Examination of Mathematics Teachers’ Mathematical Task Design Situations
Year 2020,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 210 - 239, 31.07.2020
Semra Polat
,
Yüksel Dede
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the situations of middle school mathematics teachers to design different types of mathematical tasks and their used mathematical subjects when designing these tasks. In this context, this study was conducted using a single case study method from qualitative research methods. The study was carried out in the spring semester of the 2019-2020 academic year with 18 mathematics teachers working in state middle schools in the central and districts of a province in eastern Anatolia and determined by convenience sampling method. The data were gathered using a written form of open-ended questions and analyzed using semantic content analysis. One result of the study revealed that mathematics teachers tried to design the most contextual tasks. It was also determined that the mathematical subjects used in the design of these tasks differ according to the task type. In addition, some suggestions have been made for further research.
References
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- Anthony, G., & Walshaw, M. (2009). Effective pedagogy in mathematics. Educational series 19. Brussels: International Academy of Education; Geneva: International Bureau of Education.
- Ball, D. L. (1990). The mathematical understandings that prospective teachers bring to teacher education. The Elementary School Journal, 90(4), 449-466.
- Benckert, S. (1997). Context and conversation in physics education. http://www.nshu.se/download /3018/benckert_sylvia_97.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir.
- Brousseau, G. (1997). Theory of didacticel situations in mathematics (Didactiques des Mathe’matiques) 1970-1990. Dordrecht: Kluwer (Translated by Balachheff, N., Cooper, M., Sutherland, R., ve Warfield, V.).
- Chapman, O. (2006). Classroom practices for context of mathematics word problems. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 62, 211–230.
- Clarke, D. M. (1997). The changing role of the mathematics teacher. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 28(3), 278-308.
- Clarke, D., & Roche, A. (2010). Teachers' extent of the use of particular task types in mathematics and choices behind that use. Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th eds.). London: Routledge Falmer.
- Crespo, S. (2003). Learning to pose mathematical problems: Exploring changes in preservice teachers’ practices. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 52, 243–270.
- Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th Ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
- Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design choosing among five approaches (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications.
- Cumhur, Ö. Ü. F., Çavdar, Ö. Ü. O., & Polat, A. G. S. (2018). Matematik ve fen bilimleri öğretmeni adaylarının bloom taksonomisi’ne göre oluşturdukları soruların değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (Jshsr), 5(28), 3243-3252.
- Çomarlı, S. K. (2018). Ortaokul matematik öğretmenlerinin veri işleme öğrenme alanına ilişkin problem kurma becerilerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bartın Üniversitesi, Bartın.
- Dede, Y., Akçakın, V., & Kaya, G. (2018). Ortaokul matematik öğretmen adaylarının matematiksel modelleme yeterliklerinin cinsiyete göre incelenmesi: çok boyutlu madde tepki kuramı. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 8, 150-169.
- Dede, Y., & Yaman, S. (2005). Matematik öğretmen adaylarının matematiksel problem kurma ve problem çözme becerilerinin belirlenmesi. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(18), 41- 56.
- Doyle, W. (1983) Academic work. Review of Educational Research, 53, 159-199.
Fullan, M. (2001). The new meaning of educational change (3. Baskı). New York: Teachers College Press.
- Henningsen, M., and Stein, M. K. (1997). Mathematical tasks and student cognition: Classroom-based factors that support and inhibit high-level mathematical thinking and reasoning. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 28, 524–549.
- Hiebert, J., & Carpenter, T. P. (1992). Learning and teaching with understanding. In D. A. Grouws (Eds.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 65-97). New York: Macmillan.
- Hiebert, J., Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Fuson, K. C., Wearne, D., Murray, H., et al. (1997). Making sense: Teaching and learning mathematics with understanding. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Hiebert, J., & Wearne, D. (1993). Instructional tasks, classroom discourse, and students' learning in second-grade arithmetic. American Educational Research Journal, 30(2), 393-425.
- Ho, F. K., & Hedberg, G. J. (2005). Teachers’ pedagogies and their impact on students’ mathematical problem solving. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 238–252.
- Işık, A., & Mercan, E. (2015). Ortaokul matematik öğretmenlerinin model ve modelleme hakkındaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23(4), 1835-1850.
- Krainer, K. (1993). Powerful tasks: A contribution to a high level of acting and reflecting in mathematics instruction. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 24(1), 65–93.
- Köken, C. B., & Gökkurt-Özdemir, B. (2018). Öğretmenlerin ve öğretmen adaylarının farklı problem kurma durumlarına ilişkin performanslarının incelenmesi: prizma örneği. II. Uluslararası Sınırsız Eğitim ve Araştırma Sempozyumu, Muğla: Bodrum.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. New¬burry Park, CA: Sage.
- Lindquist, M. M., & Kouba, V. L. (1989). Measurement. In M. M. Lindquist (Eds.), the National Assessment of Educational Progress (pp. 35-43). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
- Macnealy, M. (1999). Strategies for empirical research in writing. New York, NY: Longman.
- Marx., R., Walsh, J. (1988). Learning from academic tasks. The Elementary School Journal, 88(3), 207-219.
- Merriam, S. B. (2013). Qualitative research a guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. New York: Sage.
- Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB). (2005). İlköğretim matematik dersi öğretim programı ve klavuzu: 1 ve 5. sınıflar. Ankara, Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü.
- Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB). (2018). Ortaöğretim matematik dersi öğretim programı. Ankara.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (1989). Curriculum and evaluation standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (1991). Professional standards for teaching mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (1995). Assessment standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
- National Research Council. (1989). Everybody counts. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Norton, A., & Kastberg, S. (2012). Learning to pose cognitively demanding tasks through letter writing. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 15(2), 109-130.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016). PISA 2015 results (Volume I): Excellence and equity in education. Paris, France: Author.
- Örnek, T. (2020). Problem kurma becerisini geliştirmek için tasarlanan problem kurma öğrenme modeli’nin değerlendirilmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi’nden edinilmiştir. (624464)
- Redfield, D. L., & Rousseau, E.W. (1991). A meta-analysis of experimental research on teacher questioning behavior. Review of Educational Research, 51, 237-245.
- Sáiz, M., & Figueras, O. (2009). A research-based workshop design for volume tasks. In Tasks in primary mathematics teacher education (pp. 147-160). Springer, Boston, MA.
- Schoenfeld, A. H. (1992). Learning to think mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics. In D. A. Grouws (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (pp. 334-371). New York: Macmillan.
- Schoenfeld, A. H. (1994). Reflections on doing and teaching mathematics. In A. H. Mathematical thinking and problem solving (pp. 53-70). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Silver, E. A., & Herbst, P. G. (2008). Theory in mathematics education scholarship. In F. K. Lester (Eds.), Second handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 39-68). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
- Silver, E. A., Mamona-Downs, J., Leung, S., & Kenny, P. A. (1996). Posing mathematical problems in a complex environment: An exploratory study. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 27(3), 293-309.
- Smith, M. S., & Stein, M. K. (1998). Selecting and creating mathematical tasks: From research practice. Mathematics teaching in the middle school, 3(5), 344-50.
- Stein, M. K., Grover, B. W., & Henningsen, M. (1996). Building student capacity for mathematical thinking and reasoning: Analysis of mathematical tasks used in reform classrooms. American Educational Research Journal, 33, 455- 488.
- Stein, M. K., & Lane, S. (1996). Instructional tasks and the development of student capacity to think and reason: An analysis of the relationship between teaching and learning in a reform mathematics project. Educational Research and Evaluation, 2(1), 50-80.
- Stein, M. K., & Smith, M. S. (1998). Mathematical tasks as a framework for reflection. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 3, 268-275.
- Stein, M. K., Smith, M. S., Henningsen, M., & Silver, E. A. (2000). Implementing standartsbased mathematics instruction: A casebook for professional development. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Stickles, P. R., (2006). An analysis of secondary and middle school teacher’s mathematical problem posing. Indiana University.
- Sullivan, P., Clarke, D., & Clarke, B. (2012). Teaching with tasks for effective mathematics learning (vol. 9). Springer Science & Business Media.
- Sullivan, P., Clarke, D. M., Clarke, B. A., & O’Shea, H. (2009). Exploring the relationship between tasks, teacher actions, and student learning. In M. Tzekaki, M. Kaldrimidou, & H. Sakonidis (Eds.), In search of theories in mathematics education (Proceedings of the 33rd Conference of the International Group of Psychology of Mathematics Education, 5, 185-192.
- Swan, M. (2005). Improving learning in mathematics: Challenges and strategies. London: Department for Education and Skills Standards Unit.
- Tavşancıl, E., & Aslan, A. E. (2001). Sözel, yazılı ve diğer materyaller için içerik analizi ve uygulama örnekleri. İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınları.
- Türk Dil Kurumu. (2011). Türkçe sözlük. Ankara: TDK.
- Türnüklü, E., Aydoğdu, M. Z., & Ergin, A. S. (2017). 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin üçgenler konusunda problem kurma çalışmalarının incelenmesi. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(24), 467-486.
- Tyminski, A. M., Land, T. J., Drake, C., Zambak, V. S., & Simpson, A. (2014). Preservice elementary mathematics teachers’ emerging ability to write problems to build on children’s mathematics. In Research trends in mathematics teacher education (pp. 193-218). Springer, Cham.
- Tzur, R., Zaslavsky, O., & Sullivan, P. (2008). Examining teachers’ use of (non-routine) mathematical tasks in classrooms from three complementary perspectives: Teacher, teacher educator, researcher. In O. Figuras, J. L.
- Cortina, S. Alatorre, T. Rojano, & A. Sepulveda (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, 1, 121-123.
- Ulusoy, F., & Kepceoğlu, İ. (2018). İlköğretim matematik öğretmen adaylarının yarı-yapılandırılmış problem kurma bağlamında oluşturdukları problemlerin bağlamsal ve bilişsel yapısı. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 1910-1936.
- Urhan, S., & Dost, Ş. (2016). Matematiksel modelleme etkinliklerinin derslerde kullanımı: öğretmen görüşleri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59), 1279-1295.
- Van de Walle, J. A., Karp, K. S., Bay-Williams, J. M., Wray, J., & Brown, E. T. (2019). Elementary and middle school mathematics: Teaching developmentally (10th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Education Inc.
- Yeo, J. B. (2007). Mathematical tasks: Clarification, classification and choice of suitable tasks for different types of learning and assessment. (Tech. Rep. ME2007-01). National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- Yun-peng, M., Chi-chung, L., & Ngai-ying, W., (2006). Chinese primary school mathematics teachers working in a centralised curriculum system: a case study of two primary schools in north-east china. Compare, 36(2), 197–212.
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Matematik Öğretmenlerinin Matematiksel Görev Oluşturma Durumlarının İncelenmesi
Year 2020,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 210 - 239, 31.07.2020
Semra Polat
,
Yüksel Dede
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, ortaokul matematik öğretmenlerinin farklı matematiksel görev oluşturma durumlarını ve bu görevleri oluştururken kullandıkları matematiksel konuları belirlemektir. Bu kapsamda bu çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden tekli durum çalışması deseni kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, 2019-2020 eğitim-öğretim yılı bahar yarıyılında Doğu Anadolu’daki bir ilin merkez ve ilçelerinde bulunan resmi ortaokullarda görev yapan ve kolay ulaşılabilir örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 18 matematik öğretmeniyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, açık uçlu sorulardan oluşan bir yazılı görüş formu aracılığıyla toplanmış ve anlamsal içerik analizi yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bir sonucu, matematik öğretmenlerinin en fazla bağlama dayalı görevler oluşturmaya çalıştıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, bu görevlerin oluşturulmasında kullanılan matematiksel konuların görev türüne göre farklılaştığı da belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, ileri araştırmalar için bazı öneriler de yapılmıştır.
References
- Akay, H., Soybaş, D., & Argün, Z. (2006) Problem kurma deneyimleri ve matematik öğretiminde açık uçlu soruların kullanımı. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 14(1), 129-146.
- Anthony, G., & Walshaw, M. (2009). Effective pedagogy in mathematics. Educational series 19. Brussels: International Academy of Education; Geneva: International Bureau of Education.
- Ball, D. L. (1990). The mathematical understandings that prospective teachers bring to teacher education. The Elementary School Journal, 90(4), 449-466.
- Benckert, S. (1997). Context and conversation in physics education. http://www.nshu.se/download /3018/benckert_sylvia_97.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir.
- Brousseau, G. (1997). Theory of didacticel situations in mathematics (Didactiques des Mathe’matiques) 1970-1990. Dordrecht: Kluwer (Translated by Balachheff, N., Cooper, M., Sutherland, R., ve Warfield, V.).
- Chapman, O. (2006). Classroom practices for context of mathematics word problems. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 62, 211–230.
- Clarke, D. M. (1997). The changing role of the mathematics teacher. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 28(3), 278-308.
- Clarke, D., & Roche, A. (2010). Teachers' extent of the use of particular task types in mathematics and choices behind that use. Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th eds.). London: Routledge Falmer.
- Crespo, S. (2003). Learning to pose mathematical problems: Exploring changes in preservice teachers’ practices. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 52, 243–270.
- Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th Ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
- Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design choosing among five approaches (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications.
- Cumhur, Ö. Ü. F., Çavdar, Ö. Ü. O., & Polat, A. G. S. (2018). Matematik ve fen bilimleri öğretmeni adaylarının bloom taksonomisi’ne göre oluşturdukları soruların değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (Jshsr), 5(28), 3243-3252.
- Çomarlı, S. K. (2018). Ortaokul matematik öğretmenlerinin veri işleme öğrenme alanına ilişkin problem kurma becerilerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bartın Üniversitesi, Bartın.
- Dede, Y., Akçakın, V., & Kaya, G. (2018). Ortaokul matematik öğretmen adaylarının matematiksel modelleme yeterliklerinin cinsiyete göre incelenmesi: çok boyutlu madde tepki kuramı. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 8, 150-169.
- Dede, Y., & Yaman, S. (2005). Matematik öğretmen adaylarının matematiksel problem kurma ve problem çözme becerilerinin belirlenmesi. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(18), 41- 56.
- Doyle, W. (1983) Academic work. Review of Educational Research, 53, 159-199.
Fullan, M. (2001). The new meaning of educational change (3. Baskı). New York: Teachers College Press.
- Henningsen, M., and Stein, M. K. (1997). Mathematical tasks and student cognition: Classroom-based factors that support and inhibit high-level mathematical thinking and reasoning. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 28, 524–549.
- Hiebert, J., & Carpenter, T. P. (1992). Learning and teaching with understanding. In D. A. Grouws (Eds.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 65-97). New York: Macmillan.
- Hiebert, J., Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Fuson, K. C., Wearne, D., Murray, H., et al. (1997). Making sense: Teaching and learning mathematics with understanding. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Hiebert, J., & Wearne, D. (1993). Instructional tasks, classroom discourse, and students' learning in second-grade arithmetic. American Educational Research Journal, 30(2), 393-425.
- Ho, F. K., & Hedberg, G. J. (2005). Teachers’ pedagogies and their impact on students’ mathematical problem solving. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 238–252.
- Işık, A., & Mercan, E. (2015). Ortaokul matematik öğretmenlerinin model ve modelleme hakkındaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23(4), 1835-1850.
- Krainer, K. (1993). Powerful tasks: A contribution to a high level of acting and reflecting in mathematics instruction. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 24(1), 65–93.
- Köken, C. B., & Gökkurt-Özdemir, B. (2018). Öğretmenlerin ve öğretmen adaylarının farklı problem kurma durumlarına ilişkin performanslarının incelenmesi: prizma örneği. II. Uluslararası Sınırsız Eğitim ve Araştırma Sempozyumu, Muğla: Bodrum.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. New¬burry Park, CA: Sage.
- Lindquist, M. M., & Kouba, V. L. (1989). Measurement. In M. M. Lindquist (Eds.), the National Assessment of Educational Progress (pp. 35-43). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
- Macnealy, M. (1999). Strategies for empirical research in writing. New York, NY: Longman.
- Marx., R., Walsh, J. (1988). Learning from academic tasks. The Elementary School Journal, 88(3), 207-219.
- Merriam, S. B. (2013). Qualitative research a guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. New York: Sage.
- Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB). (2005). İlköğretim matematik dersi öğretim programı ve klavuzu: 1 ve 5. sınıflar. Ankara, Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü.
- Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB). (2018). Ortaöğretim matematik dersi öğretim programı. Ankara.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (1989). Curriculum and evaluation standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (1991). Professional standards for teaching mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (1995). Assessment standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
- National Research Council. (1989). Everybody counts. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Norton, A., & Kastberg, S. (2012). Learning to pose cognitively demanding tasks through letter writing. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 15(2), 109-130.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016). PISA 2015 results (Volume I): Excellence and equity in education. Paris, France: Author.
- Örnek, T. (2020). Problem kurma becerisini geliştirmek için tasarlanan problem kurma öğrenme modeli’nin değerlendirilmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi’nden edinilmiştir. (624464)
- Redfield, D. L., & Rousseau, E.W. (1991). A meta-analysis of experimental research on teacher questioning behavior. Review of Educational Research, 51, 237-245.
- Sáiz, M., & Figueras, O. (2009). A research-based workshop design for volume tasks. In Tasks in primary mathematics teacher education (pp. 147-160). Springer, Boston, MA.
- Schoenfeld, A. H. (1992). Learning to think mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics. In D. A. Grouws (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (pp. 334-371). New York: Macmillan.
- Schoenfeld, A. H. (1994). Reflections on doing and teaching mathematics. In A. H. Mathematical thinking and problem solving (pp. 53-70). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Silver, E. A., & Herbst, P. G. (2008). Theory in mathematics education scholarship. In F. K. Lester (Eds.), Second handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 39-68). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
- Silver, E. A., Mamona-Downs, J., Leung, S., & Kenny, P. A. (1996). Posing mathematical problems in a complex environment: An exploratory study. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 27(3), 293-309.
- Smith, M. S., & Stein, M. K. (1998). Selecting and creating mathematical tasks: From research practice. Mathematics teaching in the middle school, 3(5), 344-50.
- Stein, M. K., Grover, B. W., & Henningsen, M. (1996). Building student capacity for mathematical thinking and reasoning: Analysis of mathematical tasks used in reform classrooms. American Educational Research Journal, 33, 455- 488.
- Stein, M. K., & Lane, S. (1996). Instructional tasks and the development of student capacity to think and reason: An analysis of the relationship between teaching and learning in a reform mathematics project. Educational Research and Evaluation, 2(1), 50-80.
- Stein, M. K., & Smith, M. S. (1998). Mathematical tasks as a framework for reflection. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 3, 268-275.
- Stein, M. K., Smith, M. S., Henningsen, M., & Silver, E. A. (2000). Implementing standartsbased mathematics instruction: A casebook for professional development. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Stickles, P. R., (2006). An analysis of secondary and middle school teacher’s mathematical problem posing. Indiana University.
- Sullivan, P., Clarke, D., & Clarke, B. (2012). Teaching with tasks for effective mathematics learning (vol. 9). Springer Science & Business Media.
- Sullivan, P., Clarke, D. M., Clarke, B. A., & O’Shea, H. (2009). Exploring the relationship between tasks, teacher actions, and student learning. In M. Tzekaki, M. Kaldrimidou, & H. Sakonidis (Eds.), In search of theories in mathematics education (Proceedings of the 33rd Conference of the International Group of Psychology of Mathematics Education, 5, 185-192.
- Swan, M. (2005). Improving learning in mathematics: Challenges and strategies. London: Department for Education and Skills Standards Unit.
- Tavşancıl, E., & Aslan, A. E. (2001). Sözel, yazılı ve diğer materyaller için içerik analizi ve uygulama örnekleri. İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınları.
- Türk Dil Kurumu. (2011). Türkçe sözlük. Ankara: TDK.
- Türnüklü, E., Aydoğdu, M. Z., & Ergin, A. S. (2017). 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin üçgenler konusunda problem kurma çalışmalarının incelenmesi. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(24), 467-486.
- Tyminski, A. M., Land, T. J., Drake, C., Zambak, V. S., & Simpson, A. (2014). Preservice elementary mathematics teachers’ emerging ability to write problems to build on children’s mathematics. In Research trends in mathematics teacher education (pp. 193-218). Springer, Cham.
- Tzur, R., Zaslavsky, O., & Sullivan, P. (2008). Examining teachers’ use of (non-routine) mathematical tasks in classrooms from three complementary perspectives: Teacher, teacher educator, researcher. In O. Figuras, J. L.
- Cortina, S. Alatorre, T. Rojano, & A. Sepulveda (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, 1, 121-123.
- Ulusoy, F., & Kepceoğlu, İ. (2018). İlköğretim matematik öğretmen adaylarının yarı-yapılandırılmış problem kurma bağlamında oluşturdukları problemlerin bağlamsal ve bilişsel yapısı. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 1910-1936.
- Urhan, S., & Dost, Ş. (2016). Matematiksel modelleme etkinliklerinin derslerde kullanımı: öğretmen görüşleri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59), 1279-1295.
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