Research Article
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Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 226 - 253, 30.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2018.03.010

Abstract

References

  • Adler, N. J., ve Israeli, D. N. (1994). Where in the World are the Women’s Executives?.Business Quarterly, 59(1): 89-94.
  • Apperson, M., Schmidt H., Moore, S., Grunberg, L., ve Greenberg E. (2002). Women Managers and the Experience of Work-Family Conflict. American Journal of Undergraduate Research, 1(3): 9-16.
  • Aytaç, S. (2008). Çalışma Yaşamında Kadının Kariyer Sorunu. Ankara: TUHİS.
  • Baxter, J., ve Wright, E. O. (2000). The Glass Ceiling Hypothesis: a Comparative Study of the United States, Sweden and Australia. Gender & Society, 14(2): 275-294.
  • Blum, T. C., Fields, D. L., ve Goodman, J. S. (1994). Organization Level Determinants of Women in Management. Academy of Management Journal, 37(2): 241-268.
  • Brass, D. J. (1985). Men’s and Women’s Networks: a Study of Interaction Patterns and Influence in an Organization. Academy of Management Journal, 28 (2): 327-343.
  • Cannings, K. (1988). Managerial Promotion: the Effects of Socialization, Specialization and Gender. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 42(1): 77-88.
  • Carli, L. L. (1989). Gender Differences in Interaction Style and Influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(4): 565-576.
  • Carli, L. L. (1990). Gender, Language and Influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5): 941-981.
  • Carli, L. L. (2001). Gender and Social Influence. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4): 725-741.
  • Davis-Kean, P. E. (2005). The Influence of Parent Education and Family Income on Child Achievement: the Indirect Role of Parental Expectations and the Home Environment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2): 294-304.
  • Dryler, H. (1998). Parental Role Models, Gender and Educational Choice. British Journal of Sociology, 49(3): 375-398.
  • Ergöl, Ş., Koç, G., Eroğlu, K., ve Taşkın, L. (2012). Türkiye’de Kadın Araştırma Görevlilerinin Ev ve İş Yaşamında Karşılaştıkları Güçlükler. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 2(1): 43-49.
  • Goodman, J. S., Fields D. L., ve Blum T. C. (2003). Cracks in the Glass Ceiling: in What Kinds of Organizations do Women Make it to the Top. Group & Organization Management, 28(4): 475-501.
  • Hannan M. T., ve Freeman, J. (1977). The Population Ecology of Organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82: 929-964.
  • Higgins, M. C., ve Kram, K. E. (2001). Reconceptualizing Mentoring at Work: a Developmental Network Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 264-288.
  • Holst, E., ve Busch, A. (2009). Glass Ceiling Effect and Earnings: the Gender Pay Gap in Managerial Positions in Germany. SOE Papers, June Issue: 1-34.
  • Jackson, J. F. L., ve Callaghan, E. M. (2009). What do we Know About Glass Ceiling Effects? a Taxonomy and Critical Review to Inform Higher Education Research. High Education Journal, 50: 460-482.
  • Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
  • Kelly, R. M., ve Guy, M. E. (1991). Public Managers in the States: a Comparison of Career Advancement by Sex. Public Administration Review, 51(5): 402-412.
  • Kline, P. (1994). An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. New York: Routledge.
  • Linehan, M., ve Walsh, J. S. (1999). Senior Female International Managers: Breaking the Glass Border. Women in Management Review, 14(7):261-272.
  • McGraht, R. G. (2006). Beyond Contingency: From Structure to Structuring in the Design of the Contemporary Organization. S. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. B. Lawrence, ve W. Nord (Der.) The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies Second Edition: 577-597. London: Sage.
  • Meyer, J. W., ve Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83: 340-63.
  • Morrison, A. M., ve Von Glinow, M. A. (1990). Women and Minorities in Management. American Psychologist, 45: 200-208.
  • Noe, R. A. (1988). Women and Mentoring: a Review and Research Agenda. Academy of Management Review, 13(1): 65-78.
  • Powell, G. N., ve Butterfield, D. A. (1994). Investigating the Glass Ceiling Phenomenon: an Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1): 68-86.
  • Ragins, B. R., ve Sundstrom, E. (1989). Gender and Power in Organization: a Longitudinal Perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 108(1): 51-58.
  • Ragins, B. R., ve Cotton, J.L. (1991). Easier Said Than Done: Gender Differences in Perceived Barriers to Gaining a Mentor. Academy of Management Journal, 34(4): 939-951.
  • Roberts, A. (2000). Mentoring Revisited: a Phenomenological Reading of the Literature. Mentoring & Tutoring, 8(2): 145-170.
  • Schor, S. M. (1997). Seperate and Unequal. Business Horizons, 40:51-58.
  • Scott-Jones, D., ve Wilkins, W. (1986). Sex Equity in Parenting and Parent Education. Theory Into Practice, 25(4): 235-247.
  • Singh, V., Vinnicombe, S., ve Kumra, S. (2006). Women in Formal Corporate Networks: an Organizational Citizenship Perspective. Women in Management Review, 21(6): 458-482.
  • Simonetti, J. L., Ariss, S., ve Martinez, J. (1999). Through the Top with Mentoring. Business Horizons, November-December Issue: 56-62.
  • Smith, S. (2002). Family and Work: How the Balancing Act Disadvantages Women in the Workplace . 31 Mayıs 2010. http://www.socwomen.org/socactivism/factlabor.pdf.
  • Tharenou, P., Latiner, S., ve Conroy, D. (1994). How Do You Make it to the Top? an Examination of Influences on Women’s and Men’s Managerial Advancement. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4): 899-931.
  • Van Vianen, A. E. M., ve Fischer, A. H. (2002). Illuminating the Glass Ceiling: The Role of Organizational Culture Preferences. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 75(3): 315-337.
  • Wood, W., ve Eagly, A. H. (2002). A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Behavior of Women and Men: Implications for the Origins of Sex Differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (5): 699-727.
  • Zafarullah, H. (2000). Through the Brick Wall and the Glass Ceiling: Women in the Civil Service in Bangladesh. Gender, Work & Organization, 7(3): 197-209.

Classification of Organizations’ Level Of Glass Ceiling Within The Frame of Contingencies: A Comparative Example From Education and Health Sectors

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 226 - 253, 30.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2018.03.010

Abstract

Gender inequality encountered worldwide, also visibly exists in organizations as a problem. The entire global workforce bears signs of gender discrimination. Women occupy much fewer managerial positions when compared with men. Women work in organizations in low hierarchy and less responsible jobs, and are paid lower wages. The situation of women who are not given a chance for promotion in organizations, is depicted figuratively by a transparent barrier. The barriers, which invisibly hinder women from rising in the organizational levels are mentioned as glass ceiling in the literature.

This study is an investigation into the way several chosen contingencies affect the perception of glass ceiling in women. The industry which the organization belongs, socialization provided by the family, whether the organization is in the public or private sector, women’s marital status, number of children, and the establishment date of the organization are the selected micro and macro contingencies. These contingencies show in which situations women’s perception of glass ceiling increase or decrease and thus provide a way for classification. In this research a comparative analysis of women’s perception of glass ceiling in the health and education sectors has been carried out. The above cited sectors have been chosen to make a comparison between a sector which can be traditionally accepted as women’s field and a sector which can be regarded as outside of this field. A glass ceiling questionnaire was answered by women in these sectors and the results supported the previous arguments of the literature.

References

  • Adler, N. J., ve Israeli, D. N. (1994). Where in the World are the Women’s Executives?.Business Quarterly, 59(1): 89-94.
  • Apperson, M., Schmidt H., Moore, S., Grunberg, L., ve Greenberg E. (2002). Women Managers and the Experience of Work-Family Conflict. American Journal of Undergraduate Research, 1(3): 9-16.
  • Aytaç, S. (2008). Çalışma Yaşamında Kadının Kariyer Sorunu. Ankara: TUHİS.
  • Baxter, J., ve Wright, E. O. (2000). The Glass Ceiling Hypothesis: a Comparative Study of the United States, Sweden and Australia. Gender & Society, 14(2): 275-294.
  • Blum, T. C., Fields, D. L., ve Goodman, J. S. (1994). Organization Level Determinants of Women in Management. Academy of Management Journal, 37(2): 241-268.
  • Brass, D. J. (1985). Men’s and Women’s Networks: a Study of Interaction Patterns and Influence in an Organization. Academy of Management Journal, 28 (2): 327-343.
  • Cannings, K. (1988). Managerial Promotion: the Effects of Socialization, Specialization and Gender. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 42(1): 77-88.
  • Carli, L. L. (1989). Gender Differences in Interaction Style and Influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(4): 565-576.
  • Carli, L. L. (1990). Gender, Language and Influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5): 941-981.
  • Carli, L. L. (2001). Gender and Social Influence. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4): 725-741.
  • Davis-Kean, P. E. (2005). The Influence of Parent Education and Family Income on Child Achievement: the Indirect Role of Parental Expectations and the Home Environment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2): 294-304.
  • Dryler, H. (1998). Parental Role Models, Gender and Educational Choice. British Journal of Sociology, 49(3): 375-398.
  • Ergöl, Ş., Koç, G., Eroğlu, K., ve Taşkın, L. (2012). Türkiye’de Kadın Araştırma Görevlilerinin Ev ve İş Yaşamında Karşılaştıkları Güçlükler. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 2(1): 43-49.
  • Goodman, J. S., Fields D. L., ve Blum T. C. (2003). Cracks in the Glass Ceiling: in What Kinds of Organizations do Women Make it to the Top. Group & Organization Management, 28(4): 475-501.
  • Hannan M. T., ve Freeman, J. (1977). The Population Ecology of Organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82: 929-964.
  • Higgins, M. C., ve Kram, K. E. (2001). Reconceptualizing Mentoring at Work: a Developmental Network Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 264-288.
  • Holst, E., ve Busch, A. (2009). Glass Ceiling Effect and Earnings: the Gender Pay Gap in Managerial Positions in Germany. SOE Papers, June Issue: 1-34.
  • Jackson, J. F. L., ve Callaghan, E. M. (2009). What do we Know About Glass Ceiling Effects? a Taxonomy and Critical Review to Inform Higher Education Research. High Education Journal, 50: 460-482.
  • Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
  • Kelly, R. M., ve Guy, M. E. (1991). Public Managers in the States: a Comparison of Career Advancement by Sex. Public Administration Review, 51(5): 402-412.
  • Kline, P. (1994). An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. New York: Routledge.
  • Linehan, M., ve Walsh, J. S. (1999). Senior Female International Managers: Breaking the Glass Border. Women in Management Review, 14(7):261-272.
  • McGraht, R. G. (2006). Beyond Contingency: From Structure to Structuring in the Design of the Contemporary Organization. S. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. B. Lawrence, ve W. Nord (Der.) The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies Second Edition: 577-597. London: Sage.
  • Meyer, J. W., ve Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83: 340-63.
  • Morrison, A. M., ve Von Glinow, M. A. (1990). Women and Minorities in Management. American Psychologist, 45: 200-208.
  • Noe, R. A. (1988). Women and Mentoring: a Review and Research Agenda. Academy of Management Review, 13(1): 65-78.
  • Powell, G. N., ve Butterfield, D. A. (1994). Investigating the Glass Ceiling Phenomenon: an Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1): 68-86.
  • Ragins, B. R., ve Sundstrom, E. (1989). Gender and Power in Organization: a Longitudinal Perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 108(1): 51-58.
  • Ragins, B. R., ve Cotton, J.L. (1991). Easier Said Than Done: Gender Differences in Perceived Barriers to Gaining a Mentor. Academy of Management Journal, 34(4): 939-951.
  • Roberts, A. (2000). Mentoring Revisited: a Phenomenological Reading of the Literature. Mentoring & Tutoring, 8(2): 145-170.
  • Schor, S. M. (1997). Seperate and Unequal. Business Horizons, 40:51-58.
  • Scott-Jones, D., ve Wilkins, W. (1986). Sex Equity in Parenting and Parent Education. Theory Into Practice, 25(4): 235-247.
  • Singh, V., Vinnicombe, S., ve Kumra, S. (2006). Women in Formal Corporate Networks: an Organizational Citizenship Perspective. Women in Management Review, 21(6): 458-482.
  • Simonetti, J. L., Ariss, S., ve Martinez, J. (1999). Through the Top with Mentoring. Business Horizons, November-December Issue: 56-62.
  • Smith, S. (2002). Family and Work: How the Balancing Act Disadvantages Women in the Workplace . 31 Mayıs 2010. http://www.socwomen.org/socactivism/factlabor.pdf.
  • Tharenou, P., Latiner, S., ve Conroy, D. (1994). How Do You Make it to the Top? an Examination of Influences on Women’s and Men’s Managerial Advancement. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4): 899-931.
  • Van Vianen, A. E. M., ve Fischer, A. H. (2002). Illuminating the Glass Ceiling: The Role of Organizational Culture Preferences. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 75(3): 315-337.
  • Wood, W., ve Eagly, A. H. (2002). A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Behavior of Women and Men: Implications for the Origins of Sex Differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (5): 699-727.
  • Zafarullah, H. (2000). Through the Brick Wall and the Glass Ceiling: Women in the Civil Service in Bangladesh. Gender, Work & Organization, 7(3): 197-209.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Numan Aksoy 0000-0001-7698-4753

Publication Date September 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Aksoy, N. (2018). Classification of Organizations’ Level Of Glass Ceiling Within The Frame of Contingencies: A Comparative Example From Education and Health Sectors. Fiscaoeconomia, 2(3), 226-253. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2018.03.010

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