Analyzing the Effects of Microwave on Natural Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics

Abstract

As a result of increasing environmental awareness, the use of ecological production methods and technologies in dyeing processes and natural dyes for coloring textile products is becoming more and more important every day. Microwave technology, which provides fast, homogeneous and effective heating, attracts attention as an environmentally friendly alternative new method in textile wet processes. In this study, which aims to compare the use of microwave technology with conventional dyeing method in coloring cotton fabrics with madder (Rubia tinctorum L.), 100% cotton woven fabrics were dyed by using madder both with conventional method and microwave energy for different processing times. The dyeing were carried out with and without mordant (alum and vinegar). Color measurements and rubbing fastness tests were performed on the dyed fabrics and the results were evaluated comparatively. The results of the study showed that the microwave method in dyeing cotton fabrics with madder provides superior results in terms of color and rubbing fastness compared to conventional dyeing as well as a strong alternative that saves both time and energy.

Keywords

• Natural dyeing
• Microwave
• Cotton
• Madder
• (Rubia tinctorum L.)

PAMUKLU KUMAŞLARIN DOĞAL BOYARMADDELERLE BOYAMASINDA MİKRODALGA KULLANIMININ ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Abstract

Artan çevresel farkındalığın bir sonucu olarak, tekstil ürünlerinin doğal boyarmaddelerle renklendirilmesi ve boyama proseslerinde ekolojik üretim yöntem ve teknolojilerinin kullanılması her geçen gün daha çok önem kazanmaktadır. Hızlı, homojen ve etkili ısıtma sağlayan mikrodalga teknolojisi, tekstil yaş işlemlerinde çevre dostu alternatif yeni bir yöntem olarak ilgi çekmektedir. Mikrodalga teknolojisinin, pamuklu kumaşların kök boya ile renklendirilmesinde kullanımının konvansiyonel boyama ile kıyaslanması amacıyla gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, %100 pamuklu dokuma kumaşlar, kök boya (Rubia tinctorum L.) kullanılarak hem konvansiyonel yöntemle hem de farklı sürelerde mikrodalga enerjisi ile boyanmıştır. Boyamalar hem mordansız, hem de mordan (şap ve sirke) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Boyamalar sonucunda elde edilen kumaşlara renk ölçümleri ve sürtme haslığı testleri yapılmış ve sonuçlar, karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları pamuklu kumaşların kök boya ile boyanmasında mordansız ve sirke mordanı ile boyamalarda mikrodalga yönteminin konvansiyonel boyamaya göre renk ve sürtme haslığı özellikleri bakımından üstün sonuçların yanı sıra zaman ve enerji tasarrufu sağlayan güçlü bir alternatif oluşturduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Keywords

• Doğal boyama
• Mikrodalga
• Pamuk
• Kök boya
• (Rubia tinctorum L.)

References

1. ABDEL-THALOUTH, I., RAGHEB, A. A., REKABY, M., EL-HENNAWİ, H. M., SHAHİN, A. A., & HAGGAG, K. (2014). Application of microwave in textile printing of cellulosic fabrics. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences 4(9), 41-46.
2. ADEEL, S., KHAN, S. G., SHAHİD, S., SAEED, M., KİRAN, S., ZUBER, M., ... & AKHTAR, N. (2018a). Sustainable dyeing of microwave treated polyester fabric using disperse yellow 211 Dye. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 62(1), 1-9.
3. ADEEL, S., HUSSAAN, M., REHMAN, F. U., HABİB, N., SALMAN, M., NAZ, S., ... & AKHTAR, N. (2018b). Microwave-assisted sustainable dyeing of wool fabric using cochineal-based carminic acid as natural colorant. Journal of Natural Fibers. DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2018.1448317
4. ADEEL, S., SAEED, M., ABDULLAH, A., REHMAN, F., SALMAN, M., KAMRAN, M., ... & IQBAL, M. (2018c). Microwave assisted modulation of vat dyeing of cellulosic fiber: improvement in color characteristics. Journal of Natural Fibers, 15(4), 517-526.
5. ADEEL, S., NASEER, K., JAVED, S., MAHMMOD, S., TANG, R. C., AMİN, N., & NAZ, S. (2020a). Microwave-assisted improvement in dyeing behavior of chemical and bio-mordanted silk fabric using safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) extract. Journal of Natural Fibers, 17(1), 55-65.
6. ADEEL, S., REHMAN, F. U., HAMEED, A., HABİB, N., KİRAN, S., ZİA, K. M., & ZUBER, M. (2020b). Sustainable extraction and dyeing of microwave-treated silk fabric using arjun bark colorant. Journal of Natural Fibers, 17(5), 745-758.
7. ADEEL, S., HABİB, N., ARİF, S., UR REHMAN, F., AZEEM, M., BATOOL, F., & AMİN, N. (2020c). Microwave-assisted eco-dyeing of bio mordanted silk fabric using cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum Verum) based yellow natural dye. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 17, 1-8.
8. ALİ, N. F., EL-KHATİB, E. M., EL-MOHAMEDY, R. S. S., & RAMADAN, M. A. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of silk fabrics dyed with saffron dye using microwave heating. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 3(10), 140-146.

9. ALİ, N. F., & EL-KHATİB, E. M. (2016). Green strategy for Dyeing Wool Fibers by madder Natural Dye. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4), 635-642.
10. BERNS, R. S., & NEEDLES, H. L. (1979). Microwave versus Conductive Heating Their Effect on the Solvent–assisted Dyeing of Polyester Fibre with Anthraquinonoid Disperse Dyes. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 95(6), 207-211.
11. BÜYÜKAKINCI, B. Y. (2012). Usage of microwave energy in Turkish textile production sector. Energy Procedia, 14, 424-431.
12. CHEN, M. Y., YUAN, D. H., & ZHANG, Y. P. (2010). Microwave dyeing of silk fabric with gardenia yellow. Silk, 8, 1-8.
13. CHAO, T. U. (2013). Microwave dyeing of gardenia yellow for cotton fabric. Textile Dyeing and Finishing Journal, 03.
14. CİBA-GEİGY, LTD, British Patent 1022651, March 16, 1966.
15. ÇAY, T. (2010). Selülozik esaslı tekstil materyallerine apre maddelerinin uygulanması ve uygulama koşullarının optimizasyonu. Yüksek lisans tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
16. DELANEY, M. J. (1972). Pad-Batch-Microwave Dyeing of Wool. Textile Chemist & Colorist, 4(5), 29-32.
17. EL-KHATİB, E. M., ALİ, N. F., & RAMADAN, M. A. (2014). Environmentally friendly dyeing of silk fabrics using microwave heating. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci, 3, 757-764.
18. EYÜPOĞLU, Ş. (2020). Yabani Ekin Çiçeğinden Elde Edilen Doğal Boya ile Keten Kumaşın Farklı Yöntemlere Göre Boyanma Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8: 317- 325
19. DEVEOĞLU, O., KARADAĞ, R. 2011. Genel Bir Bakış: Doğal Boyarmaddeler. Marmara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(1): 21‐32.
20. ELMAATY, A.T., ABDELAZİZ, E., NASSER, D., ABDELFATTAH, K., ELKADİ, S., & EL-NAGAR, K. I. (2018). Microwave and Nanotechnology Advanced Solutions to Improve Ecofriendly Cotton's Coloration and Performance Properties. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 61(3), 493-502.
21. ELSHEMY, N. S. (2011). Unconventional natural dyeing using microwave heating with cochineal as natural dyes. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 15(4), 26-36.
22. EVANS, D. G., & SKELLY, J. K. (1972). Application of microwave heating in dye fixation. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 88(12), 429-433.
23. GHAFFAR, A., ADEEL, S., HABİB, N., JALAL, F., HAQ, A., MUNİİR, B., ... & JAMİL, Q. (2019). Effects of microwave radiation on cotton dyeing with Reactive Blue 21 dye. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(3), 1-5.
24. GRİFFİN, W. L., & HENDRİX, W. A. (1986). Microwave heating and drying in textile processing-present and future. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, (1), 115-120.
25. GULRAJANİ, M. L. 2001. Present Status of Natural Dyes, Indian .journal of Fiber and Textile Research, 26: 191-201.
26. HAGGAG, K., HANNA, H. L., YOUSSEF, B. M., & EL-SHİMY, N. S. (1995). Dyeing polyester with microwave heating using disperse dyestuffs. American Dyestuff Reporter, 84(3), 22-37.
27. HAGGAG, K., ELSHEMY, N. S., & NASEF, N. A. (2012). Enhancement of Cotton and Cotton/Wool Blend Dyeability by Microwave Heating. Research Journal of Textile & Apparel, 16(1), 34-45.
28. HAGHİ A.K., (2008). An experimental study on dyeing of polyester with microwave heating http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/9/824/an-experimental-study-on-dyeing-of-polyester-with-microwave-heating1.asp (Erişim: 10.10.2020)
29. HAKEİM, O. A., NASSAR, S. H., & HAGGAG, K. (2003). Greener printing of natural colour using microwave fixation. Indian Journal of Fiber & Texile Research. 28, 216-220.
30. HUSSAAN, M., IQBAL, N., ADEEL, S., AZEEM, M., JAVED, M. T., & RAZA, A. (2017). Microwave-assisted enhancement of milkweed (Calotropis procera L.) leaves as an eco-friendly source of natural colorants for textile. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(5), 5089-5094.
31. IRFAN, M., ZHANG, H., SYED, U., & HOU, A. (2018). Low liquor dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dye by an eco-friendly technique. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 1480-1487.
32. İŞMAL, Ö. E. (2019). Doğal boya uygulamalarının değişen yüzü ve yenilikçi yaklaşımlar. Yedi, (22), 41-58.
33. KALE, M. J., & BHAT, N. V. (2011). Effect of microwave pretreatment on the dyeing behaviour of polyester fabric. Coloration Technology, 127(6), 365-371.
34. KARADAĞ, R. (2007). Doğal Boyamacılık, T. C Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı
35. KARADAG, R., BUYUKAKİNCİ, B. Y., & TORGAN, E. (2020). Extraction and Natural Cotton Dyeing of Valonia Oak and Anatolian Buckthorn by Microwave Irradiation. Journal of Natural Fibers, 1-14.
36. KİRAN, S., ADEEL, S., REHMAN, F. U., GULZAR, T., JANNAT, M., & ZUBER, M. (2018). Ecofriendly dyeing of microwave treated cotton fabric using reactive violet H3R. Global NEST Journal, 21(1), 43-47.
37. KİRAN, S., HASSAN, A., ADEEL, S., QAYYUM, M. A., YOUSAF, M. S., ABDULLAH, M., & HABİB, N. (2020). Green dyeing of microwave treated silk using coconut coir based tannin natural dye. Industria Textila, 71(3), 227-234.
38. KONAK, İ.K., CERTEL, M., HELHEL, S. (2009). Gıda Sanayisinde Mikrodalga Uygulamaları. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi. 4(3) 20-31
39. KUMAR S., A., KONAR, A., 2011, Dyeing of Textiles with Natural Dyes, Dr. Emriye Akcakoca Kumbasar (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-783-3, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/21341. http://www.intechopen.com/books/natural-dyes/dyeing-of-textiles-with-natural-dyes (Erişim: 10.10.2020)
40. LEİ, N. N., GONG, D. L., LİNG, X. R., & SHİ, Y. D. (2013). Researches on microwave dyeing cotton fabrics. In Advanced Materials Research. 627, 343-347
41. MCDONALD, R. (1997). Colour physics for industry. (2nd ed) Society of Dyers and Colourists. United Kingdom, 534 p.
42. METAXAS, A. C., CATLOW, N., & EVANS, D. G. (1978). Microwave assisted dye fixation. Journal of Microwave Power, 13(4), 342-350.
43. MONTAZER, M., & ALİBAKHSHİ, F. (2007, June). Microwave assisted dyeing of cellulose with direct dyes. In 9th Asian Textile Conference, Taiwan. 28-30
44. NAVEED, R., BHATTİ, I. A., ADEEL, S., ASHAR, A., SOHAİL, I., KHAN, M. U. H., ... & NAZİR, A. (2020). Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Mixed Natural Dye from Pomegranate Rind (Punica Granatum L.) and Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma Longa L.). Journal of Natural Fibers, 1-8. DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2020.1738309
45. OKTAY, A. (2009). Mikrodalga Endüstrisi ve Gıda Sektöründeki Uygulamaları. Gıda Teknolojisi 13(12): 52-53.
46. ÖNER, E., BÜYÜKAKİNCİ, Y., & SÖKMEN, N. (2013). Microwave‐assisted dyeing of poly (butylene terephthalate) fabrics with disperse dyes. Coloration Technology, 129(2), 125-130.
47. ÖZERDEM, A., TARAKÇİOĞLU, I., & ÖZGÜNEY, A. (2008). Mikrodalga Enerjisinin Reaktif Baskılı Pamuklu Kumaşların Fiksajında Kullanılabilirliği. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 18(4). 289-296.
48. ÖZGEN, H., CİHANGİROVA, M., & ŞAHİNBAŞKAN, B. Y. (2018). Pamuklu Örme Kumaşların Reaktif Boyarmaddeler ile Boyanmasına Mikrodalga Enerjisi Yardımı İle Uygulanan Enzimatik Ön İşlemlerin Etkisi. Bartın Üniversitesi Uluslararası Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 65-72.
49. RÜZGAR, A. (2019). Rotasyon ve dijital reaktif baskıların çevresel etkilerinin yaşam döngüsü analizi tekniğiyle karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
50. SAHİNBASKAN, B., KOÇAK, E. D., MERDAN, N., & AKALIN, M. (2017). Dyeing of polypropylene blends by using microwave energy. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 12(2), 20-27.
51. SAXENA, S., RAJA, A.S.M. (2014). Natural Dyes: Sources, Chemistry, Application and Sustainability Issues. (Ed.) MUTHU, S.S. Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing. (pp. 37-80), Springer.
52. SUN, H., LİN, L., JİANG, X., & BAİ, X. (2005). The improvement of dyeability of flax fibre by microwave treatment. Pigment & Resin Technology. 34(4), 190-196.
53. XU, W., & YANG, C. (2002). Hydrolysis and dyeing of polyester fabric using microwave irradiation. Coloration Technology, 118(5), 211-214.
54. XUE, Z. (2016). Study of dyeing properties of wool fabrics treated with microwave. The Journal of the Textile Institute, 107(2), 258-263.
55. YILDIRIM, F. F. (2015). PTT ve PBT lifli kumaşların boyanma ve haslık özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
56. YİĞİT, E. A., & TEKER, M. (2011). Disperse dyeability of polypropylene fibres via microwave and ultrasonic energy. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 19(8), 711-716.
57. ZHAN, L., Lİ, W., WANG, G., ZHAO, X., Lİ, Y., & WANG, N. (2020). Effect of Low Temperature Microwave Drying on Properties of Dyed Cashmere Fibers. Fibers and Polymers, 21(3), 564-570.
58. ZHAO, X. (2017). Research on microwave pad dyeing process for wool fabric. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel. 21(4): 263-275
59. ZUBER, M., ADEEL, S., REHMAN, F. U., ANJUM, F., MUNEER, M., ABDULLAH, M., & ZİA, K. M. (2019). Influence of microwave radiation on dyeing of bio-mordanted silk fabric using neem bark (Azadirachta indica)-based tannin natural dye. Journal of Natural Fibers, 17(10), 1410-1422.