PİYASADA TÜKETİME SUNULAN AYÇİÇEK VE MISIRÖZÜ YAĞLARINDA AFLATOKSİN VARLIĞININ ARAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Genel olarak bütün tarımsal ürünler küflenmeye bağlı bozulmalara maruz kalabilmektedir. Toprakta ve havada yaygın olarak bulunan küf sporları, uygun sıcaklık ve su aktivitesi değerlerinde bu ürünlere bulaştıklarında ürünleri bozabilmekte, hatta ürettikleri mikotoksinlerle sağlık açısından risk yaratabilmektedirler. Tarımsal ürünlerimizden olan yağlı tohumlar da yapıları itibari ile küflenmeye ve küfler tarafından üretilen mikotoksinler ile kontamine olmaya uygun gıdalardır. Endüstriyel olarak, ayçiçeği ve mısırözü gibi yağlı tohumlardan yağ eldesinde çeşitli ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinden yararlanılmakta ve elde edilen bu ham yağlara sonrasında degumming, nötralizasyon ve ağartma proseslerini içeren rafinasyon işlemleri uygulanmaktadır. Bugüne kadar yağ eldesinde uygulanan rafinasyon işlemlerinin hammaddede bulunan mikotoksinlerin yağdaki miktarını düşürdüğü ve yağların bu anlamda bir risk taşımadığı düşüncesi yaygındı. Son zamanlarda yapılan sınırlı sayıdaki çalışmalar, yağlı tohumdan başlayarak rafine yağ eldesine kadar devam eden proses boyunca uygulanan işlemlerin ancak mikotoksin düzeyini düşürdüğünü fakat düşük düzeylerde de olsa yağlarda mikotoksin bulunabileceğini ve yine sınırlı sayıda yapılmış piyasa taramalarını içeren çalışmalar rafine yağların farklı düzeylerde mikotoksin içerdiğini göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada ilk kez, ülkemiz marketlerinde rafine olarak satışa sunulan ayçiçek yağı ve mısırözü yağında aflatoksin varlığı araştırılmış ve ülkemiz piyasasındaki durum değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada ülkemiz piyasasından toplanan 50 rafine ayçiçek yağı örneğinin 16 (%32)’sında 0.06-0.198 μg/kg aralığında, 44 rafine mısır özü yağı örneğinin ise 28 (%63.63)’inde 0.03-0.144 μg/kg aralığında toplam aflatoksin varlığı tespit edilirken, 16 rafine ayçiçek yağı örneğinin 5’inde 0.06-0.082 μg/kg aralığında, 28 rafine mısır özü yağı örneğinin ise 4’ünde 0.014-0.032 μg/kg aralığında AFB1 tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan örneklerin bir kısmında her ne kadar aflatoksin varlığı tespit edilmişse de belirlenen miktarlar uluslararası bitkisel yağlar için bildirilen toksin kriterlerinin çok altında bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rafinasyon
• Ayçiçek Yağı
• Mısırözü Yağı
• Aflatoksin

INVESTIGATION OF THE PRESENCE OF AFLATOXIN IN SUNFLOWER AND CORN OILS OFFERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN THE MARKET

Abstract

In general, all agricultural products may be subject to spoilage due to mold. Mold spores, which are commonly found in soil and air, can spoil products when they contaminate these products at appropriate temperature and water activity values, and can even pose a health risk with the mycotoxins. Oilseeds, one of our agricultural products, are foods that are suitable for mold growth and contamination with mycotoxins produced by molds due to their structure. Industrially, various extraction methods are used to obtain oil from oilseeds such as sunflower and corn, and refining processes including degumming, neutralization and bleaching processes are applied to these crude oils. So far, it was widely thought that the refining processes applied to obtain oil eliminated the mycotoxins found in the raw material from remaining in the oil and that the oils did not pose a risk in this sense. A limited number of recent studies have shown that the processes applied throughout the process, starting from oilseeds to refined oil, only reduce the level of mycotoxins, but mycotoxins may be present in oils, albeit at low levels. Moreover, studies including limited market scans have shown that refined oils contain different levels of mycotoxins. In this study, the presence of aflatoxin in sunflower oil and corn oil sold as refined in our country's markets was investigated and the situation of the oils in terms of aflatoxin content was revealed. Total aflatoxin presence was determined in the range of 0.06-0.198 μg/kg in 16 (32%) of 50 refined sunflower oil samples and in the range of 0.03-0.144 μg/kg in 28 (63.63%) of 44 refined corn oil samples. In the study, AFB1 was detected in the range of 0.06-0.082 μg/kg in 5 of 16 refined sunflower oil samples, and in the range of 0.014-0.032 μg/kg in 4 of 28 refined corn oil samples. Although the presence of aflatoxin was detected in some of the samples used in the study, the determined amounts were found to be well below the international toxin criteria reported for vegetable oil.

Keywords

• Refining
• Sunflower Oil
• Corn Oil
• Aflatoxin

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