AVRUPA’DA BÜYÜK TURLARIN TURİZM TARİHİNDEKİ YERİ

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 97 - 106, 25.03.2025

Muhammet Nimet Çavuş

https://doi.org/10.32958/gastoria.1635874

Abstract

Bu makalenin temel amacı, Büyük Turun turizm tarihindeki yerini literatüre dayalı olarak ele almaktır. Çalışmada Büyük Turların doğuşu, rotaları, amaçları, sosyal ve kültürel katkıları ve turizm tarihindeki yeri incelenmiştir. Araştırmada literatür taraması yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Orta Çağ’da seyahat, hac yolculuğuna çıkan insan sayısına bağlı olarak artarken, Romantik dönemde seyahat, duygu ve bireyselliğe yapılan vurgu ve geçmişin ve doğanın yüceltilmesiyle Büyük Tur’un ve modern turist kavramının gelişmesine yol açmıştır. Literatür taraması, Büyük Tur döneminde seyahatin bilgi edinme, bilim izinden gitme ve kişisel gelişim için bir fırsat olduğu ortaya koymuştur. Literatür taraması sonucunda sanat eserleri ve kültürel anıtlar gibi ilgi çekici yerler, Büyük Turun ana motivasyonları arasında olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca literatür taraması sonucunda Büyük Tur, yabancıların sergilediği sosyal ve kültürel farklılıkları anlamanın bir yolu olarak görülmeye başlandığında, kadınların bunda yalnızca önemli bir rol oynamakla kalmadığı, aynı zamanda seyahat yazılarında erkekler kadar üretken hale geldikleri ortaya konmuştur.

Keywords

Büyük Tur, turizm, tarih, Avrupa

THE PLACE OF GRAND TOURS IN THE HISTORY OF TOURISM IN EUROPE

Abstract

The main purpose of this article is to examine the place of the Grand Tour in tourism history based on the literature. The study examines the birth, routes, objectives, social and cultural contributions of Grand Tours and their place in tourism history. Literature review method was used in the research. While in the Middle Ages, travel increased due to the number of people going on pilgrimage, in the Romantic period, travel led to the development of the Grand Tour and the modern tourist concept with the emphasis on emotion and individuality and the glorification of the past and nature. The literature review revealed that travel during the Grand Tour period was an opportunity to gain knowledge, to follow in the footsteps of science and for personal development. As a result of the literature review, places of interest such as works of art and cultural monuments were among the main motivations for the Grand Tour. The literature review also revealed that when the Grand Tour began to be seen as a way of understanding the social and cultural differences exhibited by foreigners, women not only played an important role in this, but also became as prolific as men in travel writing.

Keywords

Grand Tour, tourism, history, Europe

References

• Alison, A. ve Tytler, P. F. (1815). Travel in France: during the years 1814-1815. Edinburgh: Roject Gutenberg.
• Ansell, R. (2017). Foubert’s Academy: British and Irish elite formation in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century Paris and London. R. Sweet, G. Verhoeven ve S. Goldsmith (Eds.), Beyond the grand tour: Northern metropolises and early modern travel behaviour içinde (46-64). London: Routledge.
• Babeau, A. (1928). Les Voyageurs en France: depuis la Renaissance jusqu’à la Révolution. Paris: Tours Maison Alfred Mame Et Fils.
• Berghoff, H. ve Korte, B. (2002). Britain and the making of modern tourism an ınterdisciplinary. H. Berghoff, B. Korte, R. Schneider ve C. Harvie (Eds.), The making of modern tourism: the cultural history of the British experience 1600-2000 içinde (1-20). New York: Palgrave Publishers.
• Black, J. (2011). The British and the grand tour. London: Croom Helm.
• Burdon, G. (1960). Sir Thomas Isham: An English collector in Rome in 1677 - 78. Italian Studies 15,1-25.
• Burkart, A. J. ve Medlik, S. (1974) Tourism: Past, Present and Future. London: Heinemann.
• Burke, J. (1968) The grand tour and the rule of taste. R. F. Brissenden, (ed.), Studies in the eighteenth century, içinde (231-250). Canberra: Australian National University.
• Butler R. (2006). Volatile demand for tourism? – We can only market efficiently to what we know, rather than to what we imagine. P. Keller, T. Bieger (eds.), Marketing efficiency in tourism içinde (13-22), Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
• Calliope (2023). The Grand Tour: Artistic and intellectual diffusion. https://www.proantic.com/antiques-art-design-magazine/the-grand-tour-souvenirs-artistic-and-intellectual-diffusion/#:~:text=Cultural%20Significance%20of%20the%20Grand%20Tour&text=The%20Grand%20Tour%20helped%20to,of%20European%20art%20and%20architecture.
• Ceserani, G., Caviglia, G., Coleman, N., De Armond, T., Murray, S. ve Taylor-Poleskey, M. (2017). British travelers in eighteenth-century Italy: The grand tour and the profession of architecture. The American Historical Review, 122(2), 425–450. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26576711
• Chard, C. (2002). From the sublime to the ridiculous: The anxieties of sightseeing. H. Berghoff, B. Korte, R. Schneider ve C. Harvie (eds.). The making of modern tourism: the cultural history of the British experience 1600-2000 içinde (47-68), New York: Palgrave Publishers.
• Colletta, L (2015). Ripley’s tour: The grand tour as confidence trick in the talented Mr. Ripley. Colletta, L. (eds.). The Legacy of the Grand Tour New Essays on Travel, Literature, and Culture, içinde (155-168), Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
• Duché, E. (2017). Revolutionary ruins: The reimagination of French touristic sites during the Peace of Amiens. R. Sweet, G. Verhoeven ve S. Goldsmith (eds.), Beyond the grand tour: Northern metropolises and early modern travel behaviour içinde (203-221). London: Routledge.
• Falx, M. S. (2022). A grand tour of the Roman Empire. London: Profile Books Ltd.
• Ford, B. (1981). The grand tour. Apollo 114, 390-400.
• Gleadhill, E. (2018). Improving upon birth, marriage and divorce: the cultural capital of three late eighteenth-century female Grand Tourists. Journal of Tourism History, 10 (1), 21-36.
• Goldsmith, S. (2017). The social challenge: Northern and central European socities on the eighteenth-century aristocratic Grand Tour. R. Sweet, G. Verhoeven ve S. Goldsmith (eds.), Beyond the grand tour: Northern metropolises and early modern travel behaviour içinde (65-82), London: Routledge, London.
• Hale, J. R. (1954). England and the Italian Renaissance. The growth of ınterest in its history and art. London: Faber and Faber.
• Hornsby, C. (2015). Ellis Cornelia Knight as artist, writer, and traveler in late eighteenth-century Italy. L. Colletta (ed.), The legacy of the grand tour new essays on travel, literature, and culture içinde (21-36), Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
• Houghton, W. E. (1942). The English virtuoso in the seventeenth century. Journal of the History of Ideas 3, 51-73, 190-219.
• Leibetseder, M. (2017). Between specialisation and encyclopaedic knowledge: Educational travelling and court culture in early eighteenth-century Germany. R. Sweet, G. Verhoeven ve S. Goldsmith (eds.), Beyond the grand your: Northern metropolises and early modern travel behaviour içinde (108-124), London: Routledge, London.
• Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 6 (4), 390-407.
• Lassels, R. (1670). The voyage of Italy. Paris.
• Maitte, C. (2017). The European ‘Grand Tour’ of Italian entrepreneurs. R. Sweet, G. Verhoeven ve S. Goldsmith (eds.), Beyond the grand tour: Northern metropolises and early modern travel behaviour içinde (161-182), London: Routledge.
• Malins, E. (1966). English landscaping and literature 1660- 1840. Oxford: University Press.
• Manai, A. (2018). The origins of Tunisian tourism. Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 27 (1), 49-61.
• Manwaring, E. (1925). Italian landscape in eighteenth century England. London: Oxford University Press.
• Marino, E. (2015). Three British women travelers in Egypt: Sophia Lane Poole, Lucie Duff Gordon, and Emmeline Lott. L. Colletta (ed.), The legacy of the grand tour new essays on travel, literature, and culture içinde (51-70), Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
• Michael, G. ve Brennan (2004). (ed.), The origins of the grand tour, the travels of Robert Montagu, Lord Mandeville, 1649–1654, William Hammond, 1655–1658, Banaster Maynard, 1660–1663. London.
• Monterrubio, C. (2019). Exploring nudist festival attendance at a Mexican beach: a tourist motivation approach. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(5), 583-594, doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1604295.
• Niezgoda, A. (2019). A Comparison of Motivations behind Tourism Trips to Italy – Travellers of the Grand Tour Era vs. Modern Tourists. Studia Periegetica nr 4(28), 43-55. 10.26349/st.per.0028.03
• Pauncefort, E. (2017). The Duc de Rohan’s voiage of 1600: Gallocentric travel to England in the formation of a French noble. R. Sweet, G. Verhoeven ve S. Goldsmith (eds.), Beyond the grand tour: Northern metropolises and early modern travel behaviour içinde (27-45), London: Routledge.
• Pearce, P. L. (1982). The social psychology of tourist behaviour. Oxford: Pergamon.
• Phillips, R. (1805). Correspondence between Frances, Countess of Hartford, and Henrietta Louisa, Countess of Pomfret between years 1738 and 1741. I. Gold, London.
• Quadflieg, H. (2002). Approved civilities and the fruits of peregrination elizabethan and jacobean travellers. H. Berghoff, B. Korte, R. Schneider ve C. Harvie (eds.). The making of modern tourism: the cultural history of the British experience, 1600-2000 içinde (21-46), New York: Palgrave Publishers.
• Robinson, H. (1976). A geography of Tourism. London: MacDonald and Evans. Seeler, S. (2020). The evolution of the Grand Tour in the digital society. U. Yeoman ve U. McMahon-Beattie (eds.), The future past of tourism. içinde (174-187), Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Channel View Publications.
• Simmonds, J. (2017). History of the grand tour. https://educated-traveller.com/2017/11/23/history-of-the-grand-tour/
• Sonntag U. (2006). Volatile tourism consumer = Stable tourism market? – Market research results on the demand side of the German holiday market. P. Keller, T. Bieger (eds.), Marketing efficiency in tourism içinde (23-34), Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
• Sutton, D. (1982). Souvenirs of the grand tour. London: Wildenstein.
• Spadafora, C. (2015). Tourists into teachers: The rise of the British Cicerone. British travel and collecting, c. 1597-1720. University of Illinois at Chicago. Thesis. https://hdl.handle.net/10027/19470
• Strien-Chardonneau, M. V. (2017). Amsterdam as global market and meeting place of nations: Perspectives of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French travellers in Holland. R. Sweet, G. Verhoeven ve S. Goldsmith (eds.), Beyond the grand tour: Northern metropolises and early modern travel behaviour içinde (147-160), London: Routledge.
• Sweet, R. (2012). Cities and the Grand Tour: The British in Italy, c. 1690–1820. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Sweet, R., Verhoeven, G. ve Goldsmith, S. (2017) (eds). Introduction. Beyond the Grand Tour: Northern Metropolises and Early Modern Travel Behaviour. London: Routledge.
• Thompson, A. (2015). George Eliot on and off the beaten track: “Recollections” of Germany and Italy. L. Colletta (ed.). The legacy of the grand tour new essays on travel, literature, and culture içinde (71-92), Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
• Tosi, A. (2020). Language and the grand tour: linguistic experiences of travelling in early modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Towner, J. (1984). The European grand tour, circa 1550- 1840: A study of its role in the history of tourism. University of Birmingham doctoral dissertation.
• Towner, J. (1985). The grand tour: a key phase in the history of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 12, 297-333.
• Turner, L. ve J. Ash (1975). The Golden Hordes: International tourism and the pleasure periphery. London: Constable.
• UNWTO (2024). World Tourism Barometer, 22(3), https://pre-webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2024-10/Barom_PPT_Sept_2024.pdf?VersionId=d4eZTWSiGBRgMPB8DyT0xbEm7Cu1kcHs
• Withey, L. (1997). Grand tours and cook’s tours: A history of leisure travel, 1750 to 1915. New York: William Morrow.
• Yousaf A., Amin, I. ve Santos J.A.C., (2018). Tourists’ motivations to travel. A theoretical perspective on the existing literature, Tourism & Hospitality Management, 24(1), 197- 211, doi.org/10.20867/thm.24.1.8.
• Zuelow, E. G. E. (2015). A history of modern tourism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Zuelow, E. G. E. (2016). Touring beyond the nation: A transnational approach to European tourism history. London: Routledge.