A Comparative Analysis of Women's Representation in Parliaments in the Context of Democracy

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between women's representation in parliaments and democratization processes, aiming to identify the key factors influencing women's political participation in different democratic contexts. The analysis focuses on variables such as levels of democracy, the duration of democratic experience, economic development, electoral systems, gender quotas, and government systems, based on data from 142 countries between 2000 and 2020. Three models were employed in the study: the first model includes all countries, the second focuses on countries with high levels of democracy, and the third examines countries with low levels of democracy. To assess the effects of these variables on women's representation, the study employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Robust OLS, and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) methods using STATA software. The findings reveal no statistically significant relationship between women's parliamentary representation and a country's level of democracy, economic development, or government system. However, a positive and significant relationship between gender quotas and women's representation is observed in both Model 1 and Model 3. Additionally, proportional representation electoral systems demonstrate a notable effect on women's representation in Model 1 and Model 2. These results indicate that democratization alone is insufficient to achieve gender equality in political representation, but institutional arrangements, such as gender quotas and electoral systems, play a crucial role in promoting women's parliamentary representation. This study provides empirical findings on the interactions between gender representation and democracy, contributing significantly to the existing literature. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights for policymakers aiming to strengthen women's roles in political decision-making processes.

Keywords

• Women
• Democracy
• Gender Quotas
• Electoral Systems
• Political Participation

Demokrasi Bağlamında Parlamentolardaki Kadın Temsilinin Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışma, kadınların parlamentolardaki temsiliyeti ile demokratikleşme süreçleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmakta ve farklı demokratik bağlamlarda kadınların siyasi katılımını etkileyen başlıca faktörleri tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Analiz, 2000-2020 yılları arasında 142 ülkeden elde edilen verilere dayanarak, demokrasi seviyeleri, demokrasi deneyiminin uzunluğu, ekonomik gelişmişlik, seçim sistemleri, cinsiyet kotaları ve hükümet sistemleri gibi değişkenler üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında üç model kullanılmıştır: Birinci model tüm ülkeleri kapsamına alırken, ikinci model yüksek demokrasi seviyesine sahip ülkelere, üçüncü model ise düşük demokrasi seviyesindeki ülkelere odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma, bu değişkenlerin kadın temsiliyeti üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla STATA yazılımı kullanılarak Sıradan En Küçük Kareler (OLS), Robust OLS ve Maksimum Olabilirlik Tahmini (MLE) yöntemleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, kadınların parlamentolardaki temsiliyeti ile ülkenin demokrasi düzeyi, ekonomik gelişmişliği ya da hükümet sistemi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte, cinsiyet kotası uygulayan ülkelerde hem Model 1 hem de Model 3'te kadın temsili ile pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, nispi temsil seçim sistemlerinin, Model 1 ve Model 2'de kadın temsiliyeti üzerinde kayda değer bir etki yarattığı görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlar, demokratikleşmenin tek başına siyasal temsilde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlama noktasında yeterli olmadığını, ancak cinsiyet kotası ve seçim sistemleri gibi kurumsal düzenlemelerin kadınların parlamentolarda temsiliyetini teşvik etmede önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, toplumsal cinsiyet temsili ile demokrasi arasındaki etkileşimlere ilişkin ampirik bulgular sunarak, mevcut literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca, kadınların siyasal karar alma süreçlerindeki rollerini güçlendirmeyi hedefleyen politika yapıcılar için değerli içgörüler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kadın Temsili
• Demokrasi
• Cinsiyet Kotaları
• Seçim Sistemleri
• Siyasi Katılım

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