The effect of oral hygiene habits and probiotic use on oral and dental health: A cross-sectional study from Cappadocia
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between oral hygiene habits, probiotic consumption, and oral and dental health in patients with periodontal complaints. The study included 205 volunteer patients with periodontal complaints who presented to Cappadocia University Cappadociadent Clinic and Nevşehir Oral and Dental Health Center between May and July 2022. The survey, consisting of “general information”, “oral and dental care”, “oral and dental health”, “eating habits”, and “diagnosis-treatment” sections answered by dentists, was applied face-to-face. The study comprised 55.1% women (n = 113) and 44.9% men (n = 92), with an average age of 37.1 years. The presence of bleeding, swelling, and sensitivity in the participants' gums did not show a statistically significant difference according to the frequency of tooth brushing (p>0.05). However, the complaint of bad breath was found to be substantial according to the frequency of tooth brushing (p<0.05). 73.7% of the participants never consumed commercial probiotic products, 75.5% never consumed kefir, and 48% consumed carbohydrate foods daily. A significant difference was detected in the number of participants' teeth extracted due to caries, depending on their carbohydrate food consumption (p<0.05). Gingivitis findings were observed in 61% of the patients, and periodontitis findings were observed in 34%. The study's findings suggest dentists should be more proactive in guiding their patients about oral hygiene and probiotic consumption. Doing so can significantly improve their patients' oral and dental health, inspiring a new approach to dental care.
Keywords
Thanks
This study was presented as an oral presentation at the 9th National Intestinal Microbiota Probiotic and Integrative Approach to Intestinal Health Congress, under the title "The Effect of Probiotic Use Habits on Oral and Dental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study".
References
- Alssum, L., Alsaleh, L., & Alzoman, H. (2023). Self-perceived halitosis and its social impact on females: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 102(38), e35164.
- American Dental Association. (2021). Floss/interdental cleaners. ADASRI Science Research, American Dental Association.
- Bao, X., Zhao, J., Sun, J., Hu, M., & Yang, X. (2018). Polydopamine nanoparticles as efficient scavengers for reactive oxygen species in periodontal disease. ACS Nano, 12(9), 8882-8892.
- Bernabe, E., Marcenes, W., Hernandez, C. R., Bailey, J., Abreu, L. G., … Kassebaum, N. J. (2020). Global, regional, and national levels and trends in burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2017: A syste matic analysis for the global burden of disease 2017 study. Journal of Dental Research, 99(4), 362-373.
- Bustamante, M., Oomah, B. D., Mosi-Roa, Y., Rubilar, M., & Burgos-Díaz, C. (2020). Probiotics as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of halitosis, dental caries and periodontitis. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 12(2), 325-334.
- Buyukcavus, M. H., Kale, B., & Orhan, H. (2020). Assessment of worldwide internet data on the interest in orthodontics: A Google Trends analysis. Turkish Journal of Health Sciences, 5(4), 582-590.
- Cebeci, N. O., Nemli, S. K., & Unver, S. (2018). Oral health behavior differences between dental students in graduate and doctoral programs. European Oral Research, 52(1), 6-11.
- Chen, L., Hong, J., Xiong, D., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Huang, S., & Hua, F. (2020). Are parents’ education levels associated with either their oral health knowledge or their children’s oral health behaviors? A survey of 8446 families in Wuhan. BMC Oral Health, 20(1), Article 203.
- Chin, S. W., Low, Z. Y., Tan, W. Q., & Azman, A. S. (2025). Microbiota-host interactions: Exploring their dynamics and contributions to human diseases. MicrobiologyOpen, 14(4), e70043.
- Cho, M. Y., Eom, J. H., Choi, E. M., Yang, S. J., Lee, D., Kim, Y. Y., ... Hwang, I. (2025). Recent advances in therapeutic probiotics: Insights from human trials. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 38(2), e00240-24.
- da Cruz, M. F., Magno, M. B., Jural, L. A., Pimentel, T. C., Ferreira, D. M. T. P., Esmerino, E. A., ... Maia, L. C. (2022). Probiotics and dairy products in dentistry: A bibliometric and critical review of randomized clinical trials. Food Research International, 157, 111228.
- Di Pierro, F., Fornaini, C., Palazzi, C. M., Bertuccioli, A., Tagg, J., & Zerbinati, N. (2025). From periodontal infection to oral-systemic dysbiosis: Re-framing the oral microbiome's role in systemic health and the prophylactic potential of Streptococcus salivarius probiotics. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1685071.
- Du, Y., Wang, L., Cui, Y., Xu, X., Zhang, M., Li, Y., Gao, T., Gao, D., Sheng, Z., Wang, S., & Tuo, H. (2025). Effect of probiotics supplementation on REM sleep behavior disorder and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A pilot study. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 31(7), e70541.
- Eren Halici, S., Yilmaz, F., & Carti Dorterler, O. (2023). Evaluation of oral hygiene habits and oral and dental health knowledge levels of adults in Mugla Province. International Archives of Dental Sciences, 44(1), 51-59.
- FAO/WHO. (2001). Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization expert consultation: Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of powder milk and live lactic acid bacteria. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization.
- Heidari, F., Heboyan, A., Rokaya, D., Fernandes, G. V. O., Heidari, M., Banakar, M., & Zafar, M. S. (2025). Postbiotics and dental caries: A systematic review. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 11(1), e70114.
- Homayouni Rad, A., Pourjafar, H., & Mirzakhani, E. (2023). A comprehensive review of the application of probiotics and postbiotics in oral health. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13, 1120995.
- Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z., Walsh, T., Lewis, S. R., Riley, P., Boyers, D., Clarkson, J. E., ... O'Malley, L. (2024). Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024(10).
- Iqbal, A., Khattak, O., Siddiqui, Y. D., Almaeen, S. H., Alqahtani, S., Alqahtani, S. A., ... Al-Omiri, M. K. (2025). Exploring oral hygiene practices, nutritional habits and caries risk among children, adolescents and young adults: A multiregional perspective in the post-COVID-19 era. BMC Oral Health, 25(1), 1224.
- Juma'a, Z., Fadhil, R., & Abdul-Hussain, Y. (2016). Correlation between caries related microorganisms in the dental plaque and saliva with dental caries level in the upper and lower jaws in 5-9 years old children in Baghdad City. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 28(3), 132-136.
- Karabekiroglu, S., Oncu, E., Kaplanoglu, K., & Unlu, N. (2015). Effect of dental visit frequency on dental caries experience and oral health factors in schoolchildren. Selcuk Dental Journal, 2(2), 58-64.
- Kim, H. J., & Yoo, H. J. (2023). Inhibitory effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on formation of cariogenic biofilm. Journal of Dental Sciences, 18(1), 65-72.
- Laleman, I., Detailleur, V., Slot, D. E., Slomka, V., Quirynen, M., & Teughels, W. (2014). Probiotics reduce mutans streptococci counts in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations, 18(6), 1539-1552.
- Laleman, I., & Teughels, W. (2015). Probiotics in the dental practice: A review. Quintessence International, 46(3), 255-264.
- Lei, C., Weilin, W., Yaqin, Z., Yuyun, Y., & Yanfei, Z. (2025). Oral health behaviors and risk factors of 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City. Shanghai Journal of Stomatology, 34(4), 375.
- Leme, A. P., Koo, H., Bellato, C. M., Bedi, G., & Cury, J. A. (2006). The role of sucrose in cariogenic dental biofilm formation: New insight. Journal of Dental Research, 85(10), 878-887.
- Lewiyonah, R., Sutadi, H., & Fauziah, E. (2025). Correlation of probiotic consumption with plaque index, salivary pH, and Streptococcus mutans: A clinical experimental study. The Saudi Dental Journal, 37(10), 78.
- Martignon, S., Roncalli, A. G., Alvarez, E., Aránguiz, V., Feldens, C. A., & Buzalaf, M. A. R. (2021). Risk factors for dental caries in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Braz Oral Res, 35(Suppl. 1), e053.
- Martin-Cabezas, R., Davideau, J. L., Tenenbaum, H., & Huck, O. (2016). Clinical efficacy of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal treatment of chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 43(6), 520-530.
- Milanesi, F. C., Kauer, B., Wagner, T. P., Daudt, L. D., & Haas, A. N. (2016). Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors. Braz Oral Res, 30(1), e71.
- Mishra, S., Rath, S., & Mohanty, N. (2020). Probiotics: A complete oral healthcare package. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 18(6), 462-469.
- Modiri, S., Heidari, M., Shahmohammadi, R., Jabbareh, L., Maboudi, A., Moosazadeh, M., ... Noghabi, K. A. (2023). A tangible prospect for the treatment of gingivitis using a potentially probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum MK06 isolated from traditional dairy products: A triple blind randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health, 23(1), 870.
- Moynihan, P. J. (2005). The role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83, 694-699.
- Mumcu, G., Sur, H., Yildirim, C., Soylemez, D., Atli, H., & Hayran, O. (2004). Utilisation of dental services in Turkey: A cross-sectional survey. International Dental Journal, 54(2), 90-96.
- Pandey, N., Koju, S., Khapung, A., Gupta, S., Aryai, D., & Dhami, B. (2020). Dental floss prescription pattern among the dental interns of Nepal. JNMA: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 58(228), 580.
- Petersen, P. E. (2003). The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century-the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 31(Suppl. 1), 3-24.
- Pitts, N. B., Zero, D. T., Marsh, P. D., Ekstrand, K., Weintraub, J. A., Ramos-Gomez, F., ... Ismail, A. (2017). Dental caries. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1), 1-16.
- Reddy, R. S., Swapna, L. A., Ramesh, T., Singh, T. R., Vijayalaxmi, N., & Lavanya, R. (2011). Bacteria in oral health: Probiotics and prebiotics, a review. International Journal of Biological and Medical Research, 2(4), 1226-1233.
- Schwendicke, F., Dörfer, C. E., Schlattmann, P., Page, L. F., Thomson, W. M., & Paris, S. (2015). Socioeconomic inequality and caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Research, 94(1), 10-18. Selwitz, R. H., Ismail, A. I., & Pitts, N. B. (2007). Dental caries. The Lancet, 369(9555), 51-59.
- Shamsoddin, E. (2022). Dental floss as an adjuvant of the toothbrush helps gingival health. Evidence-Based Dentistry, 23(3), 94-96.
- TDB. (2018). Ağız Diş Sağlığı Hizmetlerinden Yararlınım Araştırması, Araştırma Dizisi:7. http://www.tdb.org.tr/tdb/v2/yayinlar/Arastirma_Dizisi/arastirmadizisi_7.pdf. Last accessed on March 25, 2026.
- Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, H., Zheng, X., Wang, J., Jia, X., ... Xu, X. (2021). Probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 alleviates radiation-induced oral mucositis in mice. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 684824.
- Wigen, T. I., & Wang, N. J. (2021). Characteristics of teenagers who use dental floss. Community Dental Health, 38(1), 10-14.
- Yalniz, A. M., & Gönder, H. Y. (2021). Frequency of mouthwash use in the adult population. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 11, 546-553.
- Yildirim, T. T., Kaya, F. A., & Uysal, E. (2013). Examining the relationship between fear of the dentist and gender, age, marital status, frequency of visiting the dentist, education, socio-economic and periodontal status. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences, 19(2), 77-85.
- Zulkapli, R., Sabirin, F., Salleh, A. N., Zulaidi, N. Z. F., Rahim, I. N. A., & Aziz, M. N. M. (2025). The role of probiotics in modulating cariogenic bacteria and oral health outcomes: A systematic review and risk of bias assessment. The Saudi Dental Journal, 37(10), 88.
The effect of oral hygiene habits and probiotic use on oral and dental health: A cross-sectional study from Cappadocia
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between oral hygiene habits, probiotic consumption, and oral and dental health in patients with periodontal complaints. The study included 205 volunteer patients with periodontal complaints who presented to Cappadocia University Cappadociadent Clinic and Nevşehir Oral and Dental Health Center between May and July 2022. The survey, consisting of “general information”, “oral and dental care”, “oral and dental health”, “eating habits”, and “diagnosis-treatment” sections answered by dentists, was applied face-to-face. The study comprised 55.1% women (n = 113) and 44.9% men (n = 92), with an average age of 37.1 years. The presence of bleeding, swelling, and sensitivity in the participants' gums did not show a statistically significant difference according to the frequency of tooth brushing (p>0.05). However, the complaint of bad breath was found to be substantial according to the frequency of tooth brushing (p<0.05). 73.7% of the participants never consumed commercial probiotic products, 75.5% never consumed kefir, and 48% consumed carbohydrate foods daily. A significant difference was detected in the number of participants' teeth extracted due to caries, depending on their carbohydrate food consumption (p<0.05). Gingivitis findings were observed in 61% of the patients, and periodontitis findings were observed in 34%. The study's findings suggest dentists should be more proactive in guiding their patients about oral hygiene and probiotic consumption. Doing so can significantly improve their patients' oral and dental health, inspiring a new approach to dental care.
Keywords
Thanks
This study was presented as an oral presentation at the 9th National Intestinal Microbiota Probiotic and Integrative Approach to Intestinal Health Congress, under the title "The Effect of Probiotic Use Habits on Oral and Dental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study".
References
- Alssum, L., Alsaleh, L., & Alzoman, H. (2023). Self-perceived halitosis and its social impact on females: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 102(38), e35164.
- American Dental Association. (2021). Floss/interdental cleaners. ADASRI Science Research, American Dental Association.
- Bao, X., Zhao, J., Sun, J., Hu, M., & Yang, X. (2018). Polydopamine nanoparticles as efficient scavengers for reactive oxygen species in periodontal disease. ACS Nano, 12(9), 8882-8892.
- Bernabe, E., Marcenes, W., Hernandez, C. R., Bailey, J., Abreu, L. G., … Kassebaum, N. J. (2020). Global, regional, and national levels and trends in burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2017: A syste matic analysis for the global burden of disease 2017 study. Journal of Dental Research, 99(4), 362-373.
- Bustamante, M., Oomah, B. D., Mosi-Roa, Y., Rubilar, M., & Burgos-Díaz, C. (2020). Probiotics as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of halitosis, dental caries and periodontitis. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 12(2), 325-334.
- Buyukcavus, M. H., Kale, B., & Orhan, H. (2020). Assessment of worldwide internet data on the interest in orthodontics: A Google Trends analysis. Turkish Journal of Health Sciences, 5(4), 582-590.
- Cebeci, N. O., Nemli, S. K., & Unver, S. (2018). Oral health behavior differences between dental students in graduate and doctoral programs. European Oral Research, 52(1), 6-11.
- Chen, L., Hong, J., Xiong, D., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Huang, S., & Hua, F. (2020). Are parents’ education levels associated with either their oral health knowledge or their children’s oral health behaviors? A survey of 8446 families in Wuhan. BMC Oral Health, 20(1), Article 203.
- Chin, S. W., Low, Z. Y., Tan, W. Q., & Azman, A. S. (2025). Microbiota-host interactions: Exploring their dynamics and contributions to human diseases. MicrobiologyOpen, 14(4), e70043.
- Cho, M. Y., Eom, J. H., Choi, E. M., Yang, S. J., Lee, D., Kim, Y. Y., ... Hwang, I. (2025). Recent advances in therapeutic probiotics: Insights from human trials. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 38(2), e00240-24.
- da Cruz, M. F., Magno, M. B., Jural, L. A., Pimentel, T. C., Ferreira, D. M. T. P., Esmerino, E. A., ... Maia, L. C. (2022). Probiotics and dairy products in dentistry: A bibliometric and critical review of randomized clinical trials. Food Research International, 157, 111228.
- Di Pierro, F., Fornaini, C., Palazzi, C. M., Bertuccioli, A., Tagg, J., & Zerbinati, N. (2025). From periodontal infection to oral-systemic dysbiosis: Re-framing the oral microbiome's role in systemic health and the prophylactic potential of Streptococcus salivarius probiotics. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1685071.
- Du, Y., Wang, L., Cui, Y., Xu, X., Zhang, M., Li, Y., Gao, T., Gao, D., Sheng, Z., Wang, S., & Tuo, H. (2025). Effect of probiotics supplementation on REM sleep behavior disorder and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A pilot study. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 31(7), e70541.
- Eren Halici, S., Yilmaz, F., & Carti Dorterler, O. (2023). Evaluation of oral hygiene habits and oral and dental health knowledge levels of adults in Mugla Province. International Archives of Dental Sciences, 44(1), 51-59.
- FAO/WHO. (2001). Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization expert consultation: Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of powder milk and live lactic acid bacteria. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization.
- Heidari, F., Heboyan, A., Rokaya, D., Fernandes, G. V. O., Heidari, M., Banakar, M., & Zafar, M. S. (2025). Postbiotics and dental caries: A systematic review. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 11(1), e70114.
- Homayouni Rad, A., Pourjafar, H., & Mirzakhani, E. (2023). A comprehensive review of the application of probiotics and postbiotics in oral health. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13, 1120995.
- Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z., Walsh, T., Lewis, S. R., Riley, P., Boyers, D., Clarkson, J. E., ... O'Malley, L. (2024). Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024(10).
- Iqbal, A., Khattak, O., Siddiqui, Y. D., Almaeen, S. H., Alqahtani, S., Alqahtani, S. A., ... Al-Omiri, M. K. (2025). Exploring oral hygiene practices, nutritional habits and caries risk among children, adolescents and young adults: A multiregional perspective in the post-COVID-19 era. BMC Oral Health, 25(1), 1224.
- Juma'a, Z., Fadhil, R., & Abdul-Hussain, Y. (2016). Correlation between caries related microorganisms in the dental plaque and saliva with dental caries level in the upper and lower jaws in 5-9 years old children in Baghdad City. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 28(3), 132-136.
- Karabekiroglu, S., Oncu, E., Kaplanoglu, K., & Unlu, N. (2015). Effect of dental visit frequency on dental caries experience and oral health factors in schoolchildren. Selcuk Dental Journal, 2(2), 58-64.
- Kim, H. J., & Yoo, H. J. (2023). Inhibitory effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on formation of cariogenic biofilm. Journal of Dental Sciences, 18(1), 65-72.
- Laleman, I., Detailleur, V., Slot, D. E., Slomka, V., Quirynen, M., & Teughels, W. (2014). Probiotics reduce mutans streptococci counts in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations, 18(6), 1539-1552.
- Laleman, I., & Teughels, W. (2015). Probiotics in the dental practice: A review. Quintessence International, 46(3), 255-264.
- Lei, C., Weilin, W., Yaqin, Z., Yuyun, Y., & Yanfei, Z. (2025). Oral health behaviors and risk factors of 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City. Shanghai Journal of Stomatology, 34(4), 375.
- Leme, A. P., Koo, H., Bellato, C. M., Bedi, G., & Cury, J. A. (2006). The role of sucrose in cariogenic dental biofilm formation: New insight. Journal of Dental Research, 85(10), 878-887.
- Lewiyonah, R., Sutadi, H., & Fauziah, E. (2025). Correlation of probiotic consumption with plaque index, salivary pH, and Streptococcus mutans: A clinical experimental study. The Saudi Dental Journal, 37(10), 78.
- Martignon, S., Roncalli, A. G., Alvarez, E., Aránguiz, V., Feldens, C. A., & Buzalaf, M. A. R. (2021). Risk factors for dental caries in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Braz Oral Res, 35(Suppl. 1), e053.
- Martin-Cabezas, R., Davideau, J. L., Tenenbaum, H., & Huck, O. (2016). Clinical efficacy of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal treatment of chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 43(6), 520-530.
- Milanesi, F. C., Kauer, B., Wagner, T. P., Daudt, L. D., & Haas, A. N. (2016). Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors. Braz Oral Res, 30(1), e71.
- Mishra, S., Rath, S., & Mohanty, N. (2020). Probiotics: A complete oral healthcare package. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 18(6), 462-469.
- Modiri, S., Heidari, M., Shahmohammadi, R., Jabbareh, L., Maboudi, A., Moosazadeh, M., ... Noghabi, K. A. (2023). A tangible prospect for the treatment of gingivitis using a potentially probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum MK06 isolated from traditional dairy products: A triple blind randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health, 23(1), 870.
- Moynihan, P. J. (2005). The role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83, 694-699.
- Mumcu, G., Sur, H., Yildirim, C., Soylemez, D., Atli, H., & Hayran, O. (2004). Utilisation of dental services in Turkey: A cross-sectional survey. International Dental Journal, 54(2), 90-96.
- Pandey, N., Koju, S., Khapung, A., Gupta, S., Aryai, D., & Dhami, B. (2020). Dental floss prescription pattern among the dental interns of Nepal. JNMA: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 58(228), 580.
- Petersen, P. E. (2003). The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century-the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 31(Suppl. 1), 3-24.
- Pitts, N. B., Zero, D. T., Marsh, P. D., Ekstrand, K., Weintraub, J. A., Ramos-Gomez, F., ... Ismail, A. (2017). Dental caries. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1), 1-16.
- Reddy, R. S., Swapna, L. A., Ramesh, T., Singh, T. R., Vijayalaxmi, N., & Lavanya, R. (2011). Bacteria in oral health: Probiotics and prebiotics, a review. International Journal of Biological and Medical Research, 2(4), 1226-1233.
- Schwendicke, F., Dörfer, C. E., Schlattmann, P., Page, L. F., Thomson, W. M., & Paris, S. (2015). Socioeconomic inequality and caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Research, 94(1), 10-18. Selwitz, R. H., Ismail, A. I., & Pitts, N. B. (2007). Dental caries. The Lancet, 369(9555), 51-59.
- Shamsoddin, E. (2022). Dental floss as an adjuvant of the toothbrush helps gingival health. Evidence-Based Dentistry, 23(3), 94-96.
- TDB. (2018). Ağız Diş Sağlığı Hizmetlerinden Yararlınım Araştırması, Araştırma Dizisi:7. http://www.tdb.org.tr/tdb/v2/yayinlar/Arastirma_Dizisi/arastirmadizisi_7.pdf. Last accessed on March 25, 2026.
- Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, H., Zheng, X., Wang, J., Jia, X., ... Xu, X. (2021). Probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 alleviates radiation-induced oral mucositis in mice. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 684824.
- Wigen, T. I., & Wang, N. J. (2021). Characteristics of teenagers who use dental floss. Community Dental Health, 38(1), 10-14.
- Yalniz, A. M., & Gönder, H. Y. (2021). Frequency of mouthwash use in the adult population. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 11, 546-553.
- Yildirim, T. T., Kaya, F. A., & Uysal, E. (2013). Examining the relationship between fear of the dentist and gender, age, marital status, frequency of visiting the dentist, education, socio-economic and periodontal status. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences, 19(2), 77-85.
- Zulkapli, R., Sabirin, F., Salleh, A. N., Zulaidi, N. Z. F., Rahim, I. N. A., & Aziz, M. N. M. (2025). The role of probiotics in modulating cariogenic bacteria and oral health outcomes: A systematic review and risk of bias assessment. The Saudi Dental Journal, 37(10), 88.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Structural Biology |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | July 21, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | January 7, 2026 |
| Publication Date | March 30, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.51753/flsrt.1747092 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA63YZ66LN |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 7 |
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Plagiarism is using someone else's publication in a way that violates the rules and ethics. When plagiarism occurs, the originality of the work is destroyed. Intihal.Net is an internet-based plagiarism detection and reporting software specialized for detecting many types of plagiarism. Intihal.net is recommended by TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM and is applied to every study in our journal. The report is expected to be 18% and/or below.
Responsibilities: The editors, editorial board, and publisher do not assume any responsibility for the article’s contents and for the authors’ views expressed in their contributions.
The statements and opinions published represent the views of the authors or persons to whom they are credited. Publication of research information does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement of the products involved.
Ethics Committee Report (if necessary)
Reviewer Suggestion (optional)
Ethical Principles and Publication Policy
Ethical standards for publication exist to ensure high-quality scientific publications, public trust in scientific findings, and that people receive credit for their ideas. Inaddition, the authors are encouraged to follow the ethic guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Plagiarism
All journals published by FLSRT are committed to publishing only original material, i.e., material that has neither been published elsewhere nor is under review elsewhere. Manuscripts that are found to have been plagiarized from a manuscript by other authors, whether published or unpublished, will incur plagiarism sanctions.
Manuscripts are checked by Ithenticate Plagiarism or Turnitin System.
Duplicate Submission
Manuscripts that are found to have been published elsewhere, or to be under review elsewhere, will incur duplicate submission/publication sanctions. If authors have used their own previously published work, or work that is currently under review, as the basis for a submitted manuscript, they are required to cite the previous work and indicate how their submitted manuscript offers novel contributions beyond those of the previous work.
Citation Manipulation
Submitted manuscripts that are found to include citations whose primary purpose is to increase the number of citations to a given author’s work, or to articles published in a particular journal, will incur citation manipulation sanctions.
Data Fabrication and Falsification
Submitted manuscripts that are found to have either fabricated or falsified experimental results, including the manipulation of images, will incur data fabrication and falsification sanctions.
Improper Author Contribution or Attribution
All listed authors must have made a significant scientific contribution to the research in the manuscript and approved all its claims. It is important to list everyone who made a significant scientific contribution, including students and laboratory technicians. These contributions will be stated in the manuscript.
Redundant Publications
Redundant publications involve the inappropriate division of study outcomes into several articles.
Sanctions
In the event that there are documented violations of any of the above mentioned policies in any journal, regardless of whether or not the violations occurred in a journal published by FLSRT, the following sanctions will be applied:
Immediate rejection of the infringing manuscript.
Immediate rejection of every other manuscript submitted to any journal published by FLSRT by any of the authors of the infringing manuscript.
The prohibition against all of the authors for any new submissions to any journal published by FLSRT, either individually or in combination with other authors of the infringing manuscript, as well as in combination with any other authors. This prohibition will be imposed for a minimum of 36 months.
Prohibition against all of the authors from serving on the Editorial Board of any journal published by FLSRT.
In cases where the violations of the above policies are found to be particularly egregious, the publisher reserves the right to impose additional sanctions beyond those described above.
Editors' responsibilities
Publication decisions
The editor is responsible for deciding which of the papers submitted to the journal will be published. The editor will evaluate manuscripts without regard to the authors' race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy. The decision will be based on the paper’s importance, originality and clarity, and the study’s validity and its relevance to the journal's scope. Current legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism should also be considered.
Confidentiality
The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.
Disclosure and conflicts of interest
Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted paper will not be used by the editor or the members of the editorial board for their own research purposes without the author's explicit written consent.
Reviewers' responsibilities
Contribution to editorial decisions The peer-reviewing process assists the editor and the editorial board in making editorial decisions and may also serve the author in improving the paper.
Promptness Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and withdraw from the review process.
Confidentiality
Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be disclosed to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.
Archiving Policy
FLSRT is accessed via Dergipark platform which utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration.
Publication Language
Publications submitted to the journal can be written both in Turkish and English.
Publication Frequency
Journal volumes will be published in three times (30th of April, August and December) for each publication year. If the Editorial Board finds it appropriate, a Special Issue can also be published.
Open Access Statement
FLSRT views open-access to academic publications and research as an immutable part of academic endeavour. The publisher recognizes the essence of public good provided by the journal and hence accepts its responsibility as a public service to academic and intellectual betterment.
The publisher is committed to the open access to all academic endeavour and as such, accepts its duty to make published content permanently available and freely accessible by all sections of the worldwide academic community. The publisher does not charge any pecuniary fees for processing, submission, and publication of manuscripts.
The publisher via its host providing institution Dergipark uses Lockss for the archiving and preservation of its online content.
Price Policy
Fee Policy
All articles accepted to the Front Life Sci RT are published without charge for article submission, review or printing.
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Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.