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KARŞIOLGUSAL DURUMLARIN EPİSTEMOLOJİSİ VE DENEYİM

Year 2014, Issue: 17, 131 - 140, 01.05.2014

Abstract

Williamson, herhangi bir a priori metot gerektirmeyen bir masabaşı bilgisi epistemolojisi önerir. Ona göre felsefi bilgiye, kavramları ustaca uygulayabilen imgelem mekanizmasının çevrimdışı kullanımı kaynaklık eder. Deneyimin buradaki rolü, ne delil sağlamak ne de kavramların sırf idrak edilmesinden ibaret olup, karşıolgusal veya modal önermelerin bilgisine bakıldığı zaman bu açıkça görülebilir. Duyu deneyimleri, algının çevrimiçi bir şekilde işlediğini çevrimdışı değerlendirebilen imgelem yetimizin “bileylenmesini” ya da “biçimlendirilmesini” sağlar. Demek ki eldeki bir karşıolgusalın bilinmesinde, özne S başlangıçta onun ön bileşeni varsayar ve daha sonra bu varsayımını imgelem mekanizmasını çevrimdışı kullanmak suretiyle geliştirmeye koyulur. Eğer bu işlem S’nin bu karşıolgusalın art-bileşenini onun ön-bileşenine eklemesine fırsat tanırsa, o zaman S’nin bu karşıolgusal önermeyi bildiği söylenebilir. Fakat deneyimin buradaki işlevi onun yukarıda ifade edilen iki rolünden de tamamen farklı olduğu için, S’nin bilgisi ne a priori ne de a posterioridir. Ama eğer bu doğruysa, o zaman geleneksel a priori / a posteriori ayrımı epistemolojideki merkezi yerinden sökülüp atılmalıdır. Bu makalede, karşıolgusal önermelerin bilgisine deneyin delilsel olarak kaynaklık etmediği savının aslında doğru olmadığı gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır. Duyu deneyimlerinin bilgiye kaynaklık etmedeki rolünün sadece deneysel deliller sağlama işleviyle sınırlandırılması, kavramların ustaca uygulanması için deneyin sağladığı katkının delilsel olmadığı anlamına gelmez. Bu çalışmanın amacı bunu temellendirmektir

References

  • Boghossian, Paul (2011) “Williamson on the A Priori and Analytic”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. LXXXII, No. 2, 488- 497.
  • Casullo, Albert (2012) Essays on A Priori Knowledge and Justification, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Jenkins, Carrie S. 2008: “Modal Knowledge, Counterfactual Knowledge and the Role of Experience”, Philosophical Quarterly 58, 693–701.
  • Kroedel, Thomas (2012) “Counterfactuals and Epistemology of Modality”, Philosophers’ Imprint, Vol. 12, No. 12, 1-14.
  • Lowe, Jonathan E. (2012) “What is the Source of Our Knowledge of Modal truths”, Mind, Vol. 121, No. 484, 919-950.
  • Peacocke, Christopher (2011) “Understanding, Modality, Logical Operators”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 82, 472-480.
  • Roca-Royes, Sonia (2011) “Modal Knowledge and Counterfactual Knowledge”, Logique et Analyse 54 (216), 537–52.
  • Tahko, Tuomas E. (2012) “Counterfactuals and Modal Knowledge”, Grazer Philosophische 75, 344-57.
  • Vaidya, Anand J. (2010) “Understanding and Essence”, Philosophia 38, 811- 33.
  • Williamson, Timothy (2005) “Armchair Philosophy, Metaphysical Modality and Counterfactual Thinking”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 105, 1–23.
  • Williamson, Timothy (2007a) The Philosophy of Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Williamson, Timothy (2007b) “Philosophical Knowledge and Knowledge of Counterfactuals”, Philosophical Knowledge—Its Possibility and Scope içinde, ed. Christian Beyer & Alex Burri, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 89-123.

EPISTEMOLOGY OF COUNTERFACTUALS AND EXPERIENCE

Year 2014, Issue: 17, 131 - 140, 01.05.2014

Abstract

Williamson offers an imagination-based account of knowledge of counterfactuals, according to which sense experience plays a role that is neither evidential nor merely enabling. This involves the idea that, in coming to know a counterfactual conditional, S visually imagines its antecedent, i.e. supposes the antecedent, and goes on to develop the supposition by an offline imaginative or predictive mechanism that exploits all the background information consisting in S’s past experiences of how the actual world behaves; and if such a development leads S to add its consequent, then S is said to know the counterfactual. Thus, Williamson introduces an interesting epistemic role for sense experience that is not evidential and then goes on to claim that our knowledge of counterfactuals can be classified neither as a priori nor a posteriori. But if this is the case, then the traditional a priori/a posteriori dichotomy must be moved from its central place in epistemology. In what fallows I will argue that Williamson is mistaken in thinking that the role of sense experience in our knowledge of counterfactuals does not survive as part of our total evidence. If this is true, then Williamson’s epistemology of counterfactuals leaves the traditional a priori/a posteriori distinction unmoved. My purpose here is to argue why it is the case

References

  • Boghossian, Paul (2011) “Williamson on the A Priori and Analytic”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. LXXXII, No. 2, 488- 497.
  • Casullo, Albert (2012) Essays on A Priori Knowledge and Justification, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Jenkins, Carrie S. 2008: “Modal Knowledge, Counterfactual Knowledge and the Role of Experience”, Philosophical Quarterly 58, 693–701.
  • Kroedel, Thomas (2012) “Counterfactuals and Epistemology of Modality”, Philosophers’ Imprint, Vol. 12, No. 12, 1-14.
  • Lowe, Jonathan E. (2012) “What is the Source of Our Knowledge of Modal truths”, Mind, Vol. 121, No. 484, 919-950.
  • Peacocke, Christopher (2011) “Understanding, Modality, Logical Operators”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 82, 472-480.
  • Roca-Royes, Sonia (2011) “Modal Knowledge and Counterfactual Knowledge”, Logique et Analyse 54 (216), 537–52.
  • Tahko, Tuomas E. (2012) “Counterfactuals and Modal Knowledge”, Grazer Philosophische 75, 344-57.
  • Vaidya, Anand J. (2010) “Understanding and Essence”, Philosophia 38, 811- 33.
  • Williamson, Timothy (2005) “Armchair Philosophy, Metaphysical Modality and Counterfactual Thinking”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 105, 1–23.
  • Williamson, Timothy (2007a) The Philosophy of Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Williamson, Timothy (2007b) “Philosophical Knowledge and Knowledge of Counterfactuals”, Philosophical Knowledge—Its Possibility and Scope içinde, ed. Christian Beyer & Alex Burri, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 89-123.
There are 12 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatih Öztürk This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2014
Submission Date January 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Issue: 17

Cite

Chicago Öztürk, Fatih. “EPISTEMOLOGY OF COUNTERFACTUALS AND EXPERIENCE”. FLSF Felsefe Ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 17 (May 2014): 131-40.

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