Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Çevresel Güvenliğin Ekokırım Yorumu Üzerinden Ormansızlaşma Olgusu: Kolombiya’daki Silahlı Çatışmalar Örneği

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 52 - 75, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1444094

Abstract

Savaşlar, terörizm, nükleer silahlar gibi tehditlerle mücadelenin ağırlık kazandığı dünya politiğinde çevresel bozulmalar ancak yumuşak tehditler kapsamında kendisine yer bulabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde dönüşen tehdit karakteristiklerinin, çevresel güvenliğe olan ilginin de artmasına neden olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çevresel güvenlik kavramının tartışılmaya açık olması farklı bakış açılarıyla yorumlanmasını da mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu düzlemde bu çalışmada çevresel güvenliğe ekokırım üzerinden yaklaşılarak bu alandaki boşluğun doldurulması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle antropolojik bir tehdit olarak silahlı şiddetin çevre üzerindeki etkileri ormansızlaşma örneği üzerinden tartışılmaktadır. Günümüzde çevresel tehditlerin çoğunlukla kaynakları belirsizdir, etkileri ülke sınırlarının dışına taşmaktadır ve sonuçlarıyla uzun vadede yüzleşilmektedir. Bu nedenlerle devletlerin ulusal güvenliklerini de tehdit eden çevresel bozulmalara karşı tek başlarına güvenlikleştirici aktör rolünü üstlenerek mücadele etmelerinin güçleştiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda bireysel, ulusal ve küresel etkiler taşıyan çevresel bozulmaların üstesinden gelebilmek üzere yerel yönetimlerin, devletlerin ve uluslararası örgütlerin iş birliğine olanak sağlayan küresel yönetişim mekanizması işletilerek sürdürülen güvenlikleştirme politikalarının bir çözüm sunabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır.

References

  • Akyüz, E. (2020). Türkiye’de çevresel terör: PKK terör örgütü örneği. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 3(4), s.197-207.
  • Aljazeera. (2013). Report says 220,000 died in Colombia conflict. 23 July 2013. 15.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/25/report-says-220000-died-in-colombia-conflict adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Alvarez, M.D. (2023). Forests in the time of violence: conservation implications of the Colombian War. Price, S.V. (Ed.) War and tropical forests: conservation in areas of armed conflict içinde (s.49-71). New York: CRC Press.
  • Art, R.J. (1996). American Foreign Policy and The Fungibility of Force. Security Studies, 5(4), s.25-39, doi: 10.1080/09636419608429287.
  • Annan, K. (2003). “Adoption of policy of pre-emption could result in proliferation of uniliteral, lawless use of force, Kofi Annan tells General Assembly”. 23 September 2003. 12.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2003-09-23/adoption-policy-pre-emption-could-result-proliferation-uniliteral adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Baird, R.A. (2006). Pyro-terrorism: the threat of arson-induced forest fires as a future terrorist weapon of mass destruction. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29(5), s.415-428. doi:10.1080/10576100600698477
  • Barnett, J. (2009). Environment security. R. Kitchin ve N. Thrift (Ed.), International encyclopedia of human geography içinde (s.553-557). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Barnett, J. (2017). Çevre güvenliği. A. Collins (Ed.), Çağdaş güvenlik çalışmaları içinde (s.190-207). (N. Uslu, 3.bs.den Çev.). İstanbul: Role Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Baechler G. (1998). Why environmental transformation causes violence: a synthesis, environmental change and security project report. 03.02.2024 tarihinde http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic... adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Beck, R. J. and Arend, A. C. (1994). Don’t tread on us: international law and forcible state responses to terrorism. Wis. Int’l L. J., (12), s.153-219.
  • Berkowicz, S.M. (2011). Eco-terrorism/enviro-terrorism: background, prospects, countermeasures. Alpas, H., Berkowicz, S.M., Ermakova, I. (Ed.), Environmental security and ecocentrism içinde (s.15-30). Dordrecht, Hollanda: Springer.
  • Bodo, T., Gimah, B. ve Seomoni, K. (2021). Deforestation: human causes, consequences and possible solution. Journal of Geographical Research, 4(2), s.22-30. doi:10.30564/jgr.v4i2.3059.
  • Buzan, B., Weaver, O. ve Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Cantillo, T., Garza, N. (2022). Armed conflict, institutions and deforestation: A dynamic spatiotemporal analysis of Colombia 2000–2018. World Development, 160, (s.1-25) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106041.
  • Chalecki, E.L. (2002). A new vigilance: identifying and reducing the risks of environmental terrorism. Global Environmental Politics, 2(1), s.46-64.
  • Collins A. (2017). “Giriş: güvenlik çalışmaları nedir?”. A. Collins (Ed.), Çağdaş güvenlik çalışmaları içinde (s.1-9). (N. Uslu, 3.bs.den Çev.). İstanbul: Role Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Conflict and Environment Observatory. (2021). Deforestation in conflict areas in 2020. https://ceobs.org/assessment-of-recent-forest-loss-in-conflict-areas/ (E.T. 13.01.2024).
  • Crouse, C.W. (2015). The use and effects of agent orange in Vietnam. Pressbooks. 18.01.2024 tarihinde https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/sciencebites/chapter/the-use-and-effects-of-agent-orange-in-vietnam/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Çakmak, C. (2017). Uluslararası örgütler. Ş. Kardaş ve A. Balcı (Ed.) Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, 7.bs. içinde (s.453-464), İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Daiyoub, A., Gelabert, P., Saura-Mas, S. ve Vega-Garcia, C. (2023). War and deforestation: using remote sensing and machine learning to identify the war-induced deforestation in Syria 2010-2019. Land. 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081509.
  • de Jong, W., Donovan, D. ve Abe, K. (2007). Extreme conflict and tropical forests. Dordrecht, Hollanda: Springer.
  • Deshpande, N. (2009). Pyro-terrorism: recent cases and the potential for proliferation. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(1), s.36-44. doi:10.1080/10576100802563214.
  • FAO. (2005). Forests and war, forests and peace, state of the world forests 2005, s.116-123. https://www.fao.org/3/y5574e/y5574e12.pdf (E.T.18.01.2024).
  • Formoli, T.A. (1995). Impacts of the Afghan–Soviet War on Afghanistan’s environment. Environmental Conservation, 22(01), s.66-69. doi:10.1017/s0376892900034093 66.
  • Gleditsch, N.P. ve Magnus, O.T. (2010). Resources, the environment and conflict. M.D. Cavelty ve V. Mauer (Ed.) The Routledge handbook of security studies içinde (s.221-231). New York: Routledge.
  • Global Times. (2022). Fighting deforestation: tree-clearing criminals fuel Colombia’s wildfire surge. 20 February 2022. 13.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202202/1252665.shtml adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Græger, N. (1996). Environmental security?. Journal of Peace Research, 33(1), s.109-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343396033001008
  • Güngörmez, O. ve Alkanat, A. (2019). Çevre terörizmi ve PKK’nın orman sabotajları. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları.
  • Heger, M. (2012). Terrorist attacks against the natural environment: a phantom or a real danger. German Law Journal, 13(9), s.1066-1074. doi:10.1017/S2071832200018058.
  • Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1991). On the threshold: environmental changes as causes of acute conflict. International Security, 16(2), s.76-116.
  • Hulme, K. (2008). Environmental security: implications for international law. Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 19(1), s.3-26. doi:10.1093/yiel/19.1.3.
  • Hyer, H. (2018). Introducing green theory in international relations. 02.01.2024 tarihinde https://www.e-ir.info/2018/01/07/green-theory-in-international-relations/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • International Crisis Group. (2021). A broken canopy: deforestation and conflict in Colombia. 13.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/andes/colombia/091-broken-canopy-deforestation-and-conflict-colombia adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Karns, M.P. ve Mingst K.A. (1989). International organizations and foreign policy: influence and instrumentally. C.F. Hermann, C.W. Kegley, J.N. Rosenau (Ed.). New directions in the study of foreign policy 4.bs. içinde (s.454-474), Boston: Unwin Hyman.
  • Kaimowitz, D., Fauné, A. (2003). Contras and comandantes: armed movements and forest conversation in Nicaragua’s Bosawas biosphere reserve. S.V. Price (Ed.). War and tropical forests: conservation in areas of armed conflict içinde (s.21-48). New York: CRC Press.
  • Karaağaç, Y. (2023). Çevre terörizmi kapsamında PKK terör örgütünün orman yakma stratejisi ve sabotaj yapılanmaları. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), s.37-54. https://doi.org//jirps.1274243
  • Karabulut, B. (2011). Güvenlik: Küreselleşme Sürecinde Güvenliği Yeniden Düşünmek. Ankara: Barış Kitapevi.
  • Keegan, J. (2021). Savaş sanatı tarihi. (S. Koçak, Çev.), 2.bs. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Keyman, F.E. (2022). Küresel yönetişim. TÜBİTAK ansiklopedisi. 13.01.2024 tarihinde https://ansiklopedi.tubitak.gov.tr/ansiklopedi/kuresel_yonetisim adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Knudsen, O.F. (2001). Post-Copenhagen security studies: desecuritizing securitization. Security Dialogue, 32(3), s.355-368. doi:10.1177/0967010601032003007.
  • Krahmann, E. (2005). From state to non-state actors: the emergence of security governance. E. Krahmann (Ed.) New threats and new actors in international security içinde (s.3-22). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • McNeely, J.A. (2003). Biodiversity, war, and tropical forests. S.V. Price, (Ed.). War and tropical forests: conservation in areas of armed conflict içinde (s.1-20). New York: CRC Press.
  • Moloney, A. (2019). Colombia seen losing deforestation battle in war-hit areas. Reuters. 31.05.2019. 12.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-forest-war-idUSKCN1T125N/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Moore, J. (2023). Armed force isn’t saving Colombia’s forests, but a new effort might. United State Institute of Peace. 13.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/04/armed-force-isnt-saving-colombias-forests-new-effort-might#:~:text=Colombia's%20rate%20of%20deforestation%20surged,ending%20Colombia's%20continued%20armed%20conflicts adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • NATO. (1999). Committee on the challenges of modern society. Environment & security in an international context, Report 232. Brussels, Belgium.
  • Noronha, L. (2022). Why does Stockholm+50 matter? what did it achieve? what does it offer going forward? 28.01.2023 tarihinde https://www.stockholm50.global/news-and-stories/why-does-stockholm50-matter-what-did-it-achieve-what-does-it-offer-going-forward adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Pancar, S. (2020). Terör örgütü YPG/PKK, Hatay'daki orman yangınını propaganda çalışmasına dönüştürdü. Anadolu Ajansı, 10.10.2020. 02.02.2024 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/teror-orgutu-ypg-pkk-hataydaki-orman-yanginini-propaganda-calismasina-donusturdu/2002376 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Paterson, M. (2019). Yeşil siyaset. B. Scott vd. (Ed). Uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri içinde (s.347-378). (M. Ağcan ve A. Aslan, Çev.). İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Prem, M., Saavedra, S., ve Vargas, J.F. (2020). End-of-conflict deforestation: evidence from Colombia’s peace agreement. World Development, 129, s.1-11. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104852.
  • Radwin, M. (2021). FARC peace deal in Colombia sparked war on forests, report says. Mongabay. 12.06.2024 tarihinde https://news.mongabay.com/2021/11/farc-peace-deal-in-colombia-sparked-war-on-forests-report-says/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Reilly, B. ve Parra-Peña S.R.I. (2019). Forests and conflict in Colombia. Archivos de Economía, 17507. Departamento Nacional de Planeación. 13.06.2024 tarihinde https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000118/017507.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ritchie, H. (2021). The world has lost one-third of its forest, but an end of deforestation is possible. Our World in Data. 20.12.2023 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/world-lost-one-third-forests# adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sanden, J. ve Bachmann, S-D. (2013). Countering hybrid eco-threats to global security under international law: The need for a comprehensive legal approach. Liverpool Law Rev, 33. doi: 10.1007/s10991-012-9120-x.
  • Schwartz, D.M. (1998). Environmental terrorism: analyzing the concept. Journal of Peace Research, 35(4), s.483-496.
  • Selibas, D. (2020). Colombia’s forests lurch between deforestation and the hope for a sustainable future. 11.06.2024 tarihinde https://news.mongabay.com/2020/12/colombias-forests-lurch-between-deforestation-and-the-hope-for-a-sustainable-future/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sills, J.B., Glenn J.C., Gordon T.J. ve Perelet R. (2000). Environmental security-United Nations Doctrine for managing environmental issues in military actions. Atlanta: Army Environmental Policy Institute (AEPI).
  • Ślusarczyk, J.M. (2021). Deforestation and environmental (ecological) security. Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law, 25(4), s.56-59. doi: 10.19192/wsfip.sj4.2021.9.
  • Taylor, L. (2024). Colombian Amazon deforestation surges as armed groups tighten grip. Guardian. 11.04.2024. 12.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/11/colombian-amazon-deforestation-surges-armed-groups#... adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sümer, V. (2017). Çevre sorunları ve küresel iklim değişikliği. Ş. Kardaş, ve A. Balcı (Ed.), Uluslararası ilişkilere giriş, 7.bs. içinde (s. 593-604). İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Tzu, S. (1996). Savaş sanatı (S. Özbudun ve Z. Ataman, Çev.). 2.bs. İstanbul: Anahtar Kitaplar Yayınevi.
  • UN. Conferences: Environment and sustainable development. https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment (E.T.25.01.2024)
  • UN Climate Change Conference (2021). Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on forests and land use. 14.06.2024 tarihinde https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230418175226/https://ukcop26.org/glasgow-leaders-declaration-on-forests-and-land-use/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UNEP. About the United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org adresinden erişilmiştir. (E.T.25.01.2024)
  • USAID. (2005). Forests&Conflict. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnade290.pdf (E.T..20.01.2024)
  • Verheyen, L. (2017). War’s silent victim: the environment. E-International Relations. 17.01.2024 tarihinde https://www.e-ir.info/2017/05/07/wars-silent-victim-the-environment/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Viotti, P.R. ve Kauppi, M.V. (1999). International relations theory: realism, pluralism, globalism and beyond. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Yalçınkaya, H. (2008). Savaş: Uluslararası ilişkilerde güç kullanımı. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Yıldırım, K. (2022). Çevresel terörizmin “güvenlik” bağlamında değerlendirilmesi: Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinden çıkarımlar. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), s.195-218. doi:10.31765/karen.1089695
  • Williams, P.D. (2008). Security studies: an introduction. Williams P.D. (Ed.). Security studies: introduction içinde (s.1-12). New York: Routledge.
  • Zirschky, J. (1988). Environmental terrorism. Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), 60(7), s.1206-1210. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25043625.
  • Zurlini, G. ve Müller, F. (2008). Environmental security. Sven Erik Jørgensen (Ed.), Encyclopedia of ecology içinde (s.1350-1356), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 52 - 75, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1444094

Abstract

References

  • Akyüz, E. (2020). Türkiye’de çevresel terör: PKK terör örgütü örneği. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 3(4), s.197-207.
  • Aljazeera. (2013). Report says 220,000 died in Colombia conflict. 23 July 2013. 15.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/25/report-says-220000-died-in-colombia-conflict adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Alvarez, M.D. (2023). Forests in the time of violence: conservation implications of the Colombian War. Price, S.V. (Ed.) War and tropical forests: conservation in areas of armed conflict içinde (s.49-71). New York: CRC Press.
  • Art, R.J. (1996). American Foreign Policy and The Fungibility of Force. Security Studies, 5(4), s.25-39, doi: 10.1080/09636419608429287.
  • Annan, K. (2003). “Adoption of policy of pre-emption could result in proliferation of uniliteral, lawless use of force, Kofi Annan tells General Assembly”. 23 September 2003. 12.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2003-09-23/adoption-policy-pre-emption-could-result-proliferation-uniliteral adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Baird, R.A. (2006). Pyro-terrorism: the threat of arson-induced forest fires as a future terrorist weapon of mass destruction. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29(5), s.415-428. doi:10.1080/10576100600698477
  • Barnett, J. (2009). Environment security. R. Kitchin ve N. Thrift (Ed.), International encyclopedia of human geography içinde (s.553-557). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Barnett, J. (2017). Çevre güvenliği. A. Collins (Ed.), Çağdaş güvenlik çalışmaları içinde (s.190-207). (N. Uslu, 3.bs.den Çev.). İstanbul: Role Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Baechler G. (1998). Why environmental transformation causes violence: a synthesis, environmental change and security project report. 03.02.2024 tarihinde http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic... adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Beck, R. J. and Arend, A. C. (1994). Don’t tread on us: international law and forcible state responses to terrorism. Wis. Int’l L. J., (12), s.153-219.
  • Berkowicz, S.M. (2011). Eco-terrorism/enviro-terrorism: background, prospects, countermeasures. Alpas, H., Berkowicz, S.M., Ermakova, I. (Ed.), Environmental security and ecocentrism içinde (s.15-30). Dordrecht, Hollanda: Springer.
  • Bodo, T., Gimah, B. ve Seomoni, K. (2021). Deforestation: human causes, consequences and possible solution. Journal of Geographical Research, 4(2), s.22-30. doi:10.30564/jgr.v4i2.3059.
  • Buzan, B., Weaver, O. ve Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Cantillo, T., Garza, N. (2022). Armed conflict, institutions and deforestation: A dynamic spatiotemporal analysis of Colombia 2000–2018. World Development, 160, (s.1-25) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106041.
  • Chalecki, E.L. (2002). A new vigilance: identifying and reducing the risks of environmental terrorism. Global Environmental Politics, 2(1), s.46-64.
  • Collins A. (2017). “Giriş: güvenlik çalışmaları nedir?”. A. Collins (Ed.), Çağdaş güvenlik çalışmaları içinde (s.1-9). (N. Uslu, 3.bs.den Çev.). İstanbul: Role Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Conflict and Environment Observatory. (2021). Deforestation in conflict areas in 2020. https://ceobs.org/assessment-of-recent-forest-loss-in-conflict-areas/ (E.T. 13.01.2024).
  • Crouse, C.W. (2015). The use and effects of agent orange in Vietnam. Pressbooks. 18.01.2024 tarihinde https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/sciencebites/chapter/the-use-and-effects-of-agent-orange-in-vietnam/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Çakmak, C. (2017). Uluslararası örgütler. Ş. Kardaş ve A. Balcı (Ed.) Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, 7.bs. içinde (s.453-464), İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Daiyoub, A., Gelabert, P., Saura-Mas, S. ve Vega-Garcia, C. (2023). War and deforestation: using remote sensing and machine learning to identify the war-induced deforestation in Syria 2010-2019. Land. 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081509.
  • de Jong, W., Donovan, D. ve Abe, K. (2007). Extreme conflict and tropical forests. Dordrecht, Hollanda: Springer.
  • Deshpande, N. (2009). Pyro-terrorism: recent cases and the potential for proliferation. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(1), s.36-44. doi:10.1080/10576100802563214.
  • FAO. (2005). Forests and war, forests and peace, state of the world forests 2005, s.116-123. https://www.fao.org/3/y5574e/y5574e12.pdf (E.T.18.01.2024).
  • Formoli, T.A. (1995). Impacts of the Afghan–Soviet War on Afghanistan’s environment. Environmental Conservation, 22(01), s.66-69. doi:10.1017/s0376892900034093 66.
  • Gleditsch, N.P. ve Magnus, O.T. (2010). Resources, the environment and conflict. M.D. Cavelty ve V. Mauer (Ed.) The Routledge handbook of security studies içinde (s.221-231). New York: Routledge.
  • Global Times. (2022). Fighting deforestation: tree-clearing criminals fuel Colombia’s wildfire surge. 20 February 2022. 13.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202202/1252665.shtml adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Græger, N. (1996). Environmental security?. Journal of Peace Research, 33(1), s.109-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343396033001008
  • Güngörmez, O. ve Alkanat, A. (2019). Çevre terörizmi ve PKK’nın orman sabotajları. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları.
  • Heger, M. (2012). Terrorist attacks against the natural environment: a phantom or a real danger. German Law Journal, 13(9), s.1066-1074. doi:10.1017/S2071832200018058.
  • Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1991). On the threshold: environmental changes as causes of acute conflict. International Security, 16(2), s.76-116.
  • Hulme, K. (2008). Environmental security: implications for international law. Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 19(1), s.3-26. doi:10.1093/yiel/19.1.3.
  • Hyer, H. (2018). Introducing green theory in international relations. 02.01.2024 tarihinde https://www.e-ir.info/2018/01/07/green-theory-in-international-relations/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • International Crisis Group. (2021). A broken canopy: deforestation and conflict in Colombia. 13.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/andes/colombia/091-broken-canopy-deforestation-and-conflict-colombia adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Karns, M.P. ve Mingst K.A. (1989). International organizations and foreign policy: influence and instrumentally. C.F. Hermann, C.W. Kegley, J.N. Rosenau (Ed.). New directions in the study of foreign policy 4.bs. içinde (s.454-474), Boston: Unwin Hyman.
  • Kaimowitz, D., Fauné, A. (2003). Contras and comandantes: armed movements and forest conversation in Nicaragua’s Bosawas biosphere reserve. S.V. Price (Ed.). War and tropical forests: conservation in areas of armed conflict içinde (s.21-48). New York: CRC Press.
  • Karaağaç, Y. (2023). Çevre terörizmi kapsamında PKK terör örgütünün orman yakma stratejisi ve sabotaj yapılanmaları. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), s.37-54. https://doi.org//jirps.1274243
  • Karabulut, B. (2011). Güvenlik: Küreselleşme Sürecinde Güvenliği Yeniden Düşünmek. Ankara: Barış Kitapevi.
  • Keegan, J. (2021). Savaş sanatı tarihi. (S. Koçak, Çev.), 2.bs. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Keyman, F.E. (2022). Küresel yönetişim. TÜBİTAK ansiklopedisi. 13.01.2024 tarihinde https://ansiklopedi.tubitak.gov.tr/ansiklopedi/kuresel_yonetisim adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Knudsen, O.F. (2001). Post-Copenhagen security studies: desecuritizing securitization. Security Dialogue, 32(3), s.355-368. doi:10.1177/0967010601032003007.
  • Krahmann, E. (2005). From state to non-state actors: the emergence of security governance. E. Krahmann (Ed.) New threats and new actors in international security içinde (s.3-22). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • McNeely, J.A. (2003). Biodiversity, war, and tropical forests. S.V. Price, (Ed.). War and tropical forests: conservation in areas of armed conflict içinde (s.1-20). New York: CRC Press.
  • Moloney, A. (2019). Colombia seen losing deforestation battle in war-hit areas. Reuters. 31.05.2019. 12.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-forest-war-idUSKCN1T125N/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Moore, J. (2023). Armed force isn’t saving Colombia’s forests, but a new effort might. United State Institute of Peace. 13.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/04/armed-force-isnt-saving-colombias-forests-new-effort-might#:~:text=Colombia's%20rate%20of%20deforestation%20surged,ending%20Colombia's%20continued%20armed%20conflicts adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • NATO. (1999). Committee on the challenges of modern society. Environment & security in an international context, Report 232. Brussels, Belgium.
  • Noronha, L. (2022). Why does Stockholm+50 matter? what did it achieve? what does it offer going forward? 28.01.2023 tarihinde https://www.stockholm50.global/news-and-stories/why-does-stockholm50-matter-what-did-it-achieve-what-does-it-offer-going-forward adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Pancar, S. (2020). Terör örgütü YPG/PKK, Hatay'daki orman yangınını propaganda çalışmasına dönüştürdü. Anadolu Ajansı, 10.10.2020. 02.02.2024 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/teror-orgutu-ypg-pkk-hataydaki-orman-yanginini-propaganda-calismasina-donusturdu/2002376 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Paterson, M. (2019). Yeşil siyaset. B. Scott vd. (Ed). Uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri içinde (s.347-378). (M. Ağcan ve A. Aslan, Çev.). İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Prem, M., Saavedra, S., ve Vargas, J.F. (2020). End-of-conflict deforestation: evidence from Colombia’s peace agreement. World Development, 129, s.1-11. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104852.
  • Radwin, M. (2021). FARC peace deal in Colombia sparked war on forests, report says. Mongabay. 12.06.2024 tarihinde https://news.mongabay.com/2021/11/farc-peace-deal-in-colombia-sparked-war-on-forests-report-says/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Reilly, B. ve Parra-Peña S.R.I. (2019). Forests and conflict in Colombia. Archivos de Economía, 17507. Departamento Nacional de Planeación. 13.06.2024 tarihinde https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000118/017507.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ritchie, H. (2021). The world has lost one-third of its forest, but an end of deforestation is possible. Our World in Data. 20.12.2023 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/world-lost-one-third-forests# adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sanden, J. ve Bachmann, S-D. (2013). Countering hybrid eco-threats to global security under international law: The need for a comprehensive legal approach. Liverpool Law Rev, 33. doi: 10.1007/s10991-012-9120-x.
  • Schwartz, D.M. (1998). Environmental terrorism: analyzing the concept. Journal of Peace Research, 35(4), s.483-496.
  • Selibas, D. (2020). Colombia’s forests lurch between deforestation and the hope for a sustainable future. 11.06.2024 tarihinde https://news.mongabay.com/2020/12/colombias-forests-lurch-between-deforestation-and-the-hope-for-a-sustainable-future/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sills, J.B., Glenn J.C., Gordon T.J. ve Perelet R. (2000). Environmental security-United Nations Doctrine for managing environmental issues in military actions. Atlanta: Army Environmental Policy Institute (AEPI).
  • Ślusarczyk, J.M. (2021). Deforestation and environmental (ecological) security. Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law, 25(4), s.56-59. doi: 10.19192/wsfip.sj4.2021.9.
  • Taylor, L. (2024). Colombian Amazon deforestation surges as armed groups tighten grip. Guardian. 11.04.2024. 12.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/11/colombian-amazon-deforestation-surges-armed-groups#... adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sümer, V. (2017). Çevre sorunları ve küresel iklim değişikliği. Ş. Kardaş, ve A. Balcı (Ed.), Uluslararası ilişkilere giriş, 7.bs. içinde (s. 593-604). İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Tzu, S. (1996). Savaş sanatı (S. Özbudun ve Z. Ataman, Çev.). 2.bs. İstanbul: Anahtar Kitaplar Yayınevi.
  • UN. Conferences: Environment and sustainable development. https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment (E.T.25.01.2024)
  • UN Climate Change Conference (2021). Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on forests and land use. 14.06.2024 tarihinde https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230418175226/https://ukcop26.org/glasgow-leaders-declaration-on-forests-and-land-use/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UNEP. About the United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org adresinden erişilmiştir. (E.T.25.01.2024)
  • USAID. (2005). Forests&Conflict. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnade290.pdf (E.T..20.01.2024)
  • Verheyen, L. (2017). War’s silent victim: the environment. E-International Relations. 17.01.2024 tarihinde https://www.e-ir.info/2017/05/07/wars-silent-victim-the-environment/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Viotti, P.R. ve Kauppi, M.V. (1999). International relations theory: realism, pluralism, globalism and beyond. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Yalçınkaya, H. (2008). Savaş: Uluslararası ilişkilerde güç kullanımı. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Yıldırım, K. (2022). Çevresel terörizmin “güvenlik” bağlamında değerlendirilmesi: Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinden çıkarımlar. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), s.195-218. doi:10.31765/karen.1089695
  • Williams, P.D. (2008). Security studies: an introduction. Williams P.D. (Ed.). Security studies: introduction içinde (s.1-12). New York: Routledge.
  • Zirschky, J. (1988). Environmental terrorism. Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), 60(7), s.1206-1210. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25043625.
  • Zurlini, G. ve Müller, F. (2008). Environmental security. Sven Erik Jørgensen (Ed.), Encyclopedia of ecology içinde (s.1350-1356), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Security
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hakkı Bahadır Öztürk 0000-0001-5338-5002

Publication Date June 28, 2024
Submission Date February 28, 2024
Acceptance Date June 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Öztürk, H. B. (2024). Çevresel Güvenliğin Ekokırım Yorumu Üzerinden Ormansızlaşma Olgusu: Kolombiya’daki Silahlı Çatışmalar Örneği. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 26(1), 52-75. https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1444094