Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Çin Yumuşak Gücü ve Sağlık Diplomasisi: Covid19 Pandemisi Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 1330 - 1349, 14.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1120748

Abstract

Çin devleti 21’inci yüzyıl ile birlikte dünyada küresel düzeyde yatırım projeleri üreten bir ülke seviyesine gelmiştir. Küresel projelerin başarılı olması için proje paydaşlarının projeye ve sürece ikna olması oldukça önemlidir. Uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründe projenin başat aktörüne duyulan cazibe yumuşak güç kavramıyla açıklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Çin’in yumuşak gücü, literatürde üzerinde durulan konulardan biridir. Yumuşak gücün araçları oldukça çeşitlidir. Sağlık diplomasisi bunlardan sadece biridir. Çalışmada Çin’in sağlık diplomasisini kullanarak kendi yumuşak gücüne yaptığı katkılar irdelenmiştir. Covid19 pandemisi Çin devletine sağlık diplomasisini sergilemek, diğer devletlere karşı sorumluluğunu göstermek ve yumuşak gücünü artırmak adına fırsatlar sunmuştur. Bu nedenle çalışmada özellikle pandemi sürecinde Çin’in faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda Çin’in pandemi döneminde diğer devletlere en çok yardım eden ülke olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Faaliyetlerin Çin’in yumuşak gücüne katkısı ise diğer devletlerin Çin sağlık diplomasisine bakış açısıyla anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Diğer ülke siyasilerinin Çin sağlık diplomasisine dair söylemlerinin araştırıldığı çalışmada Çin yumuşak gücünün Covid19 döneminde arttığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Thanks

Teşekkürler.

References

  • Albert, E. (2021). China’s Ambitious COVID-19 Vaccine Targets. The Diplomat. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-ambitious-covid-19-vaccine-targets/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Aykaş, C. (2020). Barışçıl Yükseliş Sürdürülebilir mi? DSJOURNAL, Çin’in Barışçıl Yükselişi Dosyası, 11-19.
  • Aysan, M. F. ve Paluluoğlu, M. F. (2020). Sağlık Diplomasisi. A. R. Usul ve İ. Yaylacı (Ed.) Dönüşen Diplomasi ve Türkiye: Aktörler, Alanlar, Araçlar. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları (259-287).
  • Bone, R. M. ve Cinotto, F. (2020). China’s Multifaceted COVID-19 Diplomacy Across Africa. The Diplomat. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/chinas-multifaceted-covid-19-diplomacy-across-africa/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Cabestan, J.-P. (2020). China’s Battle with Coronavirus: Possible Geopolitical Gains and Real Challenges. Al Jazeera Center for Studies. 5 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/china%E2%80%99s-battle-coronavirus-possible-geopolitical-gains-and-real-challenges adresinden erişildi.
  • Chaisse J. ve Matsushita M. (2018). China’s ‘belt and road’ initiative: Mapping the world trade normative and strategic implications. Journal of World Trade, 52(1),163-186.
  • Chaziza, M. (2021). Chinese Health Diplomacy and the Maghreb in the COVID-19 Era. Middle East Institute. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinese-health-diplomacy-and-maghreb-covid-19-era adresinden erişildi.
  • Chen, W.A. (2021). COVID-19 and China’s Changing Soft Power in Italy. Chinese Political Science Review, July, 1-21.
  • Chen, A. ve Molter, V. (2020). Mask Diplomacy: Chinese Narratives in the COVID Era. Stanford. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/covid-mask-diplomacy adresinden erişildi.
  • Chen, Y. (2021). COVID-19 sonrası Dünyada “Sağlık İpek Yolu”ndan “İnsan Sağlığı için Ortak Gelecek Toplumu”na. BRIQ, 2(2), 70-84.
  • China’s Mask Diplomacy: Less Than Meets The Eye. (2020).Economist Intelligence. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1959348379&Country=China&topic=Politics adresinden erişildi.
  • Cox, R. W. (1993). Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method. S. Gill (Ed.) Gramsci,Historical Materialism and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (49-68).
  • Dynon, N. (2014). China and Nation Branding. The Diplomat. 29 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/china-and-nation-branding/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Elsayed, Omkolthoum (2020). Health Diplomacy As A Soft Power: What COVID-19 Has Taught Us?. Asewiye Afak, 6(4), 11-20. Doi:10.21608/sis.2020.184437.
  • Eren A.A. ve Şimşek O. (2021). Yeni Sanayi Politikaları: Çin Örneği. A. Konukman, O. Şimşek (Eds.) Dünya Ekonomisini Anlamak. Ankara: Siyasal (177-200).
  • Erman, K. (2016). Sessiz ve Etkili: Küba’nın Tıp Diplomasisi. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 12(48), 77-94.
  • Fuchs, A., Kaplan, L., Kis-Katos, K., Schmidt, S. S., Turbanisch, F. ve Wang, F. (2020). China’s Mask Diplomacy: Political and Business Ties Facilitate Access to Critical Medical Goods during The Coronavirus Pandemic. VoxEU. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://voxeu.org/article/china-s-mask-diplomacy adresinden erişildi.
  • Fulton, J. (2020). China’s Soft Power During The Coronavirus Is Winning Over The Gulf States. Atlantic Council. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/chinas-soft-power-during-the-coronavirus-is-winning-over-the-gulf-states/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Gauttam, P., Singh, B. ve Kaur, J. (2020). COVID-19 and Chinese Global Health Diplomacy: Geopolitical Opportunity for China’s Hegemony? Millennial Asia, 11(3), 318-340.
  • Gökten, K. (2011). Çin’in Barışçıl Yükselişi’ne Muhafazakar-Realist “Çözümler”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 11(21), 110-129.
  • Gökten, K. ve Gökten Y. S. (2021). COVID‐19 Gölgesinde Çin ve Küresel Değer Zincirleri. A. Konukman, O. Şimşek (Eds.) Dünya Ekonomisini Anlamak. Ankara: Siyasal (281-299).
  • He, L., Wang, R. ve Jiang, M. (2020). Evaluating The Effectiveness of China’s Nation Branding with Data from Social Media. Global Media and China, 5(1), 3-21.
  • Huang, Y. (2010). Pursuing Health as Foreign Policy: The Case of China. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 17(1), 105-146.
  • Jianhua, G. (2020). Çin’in Yeni Koronavirüs Zattüresine Karşı Savaşı: Mücadele, Sonuçlar ve Yansımaları. BRIQ, 1(2), 90-102.
  • Jing, C. (2020). Is China’s pandemic diplomacy working? ThinkChina. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde http://www.thinkchina.sg/chinas-pandemic-diplomacy-working adresinden erişildi.
  • Jing, X., Peilong, L. ve Yan, G. (2011). Health Diplomacy in China. Global Health Governance, 4(2), 1-12.
  • Kadetz, P. (2013). Unpacking Sino-African Health Diplomacy: Problematizing a Hegemonic Construction. St Antony’s International Review, 8(2), 149-172.
  • Karamurtlu, B. (2020). Kuşak Yol Projesi Bağlamında Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Küresel Hegemonya Girişimi. Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 54-81.
  • Kobierecka, A. ve Kobierecki, M. M. (2021). Coronavirus Diplomacy: Chinese Medical Assistance and Its Diplomatic Implications. International Politics, 58(6), 937-954.
  • Kurecic, P. ve Haluga,V. (2021). Health Diplomacy as a Soft Power Tool of the PR China During the Covid 19 Pandemic. 68th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development Book of Proceedings. Aveiro, 24-25 May, 237-243.
  • Leng, A. (2020). China’s Pandemic Success and Vaccine Diplomacy Are No Guarantee of a Better Indo-Pacific Reputation. Lowy Institute. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/china-s-pandemic-success-and-vaccine-diplomacy-are-no-guarantee-better-indo-pacific adresinden erişildi.
  • Lew, J. J. ve Roughead, G. (2021). How the U.S. Should Respond to China’s Belt and Road. Independent Task Force Report No. 79, Washington, DC: The Council on Foreign Relations.
  • McDade K. K., Kleidermacher P., Mao W. ve Yamey G. (2021). Estimating Chinese foreign health aid: an analysis of AidData’s Global Chinese Official Finance dataset. Duke Global Working Paper 39.
  • Mol, R., Singh, B., Chattu, V., Kaur, J. ve Singh, B. (2021). India’s Health Diplomacy as a Soft Power Tool towards Africa: Humanitarian and Geopolitical Analysis. Journal of Asian and African Studies, First Online, 1-17.
  • Nugent, C. ve Campell, C. (2021). The U.S. and China Are Battling for Influence in Latin America, and the Pandemic Has Raised the Stakes. Time. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://time.com/5936037/us-china-latin-america-influence/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Nye, J. S. (2005). On the Rise and Fall of American Soft Power. New Perspective Quarterly, 22(3), 75-77.
  • Nye, J. S. (2009). Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power. Foreign Affairs, 88(4), 160-163.
  • Nye, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak Güç. Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • Qingguo, J. (2020). China’s Diplomatic Response to COVID-19. East Asia Forum. 5 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/05/17/chinas-diplomatic-response-to-covid-19/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Raymakers, A., Humphery-Smith, E. ve Montana, A. (2021). China’s Vaccine Diplomacy in Africa Unlikely to Be a Geopolitical Game Changer. Verisk Maplecroft. 18 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.maplecroft.com/insights/analysis/chinas-vaccine-diplomacy-in-africa-unlikely-to-be-a-geopolitical-game-changer/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Rodrigues de Andrade, F. M., Barreto, T. B., Herrera-Feligreras, A., Ugolini, A. ve Lu, Y.-T. (2021). Twitter in Brazil: Discourses on China in times of Coronavirus. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 1-12.
  • Roy, D. (2020). China’s Pandemic Diplomacy. Honolulu: East-West Center, Asia Pacific Issues(144), 1-8.
  • Rudolf, M. (2021). China’s Health Diplomacy during Covid‑19. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/chinas-health-diplomacy-during-covid-19 adresinden erişildi.
  • Schechter, P. (2020). China’s Coronavirus Diplomacy in Latin America—And Its Limits. BRINK – Conversations and Insights on Global Business. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.brinknews.com/chinas-coronavirus-diplomacy-in-latin-america-and-its-limits-nearshoring-supply-chains/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Tiezzi, S. (2020). China Continues Its COVID-19 Diplomacy in the Pacific. The Diplomat. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/china-continues-its-covid-19-diplomacy-in-the-pacific/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Tiezzi, S. (2021). China’s Africa Diplomacy Starts 2021 on a High Note. The Diplomat. 15 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-africa-diplomacy-starts-2021-on-a-high-note/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Vannarith, C. (2021). Fighting COVID-19: China’s Soft Power Opportunities in Mainland Southeast Asia. ISEAS Perspective, 66, 1-10.
  • Vuksanovic, V. (2020). China and “Mask Diplomacy” in the Balkans. Italian Institute for International Political Studies. Text. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/china-and-mask-diplomacy-balkans-25898 adresinden erişildi.
  • Vuksanovic, V. (2021). Chinese Vaccine Diplomacy Comes to Serbia. CEPA. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://cepa.org/chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-comes-to-serbia/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Wang, Y. ve Liu, P. (2019). China’s foreign health aid: history, challenges, perspectives, and policy recommendations. China International Strategy Review, 1, 153–167.
  • Yağcı, M. (2018). Rethinking Soft Power in Light of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 15(57), 67-78.
  • Yi, W. (2021). Rise to the Challenges, Serve the Nation and Embark on a New Journey for Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics. Foreign Affairs of The People’s Republic of China. 22 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/202101/t20210116_468840.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Zhao L. ve Wang B. (2022). China’s public health diplomacy in the post Covid-19 era. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14765284.2022.2056380.
  • Zou, K. (2012). Building a “Harmonious World”: A Mission Impossible? The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 30(2), 74-99.

Chinese Soft Power and Health Diplomacy: The Case of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 1330 - 1349, 14.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1120748

Abstract

With the 21st century, the Chinese state has reached the level of a country that develops global investment projects in the world. In order for global projects to be successful, it is very important that the project stakeholders are convinced of the project. In international relations, the attraction to the main actor of the project is explained by the concept of soft power. In this context, China's soft power is one of the issues emphasized in the literature. The tools of soft power are quite diverse. Health diplomacy is just one of them. In the study, China's contributions to its own soft power by using health diplomacy were examined. The Covid-19 pandemic has provided opportunities for the Chinese state to demonstrate its health diplomacy, show its responsibility towards other states, and increase its soft power. For this reason, the activities of China, especially during the global epidemic, were examined in this study. As a result of the examination, it was determined that China was the country that helped other states the most during the pandemic period. The contribution of the activities to China's soft power has been tried to understand how other states perceive Chinese health diplomacy. In the study, which investigated the discourses of other countries' politicians on Chinese health diplomacy, it was concluded that Chinese soft power increased during the Covid-19 period.

References

  • Albert, E. (2021). China’s Ambitious COVID-19 Vaccine Targets. The Diplomat. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-ambitious-covid-19-vaccine-targets/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Aykaş, C. (2020). Barışçıl Yükseliş Sürdürülebilir mi? DSJOURNAL, Çin’in Barışçıl Yükselişi Dosyası, 11-19.
  • Aysan, M. F. ve Paluluoğlu, M. F. (2020). Sağlık Diplomasisi. A. R. Usul ve İ. Yaylacı (Ed.) Dönüşen Diplomasi ve Türkiye: Aktörler, Alanlar, Araçlar. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları (259-287).
  • Bone, R. M. ve Cinotto, F. (2020). China’s Multifaceted COVID-19 Diplomacy Across Africa. The Diplomat. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/chinas-multifaceted-covid-19-diplomacy-across-africa/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Cabestan, J.-P. (2020). China’s Battle with Coronavirus: Possible Geopolitical Gains and Real Challenges. Al Jazeera Center for Studies. 5 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/china%E2%80%99s-battle-coronavirus-possible-geopolitical-gains-and-real-challenges adresinden erişildi.
  • Chaisse J. ve Matsushita M. (2018). China’s ‘belt and road’ initiative: Mapping the world trade normative and strategic implications. Journal of World Trade, 52(1),163-186.
  • Chaziza, M. (2021). Chinese Health Diplomacy and the Maghreb in the COVID-19 Era. Middle East Institute. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinese-health-diplomacy-and-maghreb-covid-19-era adresinden erişildi.
  • Chen, W.A. (2021). COVID-19 and China’s Changing Soft Power in Italy. Chinese Political Science Review, July, 1-21.
  • Chen, A. ve Molter, V. (2020). Mask Diplomacy: Chinese Narratives in the COVID Era. Stanford. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/covid-mask-diplomacy adresinden erişildi.
  • Chen, Y. (2021). COVID-19 sonrası Dünyada “Sağlık İpek Yolu”ndan “İnsan Sağlığı için Ortak Gelecek Toplumu”na. BRIQ, 2(2), 70-84.
  • China’s Mask Diplomacy: Less Than Meets The Eye. (2020).Economist Intelligence. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1959348379&Country=China&topic=Politics adresinden erişildi.
  • Cox, R. W. (1993). Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method. S. Gill (Ed.) Gramsci,Historical Materialism and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (49-68).
  • Dynon, N. (2014). China and Nation Branding. The Diplomat. 29 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/china-and-nation-branding/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Elsayed, Omkolthoum (2020). Health Diplomacy As A Soft Power: What COVID-19 Has Taught Us?. Asewiye Afak, 6(4), 11-20. Doi:10.21608/sis.2020.184437.
  • Eren A.A. ve Şimşek O. (2021). Yeni Sanayi Politikaları: Çin Örneği. A. Konukman, O. Şimşek (Eds.) Dünya Ekonomisini Anlamak. Ankara: Siyasal (177-200).
  • Erman, K. (2016). Sessiz ve Etkili: Küba’nın Tıp Diplomasisi. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 12(48), 77-94.
  • Fuchs, A., Kaplan, L., Kis-Katos, K., Schmidt, S. S., Turbanisch, F. ve Wang, F. (2020). China’s Mask Diplomacy: Political and Business Ties Facilitate Access to Critical Medical Goods during The Coronavirus Pandemic. VoxEU. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://voxeu.org/article/china-s-mask-diplomacy adresinden erişildi.
  • Fulton, J. (2020). China’s Soft Power During The Coronavirus Is Winning Over The Gulf States. Atlantic Council. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/chinas-soft-power-during-the-coronavirus-is-winning-over-the-gulf-states/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Gauttam, P., Singh, B. ve Kaur, J. (2020). COVID-19 and Chinese Global Health Diplomacy: Geopolitical Opportunity for China’s Hegemony? Millennial Asia, 11(3), 318-340.
  • Gökten, K. (2011). Çin’in Barışçıl Yükselişi’ne Muhafazakar-Realist “Çözümler”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 11(21), 110-129.
  • Gökten, K. ve Gökten Y. S. (2021). COVID‐19 Gölgesinde Çin ve Küresel Değer Zincirleri. A. Konukman, O. Şimşek (Eds.) Dünya Ekonomisini Anlamak. Ankara: Siyasal (281-299).
  • He, L., Wang, R. ve Jiang, M. (2020). Evaluating The Effectiveness of China’s Nation Branding with Data from Social Media. Global Media and China, 5(1), 3-21.
  • Huang, Y. (2010). Pursuing Health as Foreign Policy: The Case of China. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 17(1), 105-146.
  • Jianhua, G. (2020). Çin’in Yeni Koronavirüs Zattüresine Karşı Savaşı: Mücadele, Sonuçlar ve Yansımaları. BRIQ, 1(2), 90-102.
  • Jing, C. (2020). Is China’s pandemic diplomacy working? ThinkChina. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde http://www.thinkchina.sg/chinas-pandemic-diplomacy-working adresinden erişildi.
  • Jing, X., Peilong, L. ve Yan, G. (2011). Health Diplomacy in China. Global Health Governance, 4(2), 1-12.
  • Kadetz, P. (2013). Unpacking Sino-African Health Diplomacy: Problematizing a Hegemonic Construction. St Antony’s International Review, 8(2), 149-172.
  • Karamurtlu, B. (2020). Kuşak Yol Projesi Bağlamında Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Küresel Hegemonya Girişimi. Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 54-81.
  • Kobierecka, A. ve Kobierecki, M. M. (2021). Coronavirus Diplomacy: Chinese Medical Assistance and Its Diplomatic Implications. International Politics, 58(6), 937-954.
  • Kurecic, P. ve Haluga,V. (2021). Health Diplomacy as a Soft Power Tool of the PR China During the Covid 19 Pandemic. 68th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development Book of Proceedings. Aveiro, 24-25 May, 237-243.
  • Leng, A. (2020). China’s Pandemic Success and Vaccine Diplomacy Are No Guarantee of a Better Indo-Pacific Reputation. Lowy Institute. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/china-s-pandemic-success-and-vaccine-diplomacy-are-no-guarantee-better-indo-pacific adresinden erişildi.
  • Lew, J. J. ve Roughead, G. (2021). How the U.S. Should Respond to China’s Belt and Road. Independent Task Force Report No. 79, Washington, DC: The Council on Foreign Relations.
  • McDade K. K., Kleidermacher P., Mao W. ve Yamey G. (2021). Estimating Chinese foreign health aid: an analysis of AidData’s Global Chinese Official Finance dataset. Duke Global Working Paper 39.
  • Mol, R., Singh, B., Chattu, V., Kaur, J. ve Singh, B. (2021). India’s Health Diplomacy as a Soft Power Tool towards Africa: Humanitarian and Geopolitical Analysis. Journal of Asian and African Studies, First Online, 1-17.
  • Nugent, C. ve Campell, C. (2021). The U.S. and China Are Battling for Influence in Latin America, and the Pandemic Has Raised the Stakes. Time. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://time.com/5936037/us-china-latin-america-influence/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Nye, J. S. (2005). On the Rise and Fall of American Soft Power. New Perspective Quarterly, 22(3), 75-77.
  • Nye, J. S. (2009). Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power. Foreign Affairs, 88(4), 160-163.
  • Nye, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak Güç. Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • Qingguo, J. (2020). China’s Diplomatic Response to COVID-19. East Asia Forum. 5 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/05/17/chinas-diplomatic-response-to-covid-19/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Raymakers, A., Humphery-Smith, E. ve Montana, A. (2021). China’s Vaccine Diplomacy in Africa Unlikely to Be a Geopolitical Game Changer. Verisk Maplecroft. 18 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.maplecroft.com/insights/analysis/chinas-vaccine-diplomacy-in-africa-unlikely-to-be-a-geopolitical-game-changer/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Rodrigues de Andrade, F. M., Barreto, T. B., Herrera-Feligreras, A., Ugolini, A. ve Lu, Y.-T. (2021). Twitter in Brazil: Discourses on China in times of Coronavirus. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 1-12.
  • Roy, D. (2020). China’s Pandemic Diplomacy. Honolulu: East-West Center, Asia Pacific Issues(144), 1-8.
  • Rudolf, M. (2021). China’s Health Diplomacy during Covid‑19. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/chinas-health-diplomacy-during-covid-19 adresinden erişildi.
  • Schechter, P. (2020). China’s Coronavirus Diplomacy in Latin America—And Its Limits. BRINK – Conversations and Insights on Global Business. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.brinknews.com/chinas-coronavirus-diplomacy-in-latin-america-and-its-limits-nearshoring-supply-chains/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Tiezzi, S. (2020). China Continues Its COVID-19 Diplomacy in the Pacific. The Diplomat. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/china-continues-its-covid-19-diplomacy-in-the-pacific/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Tiezzi, S. (2021). China’s Africa Diplomacy Starts 2021 on a High Note. The Diplomat. 15 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-africa-diplomacy-starts-2021-on-a-high-note/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Vannarith, C. (2021). Fighting COVID-19: China’s Soft Power Opportunities in Mainland Southeast Asia. ISEAS Perspective, 66, 1-10.
  • Vuksanovic, V. (2020). China and “Mask Diplomacy” in the Balkans. Italian Institute for International Political Studies. Text. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/china-and-mask-diplomacy-balkans-25898 adresinden erişildi.
  • Vuksanovic, V. (2021). Chinese Vaccine Diplomacy Comes to Serbia. CEPA. 4 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://cepa.org/chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-comes-to-serbia/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Wang, Y. ve Liu, P. (2019). China’s foreign health aid: history, challenges, perspectives, and policy recommendations. China International Strategy Review, 1, 153–167.
  • Yağcı, M. (2018). Rethinking Soft Power in Light of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 15(57), 67-78.
  • Yi, W. (2021). Rise to the Challenges, Serve the Nation and Embark on a New Journey for Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics. Foreign Affairs of The People’s Republic of China. 22 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/202101/t20210116_468840.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Zhao L. ve Wang B. (2022). China’s public health diplomacy in the post Covid-19 era. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14765284.2022.2056380.
  • Zou, K. (2012). Building a “Harmonious World”: A Mission Impossible? The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 30(2), 74-99.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emin Salihi 0000-0003-0074-0407

Kerem Gökten 0000-0002-1876-2412

Publication Date September 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Salihi, E., & Gökten, K. (2022). Çin Yumuşak Gücü ve Sağlık Diplomasisi: Covid19 Pandemisi Örneği. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1330-1349. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1120748

Creative Commons Lisansı
 Fiscaoeconomia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.