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The Sport Mental Training Questionnaire (SMTQ) Adaptation Study

Year 2018, Volume: 23 Issue: 4, 205 - 218, 01.10.2018

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to adapt the Mental Training Qestionnaire-SMTQ to Turkish, to show the results of the study of validity and reliability at the sport. For this purpose, a total of 306 athletes participated in the study voluntarily,166 of whom were male (Mage =22,37±2,95), and 140 were female (Mage=21,39±2,80) who were active in different sport branches. (football, basketball, handball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, athleticism, judo, taekwondo, boxing, wrestling). SMTQ consists of 20 items and 5 sub-dimensions (Mental Foundational Skills, Mental Performance Skills, Interpersonal Skills, Self Talk, Mental Imagery) and is evaluated as 5 Likert type. In the analysis of the data, Explaratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used for construct validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach Alfa reliability analysis was used for internal consistency determination. The five factor structure determined by the exploratory factor analysis explains %69.219 of the SMTQ. In the confirmatory factor analysis results, the goodness of fit index values were determined as x2/sd (x2=303.69, sd=164)=1.85, GFI=0.91, CFI=0.95, NFI=0.91, AGFI=0.88, RMSEA=0.53, SRMR=0.48, RMR=0.34. It was determined that the internal consistency coefficients of the questionnaire changed between 0.82 and 0.91. As a result, it can be said that the Turkish version of “Mental Training Questionnaire-SMTQ” is a valid and reliable measurement tool for athletes.

References

  • Alpar R. (2001). Spor Bilimlerinde Uygulamalı İstatistik. (2. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Altıntaş A, Akalan C. (2008). Zihinsel Antrenman ve Yüksek Performans. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi; 6 (1): 39–43
  • Bakker, F. C., ve Kayser, C. S. (1994). Effect Of a Self-Help Mental Training Programme. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 25, 158–175.
  • Behnke, M. Tomczak, M. Kaczmarak, L. Komar, M. Gracz, Z. (2017). The Sport Mental Training Questionnaire: Development And Validation, Current Psychology 1-13
  • Brislin RW. (1986). The Wording And Translation Of Research İnstruments. (WJ Lonner, JW Berry, eds.) Field Methods in Educational Research. 1st ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 137-64.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Durand-Bush, N. Salmela, J. H, ve Green-Demers, I. (2001). The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool The Sport Psychologist, 15, 1–19.
  • Gardner, F, ve Moore, Z. (2006). Clinical Sport Psychology. Humankinetics.
  • Hackfort, D, ve Schwenkmezger, P. (1993). Anxiety. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, ve L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook Of Research On Sport Psychology New York: Macmillan.
  • Hall C, Mack, D, Paivio, A, Hausenblas H. (1998). Imagery Use By Athletes: Development of The Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 73-89.
  • Hecker JE, Kaczor LM. (1988). Application Of İmagery Theory To Sport Psychology. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 10(4): 363–373.
  • Hooper, D. Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines For Determining Model Fit. Electronic. Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria For Fit İndexes İn Covariance Structural Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 55-65.
  • İkizler C. Karagözoğlu C. (1997) Sporda Başarının Psikolojisi, Alfa Basım Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul
  • Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Koruç, Z. Bayar, P. (1990). Kitle Sporu ve Spor Psikolojisi. Spor ahlaki ve spor felsefesine yeni yaklaşımlar sempozyumu İstanbul Üniversitesi / İstanbul
  • Loehr, J. E. (1986). Mental Toughness Training For Sports: Achieving Athletic Excellence. Penguin Books.
  • Lutz, A. Slagter, H. A. Rawlings, N. B. Francis, A. D. Greischar, L. L, ve Davidson, R. J. (2009). Mental Training Enhances Attentional Stability: Neural And Behavioral Evidence. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 13418–13427.
  • Mahoney, M. J, Gabriel, T. J, ve Perkins, T. S. (1987). Psychological Skills And Exceptional Athletic Performance. The Sport Psychologist, 1, 181–199.
  • Mamassis, G, ve Doganis, G. (2004). The Effects Of A Mental Training Program On Juniors’ Precompetitive Anxiety, Self-confidence, And Tennis Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 118–137.
  • Morris, T, Spittle, M, ve Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Patrick, T. D, ve Hrycaiko, D. W. (1998). Effects Of A Mental Training Package On An Endurance Performance. Sport Psychologist, 12, 283–299.
  • Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H. Müller H. (2003). Evaluating The Fit Of Structural Equation Models: Tests Of Significance And Descriptive Goodness-Of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 23-74.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Tabachnick, B, ve Fidell, L. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Allyn ve Bacon.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. (1997). Likert Tipi Ölçek Hazırlama Kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
  • Unestahl LE. (1982). Teori Och Praktik (Hypnosis İn Theory And Practice). Örebro: Veje, 117-118.
  • Vealey, R. S. (2007). Mental Skills Training İn Sport. In: Editors (eds.) Handbook of Sport Psychology, Third Edition.
  • Weinberg Rs, Gould D. (2003) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, Ill., Human Kinetics. 78–80, 85–89
  • Williams, S. E., ve Cumming, J. (2011). Measuring Athlete İmagery Ability: The Sport İmagery Ability Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 416–440.
  • Thomas, P. R., Murphy, S. M., ve Hardy, L. (1999). Test Of Performance Strategies: Development And Preliminary Validation Of A Comprehensive Measure Of Athletes' Psychological Skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 697–711.

Sporda Zihinsel Antrenman Envanteri’nin (SZAE) Uyarlama Çalışması

Year 2018, Volume: 23 Issue: 4, 205 - 218, 01.10.2018

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı Sporda Zihinsel Antrenman Envanterini (SZAE) Türkçeye uyarlamak, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışma sonuçlarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmaya farklı spor branşlarında (futbol, basketbol, hentbol, voleybol, tenis, badminton, atletizm, judo, tekvando, boks, güreş) aktif olarak spor hayatına devam eden 166’sı erkek (X ̅yaş=22,37±2,95), 140’ı kadın (X ̅yaş =21,39±2,80) olmak üzere toplam 306 sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Envanter 20 madde ve 5 alt boyuttan (Zihinsel Temel Beceriler, Zihinsel Performans Becerileri, Kişilerarası Beceriler, Kendinle Konuşma, Zihinsel Canlandırma) oluşmaktadır ve 5’li Likert tipinde değerlendirilmektedir. Verilerin analizinde envanterin yapı geçerliğine ilişkin olarak Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi iç tutarlığın belirlenmesi için ise, Cronbach Alfa güvenirlik analizi kullanılmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucu belirlenen 5 faktör yapısı SZAE’nin %69.219’unu açıklamaktadır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analiz sonuçlarında uyum iyiliği indeks değerleri, x2/sd(x2=303.69, sd=164)=1.85, GFI=0.91, CFI=0.95, NFI=0.91, AGFI=0.88, RMSEA=0.53, SRMR=0.48, RMR=0.34, olarak belirlenmiştir. Envanterin iç tutarlılık kat sayılarının ise, 0.82 ile 0.91 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, “Sporda Zihinsel Antrenman Envanteri”nin Türkçe versiyonunun sporcular için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

References

  • Alpar R. (2001). Spor Bilimlerinde Uygulamalı İstatistik. (2. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Altıntaş A, Akalan C. (2008). Zihinsel Antrenman ve Yüksek Performans. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi; 6 (1): 39–43
  • Bakker, F. C., ve Kayser, C. S. (1994). Effect Of a Self-Help Mental Training Programme. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 25, 158–175.
  • Behnke, M. Tomczak, M. Kaczmarak, L. Komar, M. Gracz, Z. (2017). The Sport Mental Training Questionnaire: Development And Validation, Current Psychology 1-13
  • Brislin RW. (1986). The Wording And Translation Of Research İnstruments. (WJ Lonner, JW Berry, eds.) Field Methods in Educational Research. 1st ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 137-64.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Durand-Bush, N. Salmela, J. H, ve Green-Demers, I. (2001). The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool The Sport Psychologist, 15, 1–19.
  • Gardner, F, ve Moore, Z. (2006). Clinical Sport Psychology. Humankinetics.
  • Hackfort, D, ve Schwenkmezger, P. (1993). Anxiety. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, ve L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook Of Research On Sport Psychology New York: Macmillan.
  • Hall C, Mack, D, Paivio, A, Hausenblas H. (1998). Imagery Use By Athletes: Development of The Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 73-89.
  • Hecker JE, Kaczor LM. (1988). Application Of İmagery Theory To Sport Psychology. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 10(4): 363–373.
  • Hooper, D. Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines For Determining Model Fit. Electronic. Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria For Fit İndexes İn Covariance Structural Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 55-65.
  • İkizler C. Karagözoğlu C. (1997) Sporda Başarının Psikolojisi, Alfa Basım Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul
  • Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Koruç, Z. Bayar, P. (1990). Kitle Sporu ve Spor Psikolojisi. Spor ahlaki ve spor felsefesine yeni yaklaşımlar sempozyumu İstanbul Üniversitesi / İstanbul
  • Loehr, J. E. (1986). Mental Toughness Training For Sports: Achieving Athletic Excellence. Penguin Books.
  • Lutz, A. Slagter, H. A. Rawlings, N. B. Francis, A. D. Greischar, L. L, ve Davidson, R. J. (2009). Mental Training Enhances Attentional Stability: Neural And Behavioral Evidence. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 13418–13427.
  • Mahoney, M. J, Gabriel, T. J, ve Perkins, T. S. (1987). Psychological Skills And Exceptional Athletic Performance. The Sport Psychologist, 1, 181–199.
  • Mamassis, G, ve Doganis, G. (2004). The Effects Of A Mental Training Program On Juniors’ Precompetitive Anxiety, Self-confidence, And Tennis Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 118–137.
  • Morris, T, Spittle, M, ve Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Patrick, T. D, ve Hrycaiko, D. W. (1998). Effects Of A Mental Training Package On An Endurance Performance. Sport Psychologist, 12, 283–299.
  • Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H. Müller H. (2003). Evaluating The Fit Of Structural Equation Models: Tests Of Significance And Descriptive Goodness-Of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 23-74.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Tabachnick, B, ve Fidell, L. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Allyn ve Bacon.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. (1997). Likert Tipi Ölçek Hazırlama Kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
  • Unestahl LE. (1982). Teori Och Praktik (Hypnosis İn Theory And Practice). Örebro: Veje, 117-118.
  • Vealey, R. S. (2007). Mental Skills Training İn Sport. In: Editors (eds.) Handbook of Sport Psychology, Third Edition.
  • Weinberg Rs, Gould D. (2003) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, Ill., Human Kinetics. 78–80, 85–89
  • Williams, S. E., ve Cumming, J. (2011). Measuring Athlete İmagery Ability: The Sport İmagery Ability Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 416–440.
  • Thomas, P. R., Murphy, S. M., ve Hardy, L. (1999). Test Of Performance Strategies: Development And Preliminary Validation Of A Comprehensive Measure Of Athletes' Psychological Skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 697–711.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yunus Emre Yarayan

Ekrem Levent İlhan

Publication Date October 1, 2018
Submission Date March 26, 2018
Acceptance Date July 10, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 23 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Yarayan, Y. E., & İlhan, E. L. (2018). Sporda Zihinsel Antrenman Envanteri’nin (SZAE) Uyarlama Çalışması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4), 205-218.

Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi yılda dört kez yayımlanan bilimsel ve hakemli bir dergidir.


Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences is a scientific and peer-reviewed journal published quarterly.