Biophysical insights into the relationship between plasma viscosity and atherogenic risk factors among patients who underwent CABG surgery
Abstract
Plasma viscosity (PV) is an important determinant of blood flow and hemorheological behavior. Plasma plays a crucial role behaving as an interface between blood and vessel wall. Disturbed blood flow in atherosclerotic arteries, together with elevated plasma fibrinogen and endothelial dysfunction, may trigger mechanical stress on endothelial cells, from which nitric oxide (NO) is secreted. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase enzyme, is an increased marker for atherosclerosis. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between PV and atherogenic risk factors in severe atherosclerotic patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG). Twenty-three male patients with severe atherosclerosis who underwent CABG were divided into two groups according to serum total cholesterol levels (Total-C) (Group 1(n:12): Total-C<200 mg/dL; Group 2(n:11): Total-C>200 mg/dL). PV, plasma fibrinogen, plasma NO and plasma ADMA were measured before operation (PreOp), on 1st day after operation (P1) and on 7th day after operation (P7). Group 1 had higher P1 and P7 plasma fibrinogen levels than PreOp (p<0.001) and Group 2 had higher P7 plasma fibrinogen levels than PreOp (p<0.05). PreOp PV was higher in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (p<0.05), whereas P7 PV levels decreased significantly after CABG operation in Group 2 (p<0.05). P7 PV levels were significantly higher than PV levels of PreOp and P1 in Group 1 (p<0.05). P1 PV levels of Group 2 decreased statistically significantly compared with PreOp levels (p<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference by means of plasma NO and ADMA levels among study groups. Group 2 had a less favorable serum lipid profile than Group 1. In conclusion, an unfavorable lipid profile and a higher atherogenic index before surgery, together with elevated PV levels, may reflect greater atherosclerotic burden in CABG patients. PV values decreased due to hydration and plasma fibrinogen increased just after surgery in both study groups. Higher fibrinogen levels despite hydration might be a result of high surgical stress, as an acute phase reactant. These findings suggest that the mechanical change of PV in early period after CABG might be more effective than plasma NO and ADMA.
Keywords
Atherogenic risk factors coronary artery bypass grafting plasma viscosity total cholesterol nitric oxide
Ethical Statement
The study was approved by Kartal Kosuyolu Education and Research Hospital Ethics Committee (538.38792 -903/6014).
References
- Araujo, G., Valencia, L. M., Martin-Ozimek, A., Soto, Y., & Proctor, S. D. (2025). Atherosclerosis: From lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory therapies to targeting arterial retention of ApoB-containing lipoproteins. Frontiers in Immunology, 16, 1485801.
- Caimi, G., Urso, C., Brucculeri, S., Amato, C., Carlisi, M., & Lo Presti, R. (2021). An assessment of the hemorheological profile in patients with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis divided in relation to the number of cardiovascular risk factors and different degrees of insulin resistance. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 78(4), 417-428.
- Calapkulu, Y., Erdogan, M., Aslan, A. N., Akar, N., Bulguroglu, S., Kardesler, D., & Erdol, M. A. (2025). Evaluation of whole blood viscosity to predict stent restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 29(9), 503-511.
- Carlisi, M., Lo Presti, R., Mancuso, S., Siragusa, S., & Caimi, G. (2023). Calculated whole blood viscosity and albumin/fibrinogen ratio in patients with a new diagnosis of multiple myeloma: Relationships with some prognostic predictors. Biomedicines, 11(3), 964.
- Casino, P. R., Kilcoyne, C. M., Quyyumi, A. A., Hoeg, J. M., & Panza, J. A. (1993). The role of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of hypercholesterolemic patients. Circulation, 88(6), 2541-2547.
- Chen, L., Qu, H., Liu, B., Chen, B. C., Yang, Z., Shi, D. Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Low or oscillatory shear stress and endothelial permeability in atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1432719.
- Cheng, C. K., Wang, N., Wang, L., & Huang, Y. (2025). Biophysical and biochemical roles of shear stress on endothelium: A revisit and new insights. Circulation Research, 136(7), 752-772.
- Ercan, M., Koksal, C., Konukoglu, D., Bozkurt, A. K., & Onen, S. (2003). Impaired plasma viscosity via increased cholesterol levels in peripheral occlusive arterial disease. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 29(1), 3-9.
- Ercan, M., Konukoglu, D., & Erdem Yesim, T. (2006). Association of plasma viscosity with cardiovascular risk factors in obesity: An old marker, a new insight. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 35(4), 441-446.
- Feron, O., Dessy, C., Moniotte, S., Desager, J. P., & Balligand, J. L. (1999). Hypercholesterolemia decreases nitric oxide production by promoting the interaction of caveolin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 103(6), 897-905.
- Förstermann, U., Xia, N., & Li, H. (2017). Roles of vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circulation Research, 120(4), 713-735.
- Goudhaman, L., Raja Jagadeesan, A., Sundaramoorthi, S., Thotla, S., & Krishna Mohan, S. (2021). Association of serum asymmetric dimethylarginine with the severity of coronary artery disease: A pilot study. Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 10(2), 302-306.
- Hsu, P. S., Chen, J. L., Sung, S. Y., Tsai, Y. T., Lin, C. Y., Wu, Y. F., & Tsai, C. S. (2023). Inflammatory biomarkers and blood physical property transformations following on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(10), 1434.
- Jang, Y., Lee, J. H., Cho, E. Y., Chung, N. S., Topham, D., & Balderston, B. (2001). Differences in body fat distribution and antioxidant status in Korean men with cardiovascular disease with or without diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(1), 68-74.
- Jung, F., Pindur, G., & Kiesewetter, H. (1992). Plasma viscosity dependence on proteins and lipoproteins: Results of the Aachen study. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 12(4), 557-571.
- Kesmarky, G., Toth, K., Habon, L., Vajda, G., & Juricskay, I. (2025). Hemorheological parameters in coronary artery disease. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 18(4), 245-251.
- Koenig, W., Sund, M., Filipak, B., Döring, A., Löwel, H., & Ernst, E. (1998). Plasma viscosity and the risk of coronary heart disease: Results from the Monica-Augsburg cohort study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 18(5), 768-772.
- Konstantinova, E., Tolstaya, T., Prinshchep, S., Milutin, A., Mironova, E., & Ivanova, L. (2004). Plasma lipid levels, blood rheology, platelet aggregation, microcirculation state and oxygen transfer to tissues in young and middle-aged healthy people. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 30(3-4), 443-448.
- Lowe, G. D. O., Harris, K., Koenig, W., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Thorand, B., Peters, A., Meisinger, C., Imhof, A., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2024). Plasma viscosity, immunoglobulins and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: New data and meta-analyses. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 77(6), 394-401.
- Lu, L., Xie, J., Xiang, Y., Zheng, Y., Wu, T., Lv, D., & Xu, T. (2025). The relationship between hemorheology and carotid atherosclerosis. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 41(19), 3041-3045.
- Marcinkowska-Gapińska, A., & Siemieniak, I. (2025). The effect of statin therapy on hemorheological parameters of patients with clinically silent ischemic foci of the brain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(15), 7039.
- McNichols, B., Spratt, J. R., George, J., Rizzi, S., Manning, E. W., & Park, K. (2021). Coronary artery bypass: Review of surgical techniques and impact on long-term revascularization outcomes. Cardiology and Therapy, 10(1), 89-109.
- Mensah, G. A., Arnold, N., Prabhu, S. D., Ridker, P. M., & Welty, F. K. (2025). Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: 2025 ACC scientific statement: A report of the American College of Cardiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 25, 07555-2.
- Mowat, B. F., Skinner, E. R., Wilson, H. M., Leng, G. C., Fowkes, F. G., & Horrobin, D. (1997). Alterations in plasma lipids, lipoproteins and high density lipoprotein subfractions in peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis, 131(2), 161-166.
- Mueller, R. (1981). Hemorheology and peripheral vascular disease: A new therapeutic approach. Journal of Medicine, 12(4), 209-212.
- Muravyov, A. V., Yakusevic, V. V., Surovaya, L., & Petrockenko, A. (2004). The effect of simvastatin therapy on hemorheological profile in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 31(4), 251-256.
- Neubauer-Geryk, J., Wielicka, M., Hoffmann, M., Myśliwiec, M., & Bieniaszewski, L. (2024). The impact of disease duration on microcirculatory dysfunction in young patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes. Biomedicines, 12(5), 1020.
- Noh, S. M. (2025). Clinical significance of blood viscosity in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Scientific Reports, 15, 22424.
- Peters, S. A., Woodward, M., Rumley, A., Tunstall-Pedoe, H. D., & Lowe, G. D. (2017). Plasma and blood viscosity in the prediction of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort Study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 24(2), 161-167.
- Rodrigues, A., Sousa, A. C., Gouveia, J. A., Nunes, P., Gomes, S., Almada, S., Sa, D., Abreu, G., Rodrigues, M., Freitas, S., Henriques, E., Borges, S., Oliveira, M. J., Mendonca, M. I., & Palma Dos Reis, R. (2025). The importance of fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor. European Heart Journal, 46(Supplement_1), ehaf784.3548.
- Sipahioglu, N., Karis, D., Uzun, H., Sipahioglu, F., Ercan, S., & Ercan, A. M. (2015). The effect of ezetimibe on plasma viscosity, fibrinogen and lipid profile. Medical Science and Discovery, 2(6), 339-344.
- Stezycka, J., Kolasa, A., Pomin, K., Stoklosa, K., Potrawiak, S., Bergmann, K., Kaczmrek, F., & Marcinkowska-Gapinska, A. (2026). Cardiac surgery and hemorheological parameters: A literature review. Quality in Sport, 43, 61409.
- Tanczos, B., Somogyi, V., Bombicz, M., Juhasz, B., Nemeth, N., & Deak, A. (2021). Changes of hematological and hemorheological parameters in rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. Metabolites, 11(4), 249.
- Toh, J. M., Yong, J., Abrams, S. T., Wang, L., Schofield, J., Lane, S., La Corte, A. C., Wang, S. S., Ariëns, R. A. S., Philippou, H., Xie, J., Yu, W., Wang, G., & Toh, C. H. (2024). Fibrinogen binding to histones in circulation protects against adverse cellular and clinical outcomes. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 22(8), 2247-2260.
- Valeanu, L., Ginghina, C., & Bubenek-Turconi, S. (2022). Blood rheology alterations in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Romanian Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 28(2), 41-46.
- Velcheva, I., Antonova, N., & Kmetski, T. (2025). Significance of whole blood viscosity in acute ischemic stroke. Life, 15(12), 1869. Von Clauss, A. (1957). Gerinnungsphysiologische Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung des Fibrinogens. Acta Haematologica, 17(4), 237-246. Wang, G., Yang, F., Zhou, W., Xiao, N., Luo, M., & Tang, Z. (2023). The initiation of oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies in wound healing. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 157, 114004.
Biophysical insights into the relationship between plasma viscosity and atherogenic risk factors among patients who underwent CABG surgery
Abstract
Plasma viscosity (PV) is an important determinant of blood flow and hemorheological behavior. Plasma plays a crucial role behaving as an interface between blood and vessel wall. Disturbed blood flow in atherosclerotic arteries, together with elevated plasma fibrinogen and endothelial dysfunction, may trigger mechanical stress on endothelial cells, from which nitric oxide (NO) is secreted. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase enzyme, is an increased marker for atherosclerosis. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between PV and atherogenic risk factors in severe atherosclerotic patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG). Twenty-three male patients with severe atherosclerosis who underwent CABG were divided into two groups according to serum total cholesterol levels (Total-C) (Group 1(n:12): Total-C<200 mg/dL; Group 2(n:11): Total-C>200 mg/dL). PV, plasma fibrinogen, plasma NO and plasma ADMA were measured before operation (PreOp), on 1st day after operation (P1) and on 7th day after operation (P7). Group 1 had higher P1 and P7 plasma fibrinogen levels than PreOp (p<0.001) and Group 2 had higher P7 plasma fibrinogen levels than PreOp (p<0.05). PreOp PV was higher in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (p<0.05), whereas P7 PV levels decreased significantly after CABG operation in Group 2 (p<0.05). P7 PV levels were significantly higher than PV levels of PreOp and P1 in Group 1 (p<0.05). P1 PV levels of Group 2 decreased statistically significantly compared with PreOp levels (p<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference by means of plasma NO and ADMA levels among study groups. Group 2 had a less favorable serum lipid profile than Group 1. In conclusion, an unfavorable lipid profile and a higher atherogenic index before surgery, together with elevated PV levels, may reflect greater atherosclerotic burden in CABG patients. PV values decreased due to hydration and plasma fibrinogen increased just after surgery in both study groups. Higher fibrinogen levels despite hydration might be a result of high surgical stress, as an acute phase reactant. These findings suggest that the mechanical change of PV in early period after CABG might be more effective than plasma NO and ADMA.
Keywords
Atherogenic risk factors coronary artery bypass grafting plasma viscosity total cholesterol nitric oxide
Ethical Statement
The study was approved by Kartal Kosuyolu Education and Research Hospital Ethics Committee (538.38792 -903/6014).
References
- Araujo, G., Valencia, L. M., Martin-Ozimek, A., Soto, Y., & Proctor, S. D. (2025). Atherosclerosis: From lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory therapies to targeting arterial retention of ApoB-containing lipoproteins. Frontiers in Immunology, 16, 1485801.
- Caimi, G., Urso, C., Brucculeri, S., Amato, C., Carlisi, M., & Lo Presti, R. (2021). An assessment of the hemorheological profile in patients with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis divided in relation to the number of cardiovascular risk factors and different degrees of insulin resistance. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 78(4), 417-428.
- Calapkulu, Y., Erdogan, M., Aslan, A. N., Akar, N., Bulguroglu, S., Kardesler, D., & Erdol, M. A. (2025). Evaluation of whole blood viscosity to predict stent restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 29(9), 503-511.
- Carlisi, M., Lo Presti, R., Mancuso, S., Siragusa, S., & Caimi, G. (2023). Calculated whole blood viscosity and albumin/fibrinogen ratio in patients with a new diagnosis of multiple myeloma: Relationships with some prognostic predictors. Biomedicines, 11(3), 964.
- Casino, P. R., Kilcoyne, C. M., Quyyumi, A. A., Hoeg, J. M., & Panza, J. A. (1993). The role of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of hypercholesterolemic patients. Circulation, 88(6), 2541-2547.
- Chen, L., Qu, H., Liu, B., Chen, B. C., Yang, Z., Shi, D. Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Low or oscillatory shear stress and endothelial permeability in atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1432719.
- Cheng, C. K., Wang, N., Wang, L., & Huang, Y. (2025). Biophysical and biochemical roles of shear stress on endothelium: A revisit and new insights. Circulation Research, 136(7), 752-772.
- Ercan, M., Koksal, C., Konukoglu, D., Bozkurt, A. K., & Onen, S. (2003). Impaired plasma viscosity via increased cholesterol levels in peripheral occlusive arterial disease. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 29(1), 3-9.
- Ercan, M., Konukoglu, D., & Erdem Yesim, T. (2006). Association of plasma viscosity with cardiovascular risk factors in obesity: An old marker, a new insight. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 35(4), 441-446.
- Feron, O., Dessy, C., Moniotte, S., Desager, J. P., & Balligand, J. L. (1999). Hypercholesterolemia decreases nitric oxide production by promoting the interaction of caveolin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 103(6), 897-905.
- Förstermann, U., Xia, N., & Li, H. (2017). Roles of vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circulation Research, 120(4), 713-735.
- Goudhaman, L., Raja Jagadeesan, A., Sundaramoorthi, S., Thotla, S., & Krishna Mohan, S. (2021). Association of serum asymmetric dimethylarginine with the severity of coronary artery disease: A pilot study. Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 10(2), 302-306.
- Hsu, P. S., Chen, J. L., Sung, S. Y., Tsai, Y. T., Lin, C. Y., Wu, Y. F., & Tsai, C. S. (2023). Inflammatory biomarkers and blood physical property transformations following on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(10), 1434.
- Jang, Y., Lee, J. H., Cho, E. Y., Chung, N. S., Topham, D., & Balderston, B. (2001). Differences in body fat distribution and antioxidant status in Korean men with cardiovascular disease with or without diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(1), 68-74.
- Jung, F., Pindur, G., & Kiesewetter, H. (1992). Plasma viscosity dependence on proteins and lipoproteins: Results of the Aachen study. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 12(4), 557-571.
- Kesmarky, G., Toth, K., Habon, L., Vajda, G., & Juricskay, I. (2025). Hemorheological parameters in coronary artery disease. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 18(4), 245-251.
- Koenig, W., Sund, M., Filipak, B., Döring, A., Löwel, H., & Ernst, E. (1998). Plasma viscosity and the risk of coronary heart disease: Results from the Monica-Augsburg cohort study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 18(5), 768-772.
- Konstantinova, E., Tolstaya, T., Prinshchep, S., Milutin, A., Mironova, E., & Ivanova, L. (2004). Plasma lipid levels, blood rheology, platelet aggregation, microcirculation state and oxygen transfer to tissues in young and middle-aged healthy people. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 30(3-4), 443-448.
- Lowe, G. D. O., Harris, K., Koenig, W., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Thorand, B., Peters, A., Meisinger, C., Imhof, A., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2024). Plasma viscosity, immunoglobulins and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: New data and meta-analyses. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 77(6), 394-401.
- Lu, L., Xie, J., Xiang, Y., Zheng, Y., Wu, T., Lv, D., & Xu, T. (2025). The relationship between hemorheology and carotid atherosclerosis. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 41(19), 3041-3045.
- Marcinkowska-Gapińska, A., & Siemieniak, I. (2025). The effect of statin therapy on hemorheological parameters of patients with clinically silent ischemic foci of the brain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(15), 7039.
- McNichols, B., Spratt, J. R., George, J., Rizzi, S., Manning, E. W., & Park, K. (2021). Coronary artery bypass: Review of surgical techniques and impact on long-term revascularization outcomes. Cardiology and Therapy, 10(1), 89-109.
- Mensah, G. A., Arnold, N., Prabhu, S. D., Ridker, P. M., & Welty, F. K. (2025). Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: 2025 ACC scientific statement: A report of the American College of Cardiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 25, 07555-2.
- Mowat, B. F., Skinner, E. R., Wilson, H. M., Leng, G. C., Fowkes, F. G., & Horrobin, D. (1997). Alterations in plasma lipids, lipoproteins and high density lipoprotein subfractions in peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis, 131(2), 161-166.
- Mueller, R. (1981). Hemorheology and peripheral vascular disease: A new therapeutic approach. Journal of Medicine, 12(4), 209-212.
- Muravyov, A. V., Yakusevic, V. V., Surovaya, L., & Petrockenko, A. (2004). The effect of simvastatin therapy on hemorheological profile in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 31(4), 251-256.
- Neubauer-Geryk, J., Wielicka, M., Hoffmann, M., Myśliwiec, M., & Bieniaszewski, L. (2024). The impact of disease duration on microcirculatory dysfunction in young patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes. Biomedicines, 12(5), 1020.
- Noh, S. M. (2025). Clinical significance of blood viscosity in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Scientific Reports, 15, 22424.
- Peters, S. A., Woodward, M., Rumley, A., Tunstall-Pedoe, H. D., & Lowe, G. D. (2017). Plasma and blood viscosity in the prediction of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort Study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 24(2), 161-167.
- Rodrigues, A., Sousa, A. C., Gouveia, J. A., Nunes, P., Gomes, S., Almada, S., Sa, D., Abreu, G., Rodrigues, M., Freitas, S., Henriques, E., Borges, S., Oliveira, M. J., Mendonca, M. I., & Palma Dos Reis, R. (2025). The importance of fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor. European Heart Journal, 46(Supplement_1), ehaf784.3548.
- Sipahioglu, N., Karis, D., Uzun, H., Sipahioglu, F., Ercan, S., & Ercan, A. M. (2015). The effect of ezetimibe on plasma viscosity, fibrinogen and lipid profile. Medical Science and Discovery, 2(6), 339-344.
- Stezycka, J., Kolasa, A., Pomin, K., Stoklosa, K., Potrawiak, S., Bergmann, K., Kaczmrek, F., & Marcinkowska-Gapinska, A. (2026). Cardiac surgery and hemorheological parameters: A literature review. Quality in Sport, 43, 61409.
- Tanczos, B., Somogyi, V., Bombicz, M., Juhasz, B., Nemeth, N., & Deak, A. (2021). Changes of hematological and hemorheological parameters in rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. Metabolites, 11(4), 249.
- Toh, J. M., Yong, J., Abrams, S. T., Wang, L., Schofield, J., Lane, S., La Corte, A. C., Wang, S. S., Ariëns, R. A. S., Philippou, H., Xie, J., Yu, W., Wang, G., & Toh, C. H. (2024). Fibrinogen binding to histones in circulation protects against adverse cellular and clinical outcomes. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 22(8), 2247-2260.
- Valeanu, L., Ginghina, C., & Bubenek-Turconi, S. (2022). Blood rheology alterations in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Romanian Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 28(2), 41-46.
- Velcheva, I., Antonova, N., & Kmetski, T. (2025). Significance of whole blood viscosity in acute ischemic stroke. Life, 15(12), 1869. Von Clauss, A. (1957). Gerinnungsphysiologische Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung des Fibrinogens. Acta Haematologica, 17(4), 237-246. Wang, G., Yang, F., Zhou, W., Xiao, N., Luo, M., & Tang, Z. (2023). The initiation of oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies in wound healing. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 157, 114004.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Other), Cardiovascular Surgery |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | October 12, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | January 14, 2026 |
| Publication Date | March 31, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.51753/flsrt.1801876 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA73JC87XM |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 7 |
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Immediate rejection of the infringing manuscript.
Immediate rejection of every other manuscript submitted to any journal published by FLSRT by any of the authors of the infringing manuscript.
The prohibition against all of the authors for any new submissions to any journal published by FLSRT, either individually or in combination with other authors of the infringing manuscript, as well as in combination with any other authors. This prohibition will be imposed for a minimum of 36 months.
Prohibition against all of the authors from serving on the Editorial Board of any journal published by FLSRT.
In cases where the violations of the above policies are found to be particularly egregious, the publisher reserves the right to impose additional sanctions beyond those described above.
Editors' responsibilities
Publication decisions
The editor is responsible for deciding which of the papers submitted to the journal will be published. The editor will evaluate manuscripts without regard to the authors' race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy. The decision will be based on the paper’s importance, originality and clarity, and the study’s validity and its relevance to the journal's scope. Current legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism should also be considered.
Confidentiality
The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.
Disclosure and conflicts of interest
Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted paper will not be used by the editor or the members of the editorial board for their own research purposes without the author's explicit written consent.
Reviewers' responsibilities
Contribution to editorial decisions The peer-reviewing process assists the editor and the editorial board in making editorial decisions and may also serve the author in improving the paper.
Promptness Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and withdraw from the review process.
Confidentiality
Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be disclosed to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.
Archiving Policy
FLSRT is accessed via Dergipark platform which utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration.
Publication Language
Publications submitted to the journal can be written both in Turkish and English.
Publication Frequency
Journal volumes will be published in three times (30th of April, August and December) for each publication year. If the Editorial Board finds it appropriate, a Special Issue can also be published.
Open Access Statement
FLSRT views open-access to academic publications and research as an immutable part of academic endeavour. The publisher recognizes the essence of public good provided by the journal and hence accepts its responsibility as a public service to academic and intellectual betterment.
The publisher is committed to the open access to all academic endeavour and as such, accepts its duty to make published content permanently available and freely accessible by all sections of the worldwide academic community. The publisher does not charge any pecuniary fees for processing, submission, and publication of manuscripts.
The publisher via its host providing institution Dergipark uses Lockss for the archiving and preservation of its online content.
Price Policy
Fee Policy
All articles accepted to the Front Life Sci RT are published without charge for article submission, review or printing.
Indexes
Citation Indexes
Other Indexes
Journal Boards
Editör
Yayın Kurulu
Alan Editörleri
Yazım ve Dil Editörleri
Mizanpaj Editörü
Yardımcı Editör
Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.