. and Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research, 6(1), 53-60.
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., and Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60.
• Hou, F. Bi, F. Jiao, R. Luo, D. and Song, K. (2020). Gender Differences of Depression and Anxiety Among Social Media Users During The COVID-19 Outbreak in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-11.
• Jaidka, K. Guntuku, S. and Ungar, L. (2018). Facebook Versus Twitter: Differences in Self-Disclosure and Trait Prediction. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 12(1), Retrieved from https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/15026.
• Kaya, T. (2020). The changes in the effects of social media use of Cypriots due to COVID-19 pandemic. Technology in Society, 63, 101380.
• Kocabıyık, O. O. (2021). Social Media Usage Experiences of Young Adults during the COVID 19 Pandemic through Social Cognitive Approach to Uses and Gratifications. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 5(3), 447-462.
• Lisitsa, E. Benjamin, K. S. Chun, S. K. Skalisky, J. Hammond, L. E., and Mezulis, A. H. (2020). Loneliness Among Young Adults During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediational Roles of Social Media Use and Social Support Seeking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 39(8), 708-726.
• Liu, H., Liu, W., Yoganathan, V., and Osburg, V. S. (2021). COVID-19 information overload and generation Z's social media discontinuance intention during the pandemic lockdown. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120600.
• Luo, M., and Jeffrey T. H. (2020). Self-Disclosure and Social Media: Motivations, Mechanisms and Psychological Well-Being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 110-115.
• Ma, X., Hancock, J. and Naaman, M. (2016). Anonymity, Intimacy and Self-Disclosure in Social Media. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
• Matthews, M. Murnane, E. Snyder, J. Guha, S. Chang, P. Doherty, G. and Gay, G. (2017). The Double-Edged Sword: A Mixed Methods Study of The Interplay Between Bipolar Disorder and Technology Use. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 288-300.
• Misirlis, N. Zwaan, M. Sotiriou, A. and Weber, D. (2020). International Students’ Loneliness, Depression and Stress Levels in Covid-19 Crisis: The Role of Social Media and The Host University. Journal of Contemporary Education Theory & Research (JCETR), 4(2), 20-25.
• Nabity-Grover, T. Cheung, C. M. and Thatcher, J. B. (2020). Inside Out and Outside In: How The COVID-19 Pandemic Affects Self-Disclosure on Social Media. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102188.
• Öksüz, E. Mersin, S. ve Türker T. (2017). Kendini Açma Ölçeğinin Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 18(6), 586-593.
• Rachoene, M. and Oyedemi, T. (2015). From Self-Expression to Social Aggression: Cyberbullying Culture Among South African Youth on Facebook. Communicatio, 41(3), 302-319.
• Schlosser, A. E. (2020). Self-Disclosure Versus Self-Presentation on Social Media. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 1-6.
• Shao, R. Shi, Z. and Zhang, D. (2021). Social Media and Emotional Burnout Regulation During The COVID-19 Pandemic: Multilevel Approach. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), e27015.
• Sharif, A. Soroya, S. H. Ahmad, S. and Mahmood, K. (2021). Antecedents of Self-Disclosure on Social Networking Sites (Snss): A Study of Facebook Users. Sustainability, 13(3), 1220.
• Simon D., Kriston L., Loh A., Spies C., Scheibler F., Wills C., and Harter M. (2010). Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Recommendations for Improvement of the Autonomy-Preference-Index (API). Health Expectations, 13, 234-243.
• Solmaz, B., Tekin, G., Herzem, Z., ve Demir, M. (2013). İnternet ve Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Selçuk İletişim, 7(4), 23-32.
• Subölen, S. (2020). Covid 19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Stresle Baş Etme Yöntemi Olarak Sosyal Medyada Mizah Olgusu: cezmikalorifer ve saykodelipaylasimlarr İsimli Instagram Hesaplarının Analizi. AJIT-e: Bilişim Teknolojileri Online Dergisi, 11(42), 123-142.
• Torales, J., Ríos-González, C., Barrios, I., O'Higgins, M., González, I., García, O., and Ventriglio, A. (2020). Self-Perceived Stress During the Quarantine Of COVID-19 Pandemic in Paraguay: An Exploratory Survey. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 1155.
• Umar P., Akiti C., Squicciarini A. and Rajtmajer S. (2021). Self-disclosure on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Network Perspective. In: Dong Y., Kourtellis N., Hammer B., Lozano J.A. (eds) Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Applied Data Science Track. ECML PKDD 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12978. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86514-6_17
• Vural, Z. ve Bat, M. (2010). Yeni Bir İletişim Ortamı Olarak Sosyal Medya: Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Journal of Yaşar University, 5(20), 3348-3382.
• Walsh, R. M., Forest, A. L., and Orehek, E. (2020). Self-Disclosure on Social Media: The Role of Perceived Network Responsiveness. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106162.
• Weinstein, E. (2018). The Social Media See-Saw: Positive and Negative Influences on Adolescents’ Affective Well-Being. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3597-3623.
• Wheeless, L. R., and Grotz, J. (1976). Conceptualization and Measurement of Reported Self-Disclosure. Human Communication Research, 2(4), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00494.x
• Yıldız, D. ve Uzunsakal, E. (2018). Alan Araştırmalarında Güvenilirlik Testlerinin Karşılaştırılması ve Tarımsal Veriler Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 14-27.
• Zhang, R. (2017). The Stress-Buffering Effect of Self-Disclosure on Facebook: An Examination of Stressful Life Events, Social Support, and Mental Health Among College Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 527-537.
• Zhao, N. and Zhou, G. (2020). Social Media Use and Mental Health During The COVID‐19 Pandemic: Moderator Role of Disaster Stressor and Mediator Role of Negative Affect. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 12(4), 1019-1038.
• Zhao, N. and Zhou, G. (2021). COVID-19 Stress and Addictive Social Media Use (SMU): Mediating Role of Active Use and Social Media Flow. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 85.
• Zhen, L. Nan, Y. and Pham, B. (2021). College Students Coping With COVID-19: Stress-Buffering Effects of Self-Disclosure on Social Media and Parental Support. Communication Research Reports, 38(1), 23-31.
• Zhong, B. Jiang, Z. Xie, W. and Qin, X. (2020). Association of Social Media Use with Mental Health Conditions of Nonpatients During The COVID-19 Outbreak: Insights from A National Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(12), e23696.